工程造价论文英文文献综述

5. Cost Estimation 5.1 Costs Associated with Constructed Facilities The costs of a constructed facility to the owner include both the initial capital cost and the subsequent operation and maintenance costs. Each of these major cost categories consists of a number of cost components. The capital cost for a construction project includes the expenses related to the inital establishment of the facility: Land acquisition, including assembly, holding and improvement Planning and feasibility studies Architectural and engineering design Construction, including materials, equipment and labor Field supervision of construction Construction financing Insurance and taxes during construction Owner's general office overhead Equipment and furnishings not included in construction Inspection and testing The operation and maintenance cost in subsequent years over the project life cycle includes the following expenses: Land rent, if applicable Operating staff Labor and material for maintenance and repairs Periodic renovations Insurance and taxes Financing costs Utilities Owner's other expenses 输入限制，不能全部发给你，参考以下网址 或交流，还有很多，不能全部收录。Project Management and CostJim SlomanChief Executive and DirectorMI AssociatesFormer Chief Operating OfficerSydney Organising Committee for the Olympic GamesAustralia这篇的长度合适PDF8页

1、总述。开题报告的总述部分应首先提出选题，并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、目前相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法、必要的数据等等。2、提纲。开题报告包含的论文提纲可以是粗线条的，是一个研究构想的基本框架。可采用整句式或整段式提纲形式。在开题阶段，提纲的目的是让人清楚论文的基本框架，没有必要像论文目录那样详细。3、参考文献。开题报告中应包括相关参考文献的目录。4、要求。开题报告应有封面页，总页数应不少于4页。