绿色贸易壁垒论文范文文献

希望对你有帮助绿色贸易壁垒对中国农产品出口的影响作者：张 静字号大小： 小 中 大〔内容摘要〕 本文从绿色贸易壁垒的特点出发，结合我国国情的客观现状，分析了绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响，并积极探索行之有效的打破绿色贸易壁垒的方法和措施，以提高我国农产品质量和国际竞争力。〔关 键 词〕 绿色贸易壁垒；特点；影响；策略分析〔作者简介〕 张静，石家庄市北郊监狱财务科科员，会计师出自:《社会科学论坛》 2007年16期 作者:张静众所周知，中国是农产品的生产大国和出口大国。随着我国加入WTO以来，关税和市场准入方面世界各国对中国的限制逐步放松，我国出口农产品所遇到的传统关税壁垒门槛也逐步降低了，使得我国农产品贸易不断增长。但近年来，有些发达国家和地区为了保护自身的产业和市场，以安全、卫生和环保标准为主要内容实行绿色贸易壁垒政策，对我国农产品的出口设置障碍。另一方面，我国农产品生产者和加工者素质不高、农业外贸体制不完善等原因，也致使我国农产品出口企业不断遭遇发达国家的绿色贸易壁垒。这些贸易壁垒给我国出口创汇带来了巨大的损失，对我国经济建设造成了巨大的影响。因此，积极探索绿色贸易壁垒对中国农产品出口的影响，结合我国国情的客观现状，以提高我国农产品质量和国际竞争力为出发点，为农产品出口找到一些行之有效的打破绿色贸易壁垒的方法和措施，对我国农产品对外贸易的发展具有重要的现实意义。一、绿色贸易壁垒的概念绿色贸易壁垒(Green Trade Barrier),通常亦称“环境壁垒”或“生态壁垒”，指那些以维护人类健康和生态环境安全而直接或间接采取的限制甚至禁止贸易的措施，是世界各国为保护本国生态环境和公众健康而制定的各种环境保护措施、法规标准等，是对进出口贸易产生影响的一种非关税的技术性贸易壁垒。二、绿色贸易壁垒的形成因素及特点1.绿色贸易壁垒的形成，主要有几个方面的因素：（1）不合理的国际经济秩序下，国际贸易对环境产生不利影响。（2）为保护全球以及本国的环境，各国政府加强环境立法和管理。（3）广大公众，尤其在发达国家，环境意识日益提高。（4）发达国家力图保持其在国际市场上的竞争力等。2.绿色贸易壁垒主要有以下特点：（1）内容更具合理性。绿色贸易壁垒的产生是以保护生态环境、自然资源和人类健康为依据的，更符合大众消费者的需求，更容易获得进口国政府的支持，也更顺应全球范围内环境保护的需要。（2）形式更具合法性。绿色贸易壁垒是以国际公约、国际双边或多边协定和国内法律、法规等为实施的依据和基础。（3）保护对象更具广泛性。凡是生态环境、自然资源和人类健康有关的产品都将是绿色贸易壁垒所要保护的对象。（4）保护动机更具虚伪性。西方发达国家设置的绿色贸易壁垒，抓住了人们保护自身健康和生存环境的心理，扯起了保护健康和人类环境的大旗，“名正言顺”的实行贸易保护。它们对别国的产品设置绿色贸易壁垒，阻止进入其本国市场，但与此同时，又将本国一些污染生态环境的生产转移到发展中国家投产。（5）实施效果更具歧视性。由于历史等客观原因，发达国家和发展中国家之间的科技和经济发展水平呈现极大的不平衡性。而发达国家往往无视发展中国家的实际情况，凭借其自身先进的技术、雄厚的资本提出过高标准，渐渐把发展的不平衡导入国际贸易领域，引致更多的不平衡。三、绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响1.绿色贸易壁垒对农产品出口有以下几个方面的正面影响：（1）可促使我国农产品生产企业积极提高质量认证标准。一般来讲，国外一些国家建立绿色贸易壁垒的市场准入制度可以促使我国农产品生产企业积极提高环境认证标准，加强出口产品的国际竞争力，加快农业生产的发展。作为国际公认的食品安全基准标准的食品法典(CAC),目前发达国家已普遍采用，而且基本垄断了CAC标准的制定和修订工作。欧盟早在2002年1月就以此法典为由宣布全面禁止我国动物源产品的进口。在遭受如此严重的绿色贸易壁垒的情况下，我国农产品生产企业当痛定思痛，以CAC为食品安全标准，不断加大力度切实提高质量认证水平，通过多年的不懈努力，增强向发达国家美国、欧洲、日本等的出口。（2）有助于我国加快建设符合环保要求的有机农产品生产基地。绿色贸易壁垒让我们切实认识到了绿色天然无害农产品的优势。于是，为生产出更多符合环境保护要求的新型绿色产品，开拓崭新的国际市场、争创更多的外汇收入，我国需加快建设符合环保要求的有机农产品生产基地。据最新资料显示，新疆已被国家列为首个有机食品生产示范区；通过有机产品认证的新疆的单位和企业已有3个。其中，博湖县博斯腾湖150万亩大湖区水产养殖区的面积超过浙江千岛湖有机水产养殖区，成为中国最大的有机水产养殖区。目前，有机食品生产正在新疆迅速发展起来，哈密、温宿、玛纳斯、精河、尼勒克等14个县市正积极组织相关工作。自治区环保局也在编制规划，确立新疆有机食品强区的建设目标。（3）有助于我国农产品出口企业竖立绿色外贸的成功信心。通过遭遇绿色贸易壁垒并成功跨越的贸易过程，可以使我国农产品出口企业真正意识到可持续发展的重要性，积极建立可持续发展的绿色理念，正确竖立绿色外贸的成功信心。遭遇绿色贸易壁垒如今已成为我国农产品出口企业无法逃避的现实问题，在绿色贸易壁垒的障碍前，只有用正确的态度去正视它，不畏缩也不藐视，各企业间互相学习、取长补短，坚定信念、百折不挠，必可成功突破绿色贸易壁垒。2.绿色贸易壁垒对农产品出口有以下几个方面的负面影响：（1）对市场准入的影响。目前，我国农产品主要贸易伙伴有美国、日本、欧盟、韩国以及中国香港等地区，与他们的贸易额占我国进出口总额的80%以上。而这些国家和地区大多数是世界贸易组织“贸易与环境委员会成员”，也是绿色贸易保护主义最为盛行的地区。由于我国长期忽视环保产业的发展，出口产品很难在短时间内达到发达国家制定的环境标准。为符合发达国家农产品市场的环保法规和标准，我国出口商需要投入额外的资金、技术及人力资源，但这种投入短期内又无法立竿见影，因此绿色贸易壁垒将形成某些国家和地区的市场准入也就不难理解了。这种市场排外将使我国的农产品出口市场面临缩小的可能，对我国的农产品出口造成十分不利的影响。（2）对出口农产品结构的影响。我国在环保和防污方面与发达国家的差距不仅体现在治理力度和管理水平上，更多的体现在思想意识上的模糊认识和观念淡薄上。正基于此，我国长期忽视绿色农业和绿色食品的发展，放松对农产品安全和防范污染标准监督检验工作，没有形成无公害的管理体系。加之我国农户经营分散、农产品质量控制难度较高，从而使我国农产品在农药残留等各类卫生检疫指标方面有着不少漏洞和急需改进之处。然而冰冻三尺非一日之寒，要想在短期内堵住漏洞解决问题也并非易事，因此在贸易壁垒的铜墙铁壁前，我国农产品出口结构不得不被动面临大调整。四、农产品出口应对绿色贸易壁垒的策略分析绿色贸易壁垒已经成为当今世界农业产品国际贸易中的一种主要的非关税障碍。面对日益严峻的西方诸多传统经济强国及其他新兴发展中国家绿色贸易壁垒的挑战，我们必须积极应对，寻找到适合我国农产品出口现状和农业未来发展方向的有效策略和方法。1.企业应采取的策略分析。（1）提高农产品生产的科学技术含量。现在我们都已明白，绿色贸易壁垒的产生与农产品本身质量要求密不可分。但由于我国经济和科技的落后，农业生产依旧以传统的畜牧耕种方式为主，只求产量不求质量。生产过程中的科学技术含量和水平与发达国家相比还存在明显的不足，往往无法生产出高质量的农产品。据查，世界上发达国家农业科技投入占农业总产值的比重超过5%，但我国只有0.17%～0.27%；而且我国的科技成果转化率较低，目前农业成果转化率只有30%～40%，大多数成果无法转化为生产力而仅停留在实验室阶段。针对这种局面，我认为我国农产品生产企业首先必须苦心修炼自身“内功”，在农业生产的环保问题和技术问题上下功夫。不断加强同世界各国的交流与合作，积极引进外国先进的农业生产技术，提高农业生产科技水平，通过提高农产品的科学技术含量从本质上提高农产品的质量。这样，我国的农产品出口就可以通过本身质量的提高从正面冲破绿色贸易壁垒，真正做到不再畏惧所谓绿色贸易壁垒，增强在国际市场的核心竞争力。（2）增加农产品检测项目，提高测试标准。西方发达国家近年来多次提出“有机食品”“自然食品”以及“生态食品”等概念，对农产品中化学物质的含量要求更加严格。例如，欧盟从2005年1月1日开始正式禁止320种农药在欧盟销售，其中涉及中国的农药产品多达60余种，这意味着欧盟此项禁令将对我国水果、蔬菜等多种农产品构成新的壁垒。因此，在农产品生产、加工、包装和运输过程中推行全程质量控制技术，实施严格的卫生安全标准，建立农产品质量监督检验测试体系，不断增加农产品的卫生检测项目，包括农药残留、生物菌群、寄生虫以及天然毒素等各方面的内容，达到较高测试标准。同时，在检验检疫方面，企业应改变内检和外检分开的传统检验检疫模式，改变以往只注重最终产品的检验检疫管理模式，还应加强对加工型农产品的来源地实施有效监控，从源头上杜绝一切可能出现的不合格环节。通过这些检测方案的合理实施和有效监督，从而达到与国际接轨的质量标准、检疫标准，使农产品在走出国门前就先适应绿色贸易壁垒的严格要求。2.政府应采取的策略分析。（1）积极倡导绿色生态农业的发展。中央政府和地方政府在带头倡导绿色农业发展方面应起主导作用，对不利于环境保护的农业生产实施收缩战略，对符合环保潮流，采用新型先进的环保生产技术的生产进行大力扶持。通过充分利用生物工程、基因工程、生态工程技术和信息技术，发展相配套的绿色农业技术，如绿色良种、生物及有机肥料、生物农药、病虫害生物防治等，建立绿色肥料、生物农药等绿色农业技术服务体系，从而转变传统的农业生产模式，将农业生产导入绿色农业的发展轨道。政府和相关部门不仅要加大对绿色农业发展的研究力度，积极给予政策支持，同时要采取措施鼓励发展生态农业，促进生态农业规模的不断扩大，从而带动绿色生态食品的发展。我国入世以来，在绿色农产品生产方面进行了初步尝试，取得了良好的效果。据不完全统计，目前我国的绿色生态食品生产总量达到1000多万吨，基地4000多万亩，产值100多亿元，这些绿色食品的出口至今还没有被退回的案例。同时，随着政府加大生态农业的推广力度，我国生态示范区自本世纪初以来，基本保持平稳增长的势头。（2）提高全民绿色和环保意识。保护环境是目前世界发展的大趋势。随着可持续发展观念的兴起和日渐深入人心，人们的环保意识和绿色经济意识不断提高，人们对产品的环保要求越来越高。可以预见，绿色产品将是未来商品生产的主流，在国际贸易商品结构中的比重也将日益增大。绿色贸易壁垒作为国际贸易非关税壁垒的重要组成部分，将在国际贸易中发挥越来越重要的作用。对此，我们要有清醒的认识，政府要通过多种途径和形式，加大传媒宣传和教育力度，尤其是要增强农产品生产企业和国内消费者的环保意识，推行绿色生产和生活方式，使绿色经济意识和环境保护责任融入到每一个人的生产和生活中，以此来主动应对绿色贸易壁垒的挑战。参考文献：1.王金南：《绿色壁垒与国际贸易》，中国环境科学出版2003年版。2.王平：《中国农产品贸易技术壁垒战略研究》，中国农业出版社2003年版。3.孟建国：《绿色壁垒条件下出口贸易问题分析》，江西社会科学出版社2003年版。4.曾凡银：《绿色壁垒对关税壁垒的替代效应研究》，中国农业出版社2003年版。5.王小兰：“绿色壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响及对策”，载《农村经济》2004年第6期。

绿色贸易壁垒 Green Trade Barrier trade organizations: striving for fair benefits from trade in non-wood forest productsK. Dürbeck Klaus Dürbeck is a consultant based in Raubling, Germany.A sampling of organizations and alliances that bring together producers and traders committed to ecological, economic and social sustainability. Green trade organizations aim to secure sustainable supply systems and to ensure benefits to local people from national, regional and international trade. These organizations promote trade practices that adhere to the principles of sustainable development in all its facets: ecological sustainability (use and conservation), economic sustainability (productivity) and social sustainability (equity). The main handicap of those involved in production and trade of non-wood forest products (NWFPs). from indigenous peoples' associations to private-sector enterprises, is the lack of market information and market access and the difficulty of obtaining information on appropriate processing technologies for their products. Green trade organizations can help improve access to national and/or international markets for NWFP producers, especially those in developing countries, and at the same time provide guidance on increasing added value for their agricultural and forest products. In addition, they can assist in the export of products, thus helping to provide foreign exchange for the home country. Green trade organizations are united in various alliances according to their main focus (ecological, social or economic): • The International Federation for Alternative Trade (IFAT) (www.ifat.org) brings together producers of handicrafts and food products from developing countries with buyers and managers of "alternative" trading organizations to do business in a way that is beneficial and fair, avoiding traditional intermediaries. • The Fair Trade Federation (FTF) (www.fairtradefederation.com) is an association of wholesalers, retailers and producers committed to providing fair wages and good employment opportunities to economically disadvantaged artisans and farmers worldwide. It links low-income producers with consumer markets and educates consumers about the importance of purchasing fairly traded products which support living wages and safe and healthy conditions for workers in developing countries. FTF also acts as a clearinghouse for information on fair trade and provides resources and networking opportunities for its members. • The Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) (www.ethicaltrade.org) is an alliance of companies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and trade union organizations working to promote correct implementation of codes of labour practice. Its activities include the monitoring and independent verification of the observance of code provisions.ORGANIZATIONS WITH AN EMPHASIS ON NWFPs In recent years green trade organizations have been established for NWFP marketing all around the globe. EcoMarket International (http://www.ecomarket.net) has been established on Internet as the European platform for green products, services and information. In the Netherlands, ProFound (www.ThisIsProFound.com) has initiated a NWFP exporters database to provide all potential exporters of NWFPs a means of advertising on the Internet. The Natural Resources Institute in the United Kingdom carries out work comparing ethical and conventional trade in NWFPs (www.nri.org/NRET/markets.htm) and has established the UK Consultative Group on Ethical Trade and Forests (www.nri.org/NRET/forukcon.html). The following examples of green trade organizations give an idea of some of the different types of organization that place specific emphasis on NWFPs. Green Trade Net The Green Trade Net initiative of the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) offers assistance for the full range of activities from harvesting of the raw material to processing, research and trade contacts. The Green Trade Net office provides detailed company, product and country information for importers, producers and consultants. The information base currently covers more than 650 organic products (including many edible NWFPs) from 27 developing countries. The following services are available: • Green Trade Net provides the opportunity for producers to contact importers and to offer their products through the Web site (www.green-tradenet.de); • importers can search for export products via the Green Trade Net office by fax, phone or e-mail; • information is available with regard to different product groups such as essential oils, herbs or tea; • importers are sent information about specifications, availability, certification status and producers; • monthly mailings of current offers in different product groups are sent to importers; • Green Trade Net distributes product samples to interested importers (of which more than 160 are in contact): • direct links are established between registered exporters and importers that have expressed an interest in their product.The registration of producers and product promotion is done on the basis of written consent. Information given by Green Trade Net is free of charge. 这些网站很不错的，由于字太多了，所以不能粘贴，楼主自己去看吧:D hit by foreign 'green' barriers2002-07-24China DailyFarmers in China are being hit by foreign "green" trade barriers which are threatening the prospects for the country to become a major exporter of agricultural products in the wake of its entry to the World Trade Organization. The warning came from foreign trade experts and industrial insiders. "Green" trade barriers refer to technical, safety and hygiene standards introduced for the benefit of environment and public health. The country's agricultural exports have met with a growing number of such barriers in the first half of this year and the trend may continue, said Professor Xue Rongjiu, of the University of International Business and Economics. "It has become a pressing and critical problem for China to strengthen its capability to cross over those barriers that are posing unprecedented challenges to its exports of farm goods grown in a traditional way," said Xue, a prominent researcher on WTO studies. In 2001, China's exports of farm produce fell by US$7 billion as a result of "green" trade barriers, Xue said. A total of 1,140 shipment batches of farm goods were held up by the US Food and Drug Administration in the first three months of this year allegedly for violation of environment and health standards. Xue said the barriers have greatly affected China's farm goods exports, especially in the coastal areas where most of the country's exports come from. For instance, the volume of exported frozen chickens via Shenzhen port in South China's Guangdong Province declined by 40 percent year-on-year in the first four months of this year as a result of limits from "green" trade barriers. What's worse, the countries that apply "green" trade barriers to Chinese agricultural goods have expanded from developed WTO members such as the United States, Japan and European Union nations to include some other members including South Korea and Singapore. At the same time, the categories of affected farm goods have also increased from tea, honey, frozen chicken to cover all livestock and aquatic products, the professor said. The "green" trade barriers have made it unlikely that China can dominate in the exports of labor-intensive farm products that range from vegetables, nuts and fruit to shrimp or poultry. Xue blamed the worsening problem on poor environmental awareness and lax quality management systems. Influences and Countermeasures of Green Trade Barrier on Export Trade of Chinese Agricultural Products<<东北农业大学学报（英文版） >>2005年02期LI Shuang , GUO Xiang-yu With the worsening of environment, many countries pay more attention to the environmental protection. Green (organic) trade barrier gradually attracts more attention to the non-tariff barrier in the international trade. However, according to the economic levels of different countries, great differences exist in environment standards of these countries which resulted in the appearance of green trade barriers as trade protection. This study classified the connotations and characteristics of green trade barrier, gave the descriptions on the development and type of green trade barrier, and analysed the influences on China's export and put forward some countermeasures which aimed at stimulating the development of our foreign trade.技术贸易壁垒Technical Barriers to Trade很不错的关于技术贸易壁垒的网站哦，很全面的． barriers to tradeTechnical regulations and product standards may vary from country to country. Having many different regulations and standards makes life difficult for producers and exporters. If regulations are set arbitrarily, they could be used as an excuse for protectionism. The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade tries to ensure that regulations, standards, testing and certification procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles. 楼主，你只要去google一下Green Trade Barrier 和Technical Barriers to Trade，就会有很多资料了

A trade barrier is a general term that describes any government policy or regulation that restricts international trade. The barriers can take many forms, including:Import duties Import licenses Export licenses Import quotas Tariffs Subsidies Non-tariff barriers to trade Voluntary Export Restraints Local Content Requirements Most trade barriers work on the same principle: the imposition of some sort of cost on trade that raises the price of the traded products. If two or more nations repeatedly use trade barriers against each other, then a trade war results.Economists generally agree that trade barriers are detrimental and decrease overall economic efficiency, this can be explained by the theory of comparative advantage. In theory, free trade involves the removal of all such barriers, except perhaps those considered necessary for health or national security. In practice, however, even those countries promoting free trade heavily subsidize certain industries, such as agriculture and steel. Examples of free trade areas are: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), South Asia Free Trade Agreement(SAFTA), European Free Trade Association, European Union (EU), Union of South American Nations.Other trade barriers include differences in culture, customs, traditions, laws, language and currency.Non-tariff barriers to trade are trade barriers that restrict imports but are not in the usual form of a tariff.They are criticized as a means to evade free trade rules such as those of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the European Union (EU), or North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that restrict tariffs. Some of the common examples are anti-dumping measures and countervailing duties, which, although they are called "non-tariff" barriers, have the effect of tariffs but are only imposed under certain conditions. Their use has risen sharply after the WTO rules led to a very significant reduction in tariff use.Non-tariff barriers may also be in the form of manufacturing or production requirements of goods, such as how an animal is caught or a plant is grown, with an import ban imposed on products that don't meet the requirements. Examples are the European Union restrictions on genetically-modified organisms or beef treated with growth hormones.Some non-tariff trade barriers are expressly permitted in very limited circumstances, when they are deemed necessary to protect health, safety, or sanitation, or to protect depletable natural resources.Non-tariff barriers to trade can be:State subsidies, procurement, trading, state ownership Occupational safety and health regulation Employment law Import licenses Export subsidies Product classification Quota shares Foreign exchange controls and multiplicity Over-elaborate or inadequate infrastructure "Buy national" policy. Intellectual property laws (patents, copyrights) Bribery and corruption Unfair customs procedures Restrictive licences Import bans Seasonal import regimes Trade BarriersExamples of Trade BarriersWhile trade barriers and unfair practices take many forms, the most common examples are listed below:Intellectual property infringement - including copyright, patent and trademarks. Customs procedures that are not uniformly applied Lack of competitive bidding for foreign government tenders. The application of direct or indirect subsidies by a foreign government in favor of domestic suppliers. Burdensome certification and testing requirements that are not required by domestic manufacturers. Influence pedaling - A corporate entity or country is interfering with fair trade practices at your expense. Bribery, corruption and requests for payoffs - When foreign bribery prevents you from competing fairly on the basis of price, quality or service.Report a Trade BarrierIf you feel your company’s exports or foreign bids have been, or may be adversely affected by a trade barrier or unfair business practice, you may file a complaint electronically with the Trade Compliance Center within the International Trade Administration.Protecting Intellectual Property Rights AbroadLearn what constitutes intellectual property and how to protect your rights domestically and internationally. Receive guidance on how to file patents, trademarks and/or copyrights in the U.S. and abroad.Fair Access to Foreign ContractsHow can I insure a fair bidding process on a foreign contract? If your company is bidding on a foreign contract the Advocacy Center can help level the playing field.Foreign Technical Barriers to TradeMember countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO) are required under the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) to report to the WTO all proposed technical regulations that could affect trade with other Member countries.Notify U.S. is a free, web-based e-mail subscription service that offers an opportunity to review and comment on proposed foreign technical regulations that can affect your access to international markets.Free Trade Agreements (FTA)Learn how Free Trade Agreements can benefit you and your business. Take advantage of our user guides sorted by title, service/goods industry, issue or country on the Free Trade Agreements website.