老人与海的主题和艺术特征论文

我读过许多书，它们让我学到了许多知识，也让我懂得了许多做人的道理，其中有一本书，让我体会很深，它就是着名作家海明威写的《老人与海》。《老人与海》这本书讲了这么一个故事，古巴老渔夫圣地亚哥连续八十四天没捕到鱼，被别的渔夫看做失败者，可是他坚持不懈，终于钓到了一条大马林鱼，大马林鱼将他的小船在海上拖了三天才筋疲力尽，被他杀死了绑在小船的一边，再归程中一再遭到鲨鱼的袭击，他用尽了一切手段来反击。回港时只剩鱼头鱼尾和一条脊骨。尽管鱼肉都被咬去了，但什么也无法摧残他的英勇意志。这本书向我们揭示了这样一个真理：人不是为了失败而生的，一个人可以被毁灭，但不能被打败。以前，我做什么事只要有一点不顺利，就会退缩，有时还会说上几句垂头丧气的话。在学习上，我只要有几次考试不是很理想就没有信心，认为自己考不到好成绩。《老人与海》中，主人公与鲨鱼搏斗，鱼叉被鲨鱼带走了，他把小刀绑在桨把上乱扎。刀子折断了，他用短棍。短棍也丢掉了，他用舵把来打。这本书揭示出的真理，不就说明了人无论怎样，最怕的就是没有信心。信心就好比是汽车的马达，是人前进的动力。如果你做一件事有了信心，你就等于成功了一半。这本书中主人公充满信心、锲而不舍的精神，不正是我所缺少的吗？自从读了这本书之后，我知道了自己的不足，学习上不再因为一两次不顺利而失去信心，而是越考不好，就越要考好。在期末考试的那一天，上午的两门功课成绩，我没有班里的某一个同学好，但是我并不服输，反而信心倍增，决心打一个翻身仗。下午的语文考试，我做每一道题目都格外仔细。果然，我语文考试是班里的第一名，总成绩上，我也是第一名。今后，我不管遇到什么困难，都要信心十足地去面对，坚持到底，决不退缩。我要感谢书，感谢它让我学到了那么多知识，感谢它让我懂得了那么多道理，感谢它让我知道自己的不足，及时改正自己的缺点，使我成为一个对社会有用的人。《老人与海》中，孤独的老渔夫桑提亚哥已经不仅仅是条硬汉，他身上所体现的精神价值，完全是古希腊悲剧精神的现代回响。在《老人与海》中，海明威终于为他所钟爱的硬汉找到了灵魂，这灵魂就是人类亘古不变的永恒价值。因此，在《老人与海》中，硬汉桑提亚哥的刚毅性格，已经成为小说的表面。通过桑提亚哥硬汉性格来礼赞人类的永恒价值，才成为小说的真正主题。《老人与海》中展现了哪些永恒的价值呢？首先就是人的自信。桑提亚哥连续出海八十四天了，一条鱼也没捕到。可是，“那双眼睛啊，像海水一样蓝，是愉快的，毫不沮丧的。”原先跟随桑提亚哥出海捕鱼的小孩，谈到他爸爸把他叫到别的船上去，说道：“他没多大的自信。”“是的。”老头儿说，“可是我们有，你说是不是？”桑提亚哥的自信是绝对自信，是不以环境变化而变化的自信，是不用与他人比较的自信。在桑提亚哥的生存哲学中，即使遭遇到了极点的背运，人也只能自信。人活着，唯一能确定的必然，就是走向死亡。除此之外，没有任何必然的东西可以依靠。既然人是靠偶然活着的，那么支撑人生存勇气的，就只有自信了。如果丧失了自信，在持续那么多天的背运之后，桑提亚哥还有勇气和毅力出海捕鱼吗？因此人活着就必须自信，不自信是人消费不起的奢侈品。正因为桑提亚哥有着绝对自信，他对小孩被叫走，表示了完全的宽容和理解。在这里，海明威展现了自信与宽容之间的联系。《老人与海》的主要篇幅，是描写孤独的老渔夫桑提亚哥，在茫茫大海上和大马林鱼和各种鲨鱼纠缠、搏斗了三天三夜的经历。通过海明威淋漓尽致的描写，我们充分感受到了桑提亚哥与命运作殊死抗争的悲壮与崇高。老人最后拖回家的只是一副十八英尺长的鱼的骨架，骨架上唯一完整的是鱼头和漂亮的鱼尾巴。从物质上来说，老人搏斗了三天三夜的结果是失败了；但从人的精神、从人的自信自尊，从人勇于和命运作竭尽全力的抗争来说，桑提亚哥取得了胜利。说到底，人的真正胜利也只能是精神的胜利。人在物质上无论取得多大的成就，都不能赢得我们崇高的敬意。而只有精神和气魄的胜利，才使我们感动，才使我们和追随老人的孩子一样，为他的悲壮落泪。

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永不屈服的灵魂——《老人与海》赏析 风吹向空寂的海面，一个孤独的老人拖着疲惫不堪的身子漂泊在茫茫的海面上活像个大战后的勇士。为了治服那条庞大的马林鱼，他已经费下了自己近乎所有的力气。而今，他带着自己捕获的大鱼航行回家，他希望运气的眷顾，可那些不断袭来的鲨鱼却让这个老人在疲累中一次又一次的奋力作战。他什么也顾不得了，他只是想保住他的鱼，哪怕剩下的再少。 海明威让这个老人具有了一种不可征服的精神力量。他一次又一次地用他那双伤痕累累的手将粗陋的武器刺进鲨鱼的头颅。即使最终的结果仍是只剩下那十八英尺的鱼骨架。从老人的身上，我们不难看出海明威想要传达给我们的那种灵魂的尊严。 曾经看过海明威笔下这位老人的原形——他在古巴的好朋友佛恩特斯的照片。他活到104岁，叼着雪茄的手宽大而沧桑，脸上皱缩而斑驳，但深邃的眸子却依然透露着硬朗与坚忍。书中的老人曾说：“人不是为失败而生的，一个人可以被毁灭，但不能给打败。”这正是海明威借老人的口告诉读者的本书的主题吧，我想，从此看来这本书并不是什么寓言而是一部令人折服的现实主义佳作。 书中告诉了我们一个人的极限可以到达如此的程度，但海明威至始至终没有提醒我们他在表现渔夫的精神，赞美渔夫面对挑战从不屈服的灵魂，他是让我们自己去读懂他。或许每个人对这篇文字见解不同，就好像“一千个读者就有一千个哈姆雷特”一样，但当我们翻开书的扉页，就好像打开一个尘封已久的木箱，里面尽藏着珍贵的古器，诉说着曾经的伟岸勇毅，使灵魂洗礼在充满力与美的殿堂中。 海明威曾说：“我总是试图根据冰山原理去写作。关于显现出来的每一部分，八分之七是在水面以下的，你可省略去你所知道的任何东西，这只会使你的冰山深厚起来。这是并不显现出来的部分”。 这是个讲述发生在海洋上的故事，你不免会问，书中的老人，海洋，马林鱼又是代表什么呢？忖度你自己的那个冰山吧，我们每个人都在不断积累着水面以下那八分之七的冰山。随着年龄的增长阅历的增加我们逐渐体味着老人的故事，而今想来，或许我也像是那个漂泊在茫茫海上的老人，我的大海便是那无穷尽的知识的海洋，航行在课堂与图书馆间，而我所捉捕的马林鱼正是那一本本的书吧。有时有着孤立无助的悲凉，有时也有着孤身奋斗的快感。...《老人与海》写的是一个老人,却展现了一个世界。小说内容十分丰富,含义深刻,是一部现实主义的杰作,读后令人回味... 我不知道未来会怎样，我的航行究竟结果如何，但作为一个不被击败的人，你看那太阳总是要落下去的，但是明天——太阳照常升起！评《老人与海》中海明威写作风格和手法Contents Abstract Abstract (Chinese). Ⅰ Outline Topic: Through The Old Man and the Sea display Hemingway unique writing style and technique. < Ⅰ > Introduction < Ⅱ > Language Style 1. Analyses of the language Style 2. The forming of the Language Style 3. The influence of the Language Style < Ⅲ > The Way to Use Facts < Ⅳ > Conclusion Note Bibliography Abstract Being distinguished from many greatest American writers, Hemingway is noted for his writing style. Among all his works, The Old Man and the Sea is a typical one to his unique writing style and technique. The language is simple and natural on the surface, but actually deliberate and artificial. Sometimes the simple style is made a little different. The dialogue is combined with the realistic and the artificial. The simplicity is highly suggestive, and often reflects the strong undercurrent of emotion. Occasionally, the author uses some figures of speech. Hemingway’s style is related to his experience as a journalist, his learning from many famous writers, and most importantly, his conscientious effort in looking for a style of his own. The influence of his style is great all over the world. The Old Man and the Sea is full of facts, most of which comes from Hemingway’s own experience. So the way to use facts is a very important writing technique in this novel. The facts in the novel are selected and used as a device to make the fictional world accepted. In the forepart of the novel, they are used to show the quality of Santiago’s life, and are narrated simply and naturally; while in the latter part of the novel, they are used from inside Santiago’s own consciousness and form part of a whole scheme of the novel. Keywords: Facts; Simplicity; Artificial; Iceberg Theory 中文摘要 在众伟大的美国作家中，海明威以独特的写作风格而著称。在他所有的作品中，《老人与海》最能体现他独特的写作风格和手法。这部小说语言看似简洁自然，其实包含了作者的精心揣摩和润色加工。有时为了突出某一部分，作者会采用长句代替短句。文中的对话内容真实、贴近生活，而表达形式则经过了艺术加工。小说简洁自然的语言背后隐藏了深刻的意义和感情。文中还运用了比喻、拟人等修辞手法.还名位的这种独特风格与他当过新闻记者的经历有关,同时他兼菜各家之长,自成一体,形成了自己独特的创作方法和艺术风格。这种风格对整个世界文坛产生了重要的影响。 《老人与海》这部小说中运用了大量的事实,他们大多来自于作者亲身经历。海明威对这些事实精心选择,从而吸引读者的兴趣并使读者有一种身临其境的感觉。小说一开始用大量事实描写了主人公生活的环境,叙述风格简洁自然,未加任何感情色彩。随着情节的发展,大量的事实主要被运用于主人公的心理活动之中,而不是主要由作者来叙述。同时,这些事实构成了整个小说体系中不可缺少的一部分。 关键词： 事实；简洁；加工；冰山理论 Hemingway’s Writing Style and Techniques in The Old Man and the Sea Introduction The Old Man and the Sea (1952) comes round at the finish of Hemingway’s writing career. With its vivid characterization, its simple language, and the profound implicating it carries, it stands out as one of the excellent books Hemingway’s former stature as the word’s preeminent novelist after Hemingway’s unsuccessful novel Across the River and into the trees (1950). The Old Man and the Sea earned its author the Pulitzer Prize in fiction for 1952, and was instrumental in winning him the Nobel Prize for Literature two years later. It is a short novel about Santiago, an old Cuban fisherman who has gone for 84 days without catch. Therefore the boy, Mandolin, who used to sail with him, is forced to leave him and catch in another ship. The old man insists on fishing alone and at last, he hooks an eighteen-foot, giant marlin, the largest he has ever known. But the fish is very powerful and disobedient. It tows the old man and his boat out to sea for 48 hours, with the old man bearing the whole weight of the fish through the line on his back. The old man, with little food and sleep, has to endure much pain and fights against his treacherous hand cramp. To his great excitement, on his third day at sea, he succeeds in drawing the weakened marlin to the surface and harpoons it. On his way home, he lashes marlin alongside his boat because it is too big to be pulled into the boat. But, unfortunately, the come across sharks in different numbers for four times. The old man fights to kill the sharks with as much might and many weapons as he can summon, but only to find a giant skeleton of his marlin left after his desperate defense. At last, Santiago, having lost what he fought for, reaches the shore and struggles to his shack. He falls into sound sleep, dreaming of Africa, and the lions again. His struggle wins him much respect. Among many great American writers, Hemingway is famous for his objective and terse prose style. As the last novel Hemingway published in his life, The Old Man and the Sea typically reflects his unique writing style. This paper aims to discuss the writing style and techniques in The Old Man and the Sea. Of course, Hemingway has used many techniques in this novel, such as realism, the creation of suspense, monologue, etc. And this paper focuses especially on the language style and one of the important techniques-the way to use facts in this novel. Hemingway is famous for his language. With much care and effort, he created a very influential and immediately recognizable style. “The style he created in his early work, such as In Our Time and The Sun also Rises, was almost too good. Like the style of certain painters, it tended to become a manner, rather than a flexible way of responding to experience and conveying fresh insights through words.”1 Among all his works, The Old Man and the Sea is the most typical one to his unique language style. Its language is simple and natural, and has the effect of directness, clarity and freshness. This is because Hemingway always manages to choose words “`concrete, specific, more commonly found, more Anglo-Saxon, casual and conversational.” 2 He seldom uses adjectives and abstract nouns, and avoids complicated syntax. Hemingway’s strength lies in his short sentences and very specific details. His short sentences are powerfully loaded with the tension, which he sees in life. Where he does not use a simple and short sentence, he connects the various parts of the sentence in a straightforward and sequential way, often linked by “and”. In his task of creating real people, Hemingway uses dialogue as an effective device. It is presented in a form “as close to the dramatic as possible, with a minimum of explanatory comment.”3 Here is an example chosen from The Old Man and the Sea: ‘What do you have to eat?’ the boy asked. ‘No, I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?’ ‘No, I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.’ Here we can see that such interpolations as “he said” have frequently been omitted and the words are very colloquial. Thus the speech comes to the reader as if he were listening. Hemingway has captured the immediacy of dialogue skillfully and has made the economical speech connotative. But it is good to note that Hemingway’s style is deliberate and artificial, and is never as natural as it seems to be. The reasons are as follows. Firstly, in some specific moments, in order to stand out by contrast and to describe an important turning point or climax, the style is made a little different: He took all his pain and what was left of his long gone pride and he put it against the fish’s agony and the fish came over on to his side and swam gently on his side, his bill almost touching the planking of the skiff, and started to pass the boat, long, deep, wide, silver and barred with purple and interminable in the water.5 The language in this one-sentence paragraph is different from other parts of the novel. Kenneth Graham has commented that the sentence builds up its parts in a carefully laborious sequence-“all his pain and what was left of his strength and his long gone pride”. It emulates the movement of the exhausted marlin and the physical strain of the old man. And it mounts to a heavy crescendo in the very un-prosaic inversion of adjectives-“long, deep, wide”-ending in the virtually poetic cadence, “interminable in the water.”6 The dialogue, too, is combined with the realistic and the artificial. Usually the content contains and the expression contains the artificial. In The Old Man and the Sea, the language style is very peculiar from Hemingway’s other writings. This is because the novel is an English version of the Spanish that Santiago and Mandolin would speak in real life. “Since we are meant to realize that Santiago and Mandolin could not possibly speak like this, since English is not his tongue anyway, we are more likely to accept other artificialities of the dialogue. Using the device of a pretended ‘translation’, which would be bound to stilt in any case, Hemingway can ‘poetize’ the dialogue as he wishes.”7 The speakers are distanced from readers to a certain degree. And while their language taking on a kind of epic dignity, it does not lose its convincingness. Even slightly strange exchanges like the following become fairly acceptable. For example: ‘You’re my alarm clock’, the boy said. ‘Age is my alarm clock’, the old man said. ‘Why do old man wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?’ ‘I don’t know’, the boy said. ‘All I know is that young boys sleep late and hard’. ‘I can remember it’, the old man said. ‘ I’ll waken you in time.’8 The simple sentences and the repeated rhythms hit at the profundities that the surface of the language tries to ignore. Its simplicity is highly suggestive and connotative, and often reflects the strong undercurrent of emotion. Indeed, the more closely the reader watches, the less rough and simple the characters appear. In Death in the Afternoon, Hemingway uses an effective metaphor to describe his writing style: If a writer of the prose knows enough about what he is writing about, he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.9 Among all the works of Hemingway, the saga of Santiago is thought as the most typical one to this Iceberg Theory. The author seldom expresses his own feelings directly, nor does he make any comments or explanations. On the contrary, he tries to narrate and describe things objectively and blend his own feelings harmoniously to the natural narration and description this gives readers a pictures compression, from which-the 1/8 of the iceberg above water, they can learn the implying meaning and feelings of the author- 7/8 of the iceberg under water. When Hemingway said of this story, “I tried to make a real old man, a real sea and real sharks”, he then went on to say, “But if I made them good and true enough they would mean many things.”10 So this novel has a great and significance conveyed by a compressed action. The core of the novel’s action is fishing. To the hero, fishing is not simply of contest in life. It contains profound philosophic meaning. In addition, two details-the baseball match and the hand wresting with the Negro, like fishing, symbolize the contention in life. They compensate and enrich the inner meaning of the main plot of fishing. So the simplicity of the novel is highly suggestive.

《老人与海》读后感 今天中午，我读了美国著名作家海明威的小说《老人与海》。我十分佩服小说中老渔夫的意志，他让我懂得了一个人一定要有坚持不懈的精神，才能获得成功。 小说描写的是一个年近六旬的老渔夫，在一次单身出海打鱼时，钓到了一条大鱼，却拉不上来。老渔夫同鱼周旋了几天后，才发现这是一条超过自己渔船数倍的大马林鱼，虽然明知很难取胜，但仍不放弃。后来又因大马林鱼伤口上的鱼腥味引来了几群鲨鱼抢食，但老人仍不愿就这样放弃，最终突出重围，将大鱼带回了渔港，让其他渔夫佩服不已。 当我读到“老渔夫想：这里离海岸实在是太近了，也许在更远的地方会有更大的鱼……”时，我十分佩服这位老渔夫，因为他这时已经打到了一些鱼，但他没有安于现状，而是向着更大的目标前进。再看看我们，平时遇到一点小困难，我们都叫苦连天。我们是祖国的未来，应该像这位老人一样胸怀大志，去追求更好、更大的目标。 当我读到“大马林鱼开始快速地围着小渔船游动，将缆绳缠绕到了桅杆上，老人右手高举着钢叉，在它跃出水面的一瞬间，竭尽全力地向它的心脏掷去，一声哀鸣结束了大鱼的生命，它静静地浮在水面上……”时，我的心也像一块大石头落了地。我非常钦佩老人那种毫不畏惧、坚持不懈的精神，虽然知道对手实力很强，但他没有丝毫退缩，而是迎难而上。正因为有了这种精神，老渔夫才获得了这场生死较量的胜利。我们在生活中也要学习老渔夫的精神，做事情不怕困难，才能取得成功。 在读到大鱼的血腥味被一群鲨鱼嗅到了，争相游来抢食，老人的左手正好在抽筋，他只能使用右手，用木棒、捕到的剑鱼的嘴等一切可以用来攻击的武器自卫，并最终赶走了这群鲨鱼。但大鱼的肉已经被吃了一大半，而老人还风趣地批评自己的左手“该工作的时候却在休息”的时候，我也被老人乐观的精神所折服。在生活中，有些损失是不可避免的，我们应该以乐观的态度来对待，不能斤斤计较。 最后，小说以一个少年看到老渔夫在度量足有十八英尺长的大马林鱼，再次描写了这条鱼的巨大，说明老渔夫所克服的困难之大，非比寻常。 小说歌颂了老渔夫不畏艰险努力奋斗的精神，我们也应该像他那样，不能满足于现状，应该积极向上，做任何事都要坚持不懈，遇到困难要迎难而上，决不能半途而废。只有这样，我们才能获得更大的成功和胜利

坚毅顽强的个体，与命运的抗争，融入自然，同时又以强大的精神去驾驭自然，却不能摆脱人做作为一个渺小个体的宿命，同时也是人类的宿命。有战斗，有胜利，有悲愤，最终一切都将归于平淡。

老人与海》的艺术特色 简洁准确的动作描写，语言洗练含蓄，富有韵味的内心独白，使整篇小说像一幅油画，像一首诗，具有强烈的画面和音乐感，这是《老人与海》典型的艺术特色。它这种洗练简洁风格较完美地体现了海明威的“冰山”理论；而那种重视语言视觉、听觉、触觉的效果，更使读者身临其境之感。这篇中篇小说以完美艺术性和深邃哲理性征服了世界文坛。这样，1954年，“因为他精通于叙事艺术”，突出地表现其著作《老人与海》之中；同时也因为他对当代文体风格之影响而获诺贝尔文学奖。 （一） 动作描写简洁准确。如老人将钓饵放入水中的一段，“天还没大亮，他把鱼饵放下去，随波漂流。每一份钓饵都笔直垂着，钩柄插在粗鱼的钓饵里，系牢缝好，钓子突出的部分，弯曲和尖端，全部盖满新鲜的沙丁鱼。每根钓绳和大铅笔一般粗，圈在一根青钓竿上，鱼饵一拉或一碰，钓竿就往下倾。每条钓绳各有两个四十寻的线圈，可以和其他多余的线圈系在一起，所以必要的时候，一条鱼拖出三百多寻的钓绳也不碍事。”“老人把绳子绕在背上，紧紧拉住，弄得钓绳都拧出水珠来。然后钓绳开始往水里拉曳，他牢抓不放，身体抵住坐板，往后靠，对抗大鱼的拉力。”太阳第三次升起，“他只觉得绳子的压力微微放松，就用右手轻轻拉，绳子又跟往常一样拉紧了，不过他拉到绷断的边缘，绳子开始往内缩。他把双肩和头部由绳子下面滑出来，开始轻轻收进绳子。他双手摆动，尽量靠身体和腿部来拉。老腿和双肩随着拉绳的摇摆动作而旋转。”与大鱼战了几个回合之后“如今，老人放下钓绳，用脚踩住，尽可能高举鱼叉，使出全身的力量和临时唤来特殊的劲头，把鱼叉刺进大鱼侧面胸鳍的后方，胸鳍高举在空中，有一个人的胸部那么高。他觉得鱼叉刺进去了，他靠在上面，再往下猛刺，然后将一身的重量往下压。”这些划线动词的使用将老人捕捉大马林鱼，与凶恶的鲨鱼斗争活灵活现地摆在我们的面前。虽然整个过程长而繁琐，但经作者简洁准确的描写，变得生动而清晰起来。 （二） 语言洗练含蓄。如老人总是“梦见童年所见的非洲，还有长长的金色沙滩和白得刺眼的白沙滩，高高的海岬和巨大的棕色山脉。现在他每天都梦见那道海岸，梦中听到巨浪的吼声，看见土著的小船乘风浪而来。他闻到沥青和甲板上破绳的气味，还闻到早上陆风吹来的非洲气息。他还梦见非洲沙滩上的狮子。”……这里不再举例，整篇文章中表现语言洗练含蓄的地方实在太多，这篇文章字数极少，却将一个故事很清晰很生动地表现出来，使我们不得不赞叹海明威先生在语言上的把握是何其精致，这也与他初期的记者生活有关吧。 （三） 内心独白富有韵味。写老人跟随着大鱼一天一夜了，第二天夜晚实在累得不行，休息一会，正做梦时，被大鱼弄醒，这时，“老人想，它嘴上的囊胞装满了空气，决不会潜入深水死掉，害我拉不起来。它马上就要绕圈子了，我得开始为它花力气了。”他对自己说“老头儿，你自己还是勇敢些，充满信心吧。”与鱼搏斗的过程中，“老头儿，要镇定，要坚强。”老人一直在内心给自己鼓劲，尤其在打败鲭鲨之后，筋疲力尽的老人希望这一切都是梦，但又一转念“不过，人不是生来就会被打败的。”“人可以毁灭，却不能挫败。”这是老人一生的写照。“老头儿，不要多想，”他大声说，“顺这条路走下云，事情来了就要勇敢接受。”诠释了老人对生命的理解，对生活的追求。凶猛的鲭鲨、铲鼻鲨来的时候，老人凭着自己的勇气和信心顽强地与之搏斗，富有韵味的的独白支撑着他胜利闯过。 （四） 如诗如画的描写。“陆地上的云块像群峰升起，海岸上只剩下一条长长的绿线，后面是灰蓝的山丘。海水呈深蓝色，深得几乎发紫。他俯视水中，看到幽黑的水面有红色的浮游生物，和阳光造成的古怪光线。他望着钓绳，看它们笔直垂到水里看不见的地方。”“和风不断吹着，稍微转向东北，他知道风不会停。老人望望前方，看不到帆影，也看不到船只或黑烟。只有飞鱼由船头跳起，向西边游去，还有一块黄色的墨西哥湾海藻，连小鸟都无影无踪。”……这些描写真像一幅油画，凝聚而厚重，简洁的语言，爽口宜人，读来就像一首诗。 （五） “冰山”创作原理 海明威把自己的创作比做“冰山”，并用“冰山原理”来形象地概括自己的艺术创作风格和技巧。他曾说：“我总是试图根据冰山原理去写它。关于显现出来的每一部分，八分之七是在水面以下的，你可省略去你所知道的任何东西，这只会使你的冰山深厚起来。这是并不显现出来的部分”。我们知道海明威所谈到的“省略”通常体现在事件情节的节略选择，做到厚积薄发，也表现在形象的单纯、主题思想的潜藏、感情的含蓄、言辞的经济和艺术风格的朴素简洁等方面。这些都是海明威自觉有意而为之。《老人与海》这部作品同样是利用“冰山原理”创作的，表现在我们面前的就是一位老人与鱼，不管是大马林鱼还是各类鲨鱼搏斗的过程，别的什么也没说。很简单的一个人与自然斗争的故事，但是冰山下面八分之七隐藏在水里的部分，内涵却很厚。每个人读后会有不同的感受，会受到不同程度的震撼，这也是为什么这部中篇小说一直到现在都被人们所称道的原因。

语言,主题，寓意，人物形象.自己总结，呵呵...