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研究生分为硕士研究生和博士研究生。 【概况简介】 1、研究生（Postgraduate）是高等教育的一种学历，一般由拥有硕士点、博士点的普通高等学校和研究生培养资格的科研机构开展，以研究生为最高学历，研究生毕业后，也可称研究生

论文陈述可以很好地组织和发展论点，并为读者提供关于论点的“指南”。论文陈述包含以下内容：               1、陈述你对这个主题的主要观点陈述观点时一定要表达一个主要思想，并陈述你的立场或看法。关于主题，需思考：你想陈述或证明什么?                    你想说服读者相信什么?                           2、给出几个支持主要观点的理由　　                            理由要写清楚，一定要用符合逻辑的事实和证据来支持这个理由。　　3、给出一个与主要观点相反的观点　　                          一个好的论文陈述要承认论点存在另一面。所以，同学可以在论文陈述中给出一个反论点。　论文陈述写作示例：　　1、首先，从一个问题开始。例如：互联网对教育有正面或负面的影响吗?　　2、其次，表明你对这个问题的立场。例如：互联网对教育的正面影响大于负面影响。　　3、最后，发展你的答案。例如：互联网使用的负面影响被其对教育的诸多好处所抵消：互联网有助于学生和老师更容易地获取信息、接触不同的观点，以及这是一个灵活的学习环境。

2009 Fifth International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing你这个是个会议文献没有发表呀最好是发表到一个sci杂志上我看就 这个网站收录了-MSP307这是链接你的文章还卖19美元呀厉害

Mass media is a term used to denote a section of the media specifically envisioned and designed to reach a very large audience such as the population of a nation It was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks, mass-circulation newspapers and magazines, although mass media was present centuries before the term became The term public media has a similar meaning: it is the sum of the public mass distributors of news and entertainment across mediums such as newspapers, television, radio, broadcasting, which require union membership in large markets such as Newspaper Guild, AFTRA, & text The concept of mass media is complicated in some internet media as now individuals have a means of potential exposure on a scale comparable to what was previously restricted to select group of mass media These internet media can include television, personal web pages, podcasts and The communications audience has been viewed by some commentators as forming a mass society with special characteristics, notably atomization or lack of social connections, which render it especially susceptible to the influence of modern mass-media techniques such as advertising and The term "MSM" or "mainstream media" has been widely used in the blogosphere in discussion of the mass media and media HistoryTypes of drama in numerous cultures were probably the first mass-media, going back into the Ancient W The first dated printed book known is the "Diamond Sutra", printed in China in 868 AD, although it is clear that books were printed Movable clay type was invented in 1041 in C However, due to the slow spread of literacy to the masses in China, and the relatively high cost of paper there, the earliest printed mass-medium was probably European popular prints from about Although these were produced in huge numbers, very few early examples survive, and even most known to be printed before about 1600 have not Johannes Gutenberg printed the first book on a printing press with movable type in This invention transformed the way the world received printed materials, although books remained too expensive really to be called a mass-medium for at least a century after Newspapers developed around from 1612, with the first example in English in 1620 [2] ; but they took until the nineteenth century to reach a mass-audience During the 20th century, the growth of mass media was driven by technology that allowed the massive duplication of Physical duplication technologies such as printing, record pressing and film duplication allowed the duplication of books, newspapers and movies at low prices to huge Radio and television allowed the electronic duplication of information for the first Mass media had the economics of linear replication: a single work could make money proportional to the number of copies sold, and as volumes went up, units costs went down, increasing profit margins Vast fortunes were to be made in mass In a democratic society, independent media serve to educate the public/electorate about issues regarding government and corporate entities (see Media influence) Some consider the concentration of media ownership to be a grave threat to [edit] Timelinec1400: Appearance of European popular 1453: Johnannes Gutenberg uses his printing press to print the Bible, making books freely accessible to many people during the R 1620: First newspaper (or coranto) in E 1825: Nicéphore Niépce takes the first permanent 1830: Telegraphy is independently developed in England and the United S 1876: First telephone call made by Alexander Graham B 1878: Thomas Alva Edison patents the 1890: First juke box in San Francisco's Palais Royal S 1890: Telephone wires are installed in M 1894: Thomas Edison patents the Kinetograph and Kinetoscope, which were invented in his laboratories by William Kennedy Laurie D 1895: Cinematograph invented by Auguste and Louis Lumiere, based on Edison's patented K 1896: Hollerith founds the Tabulating Machine C It will become IBM in 1897: Guglielmo Marconi patents the wireless 1898: Loudspeaker is 1902: Daily Nation is started in K 1906: The Story of the Kelly Gang from Australia is world's first feature length 1909: RMS Republic, a palatial White Star passenger liner, uses the Marconi Wireless for a distress at She had been in a This is the first "breaking news" mass media 1912: Air mail 1913: Edison transfers from cylinder recordings to more easily reproducible 1913: The portable phonograph is 1915: Radiotelephone carries voice from Virginia to the Eiffel T 1916: Tunable radios 1919: Short-wave radio is 1920: KDKA-AM in Pittsburgh, United States, becoming the world's first commercial radio 1922: BBC is formed and broadcasting to L 1924: KDKA created a short-wave radio 1925: BBC broadcasting to the majority of the UK 1926: NBC is 1927: The Jazz Singer: The first motion picture with sounds 1927: Philo Jason Farnsworth debuts the first electronic television 1928: The Teletype was 1933: Edward Armstrong invents FM R 1935: First telephone call made around the 1936: BBC opened world's first regular (then defined as at least 200 lines) high definition television 1938: The War of the Worlds is broadcast on October 30, causing mass 1939: Western Union introduces coast-to-coast fax 1939: Regular electronic television broadcasts begin in the US 1939: The wire recorder is invented in the US 1940: The first commercial television station, WNBT (now WNBC-TV)/New York signs on the 1948: Cable television becomes available in the US 1951: The first color televisions go on 1957: Sputnik is launched and sends back signals from near earth 1959: Xerox makes the first 1960: Echo I, a US balloon in orbit, reflects radio signals to E 1962: Telstar satellite transmits an image across the A 1963: Audio cassette is invented in the Netherlands by Philips for use as a dictation machine 1963: Martin Luther King gives "I have a dream" 1965: Vietnam War becomes first war to be 1967: Newspapers, magazines start to digitize 1968: The Philips C-Cassette is introduced as a music recording cassette 1969: Man's first landing on the moon is broadcast to 600 million people around the 1970s: ARPANET, progenitor to the internet 1971: Intel debuts the 1972: Pong becomes the first video game to win widespread 1973: The first home video cassette recorder is introduced by Philips in E 1975: The MITS Altair 8800 becomes the first pre-assembled desktop computer available on the 1976: JVC introduces VHS videotape - becomes the standard consumer format in the 1980s & 1979: First mobile phone service is commercially launched by NTT in Japan 1980: CNN launches in the USA 1980: New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones put news database 1981: The IBM PC is introduced on 12 A MTV launches in the USA 1982: Philips and Sony put the Compact Disc on the Japanese It arrives on the US market early the following 1984: Apple Macintosh is 1985: CD-ROMs begin to be First laptop computer introduced by Toshiba in J Pay-per-view channels open for 1987: Japanese Digital Audio Tape technology arrives both in the United States and in Western E 1991: World Wide Web (WWW) publicly released by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN 1993: CERN announces that the WWW will be free for anyone to First advertisements appear on the internet 1994: Mosaic became the first popular World Wide Web browser because of the graphical 1996: First DVD players and discs are available in J Twister is the first film on DVD 1997: The Nokia Communicator smartphone is launched in Finland, is world's first fully internet capable mobile phone and offers full email on a phone 1998: First downloadable content for mobile phones appears in Finland with advent of ringing 1999: Napster contributes to the popularization of MP First mobile internet service provider NTT DoCoMo's i-Mode launches in J 2000: First advertising appears on mobile phones in F First cameraphones launced by J-Phone in J 2001: The news coverage of 9/11 shown all around the world live broadcasting to The Blackberry launches in C First video content for mobile launches with MainosTV3 news in F 2004: Howard Dean is the first Presidential candidate to create a Citizen Journalism invented in South Korea by Ohmy N 2005: Media forms begin to First mobile broadcast TV service goes live on TU Media in South K First news ticker feed appears on mobile phone idle screen in J 2006: Public meeting to help define "natural" [edit] PurposesMass media can be used for various purposes:Advocacy, both for business and social This can include advertising, marketing, propaganda, public relations, and political Enrichment and Entertainment, traditionally through performances of acting, music, and sports, along with light reading; since the late 20th century also through video and computer Public service [edit] Claimed negative characteristics of mass mediaAnother description of Mass Media is central media which implies:An inability to transmit tacit knowledge (or perhaps it can only transfer bad tacit) Corporate The manipulation of large groups of people through media outlets, for the benefit of a particular political party and/or group of Marshall McLuhan, one of the biggest critics in media's history, brought up the idea that "the medium is the " Bias, political or otherwise, towards favoring a certain individual, outcome or resolution of an event This view of central media can be contrasted with lateral media, such as email networks, where messages are all slightly different and spread by a process of lateral [edit] JournalismJournalism is a discipline of collecting, analyzing, verifying, and presenting information regarding current events, trends, issues and Those who practice journalism are known as News-oriented journalism is sometimes described as the "first rough draft of history" (attributed to Phil Graham), because journalists often record important events, producing news articles on short While under pressure to be first with their stories, news media organizations usually edit and proofread their reports prior to publication, adhering to each organization's standards of accuracy, quality and Many news organizations claim proud traditions of holding government officials and institutions accountable to the public, while media critics have raised questions about holding the press itself [edit] Public relationsPublic relations is the art and science of managing communication between an organization and its key publics to build, manage and sustain its positive Examples include:Corporations use marketing public relations (MPR) to convey information about the products they manufacture or services they provide to potential customers to support their direct sales Typically, they support sales in the short and long term, establishing and burnishing the corporation's branding for a strong, ongoing Corporations also use public-relations as a vehicle to reach legislators and other politicians, seeking favorable tax, regulatory, and other treatment, and they may use public relations to portray themselves as enlightened employers, in support of human-resources recruiting Non-profit organizations, including schools and universities, hospitals, and human and social service agencies, use public relations in support of awareness programs, fund-raising programs, staff recruiting, and to increase patronage of their Politicians use public relations to attract votes and raise money, and, when successful at the ballot box, to promote and defend their service in office, with an eye to the next election or, at career’s end, to their [edit] Citizen JournalismIn 2004 in South Korea citizen journalism was invented, with the launch of Ohmy News online daily Today Ohmy News gets over 90% of its content from citizen journalists, has over 51,000 registered citizens as journalists, and has become one of South Korea's best read and most trusted news Citizen Journalism news services have been introduced in over a dozen other [edit] FormsElectronic media and print media include:Broadcasting, in the narrow sense, for radio and Various types of discs or In the 20th century, these were mainly used for Video and computer uses Film, most often used for entertainment, but also for Internet, which has many uses and presents both opportunities and Blogs and podcasts, such as news, music, pre-recorded speech and video) Publishing, in the narrow sense, meaning on paper, mainly via books, magazines, and Video games, which have developed into a mass form of media since cutting-edge devices such as the PlayStation 3, XBox 360, and Wii broadened their Mobile phones, often called the 7th Mass Media, used for rapid breaking news, short clips of entertainment like jokes, horoscopes, alerts, games, music, and advertising 字数超限了。。。