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研究生分为硕士研究生和博士研究生。 【概况简介】 1、研究生（Postgraduate）是高等教育的一种学历，一般由拥有硕士点、博士点的普通高等学校和研究生培养资格的科研机构开展，以研究生为最高学历，研究生毕业后，也可称研究生
论文陈述可以很好地组织和发展论点，并为读者提供关于论点的“指南”。论文陈述包含以下内容： 1、陈述你对这个主题的主要观点陈述观点时一定要表达一个主要思想，并陈述你的立场或看法。关于主题，需思考：你想陈述或证明什么? 你想说服读者相信什么? 2、给出几个支持主要观点的理由 理由要写清楚，一定要用符合逻辑的事实和证据来支持这个理由。 3、给出一个与主要观点相反的观点 一个好的论文陈述要承认论点存在另一面。所以，同学可以在论文陈述中给出一个反论点。 论文陈述写作示例： 1、首先，从一个问题开始。例如：互联网对教育有正面或负面的影响吗? 2、其次，表明你对这个问题的立场。例如：互联网对教育的正面影响大于负面影响。 3、最后，发展你的答案。例如：互联网使用的负面影响被其对教育的诸多好处所抵消：互联网有助于学生和老师更容易地获取信息、接触不同的观点，以及这是一个灵活的学习环境。
2009 Fifth International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing你这个是个会议文献没有发表呀最好是发表到一个sci杂志上我看就 这个网站收录了-MSP307这是链接你的文章还卖19美元呀厉害
Mass media is a term used to denote a section of the media specifically envisioned and designed to reach a very large audience such as the population of a nation It was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks, mass-circulation newspapers and magazines, although mass media was present centuries before the term became The term public media has a similar meaning: it is the sum of the public mass distributors of news and entertainment across mediums such as newspapers, television, radio, broadcasting, which require union membership in large markets such as Newspaper Guild, AFTRA, & text The concept of mass media is complicated in some internet media as now individuals have a means of potential exposure on a scale comparable to what was previously restricted to select group of mass media These internet media can include television, personal web pages, podcasts and The communications audience has been viewed by some commentators as forming a mass society with special characteristics, notably atomization or lack of social connections, which render it especially susceptible to the influence of modern mass-media techniques such as advertising and The term "MSM" or "mainstream media" has been widely used in the blogosphere in discussion of the mass media and media HistoryTypes of drama in numerous cultures were probably the first mass-media, going back into the Ancient W The first dated printed book known is the "Diamond Sutra", printed in China in 868 AD, although it is clear that books were printed Movable clay type was invented in 1041 in C However, due to the slow spread of literacy to the masses in China, and the relatively high cost of paper there, the earliest printed mass-medium was probably European popular prints from about Although these were produced in huge numbers, very few early examples survive, and even most known to be printed before about 1600 have not Johannes Gutenberg printed the first book on a printing press with movable type in This invention transformed the way the world received printed materials, although books remained too expensive really to be called a mass-medium for at least a century after Newspapers developed around from 1612, with the first example in English in 1620 [2] ; but they took until the nineteenth century to reach a mass-audience During the 20th century, the growth of mass media was driven by technology that allowed the massive duplication of Physical duplication technologies such as printing, record pressing and film duplication allowed the duplication of books, newspapers and movies at low prices to huge Radio and television allowed the electronic duplication of information for the first Mass media had the economics of linear replication: a single work could make money proportional to the number of copies sold, and as volumes went up, units costs went down, increasing profit margins Vast fortunes were to be made in mass In a democratic society, independent media serve to educate the public/electorate about issues regarding government and corporate entities (see Media influence) Some consider the concentration of media ownership to be a grave threat to [edit] Timelinec1400: Appearance of European popular 1453: Johnannes Gutenberg uses his printing press to print the Bible, making books freely accessible to many people during the R 1620: First newspaper (or coranto) in E 1825: Nicéphore Niépce takes the first permanent 1830: Telegraphy is independently developed in England and the United S 1876: First telephone call made by Alexander Graham B 1878: Thomas Alva Edison patents the 1890: First juke box in San Francisco's Palais Royal S 1890: Telephone wires are installed in M 1894: Thomas Edison patents the Kinetograph and Kinetoscope, which were invented in his laboratories by William Kennedy Laurie D 1895: Cinematograph invented by Auguste and Louis Lumiere, based on Edison's patented K 1896: Hollerith founds the Tabulating Machine C It will become IBM in 1897: Guglielmo Marconi patents the wireless 1898: Loudspeaker is 1902: Daily Nation is started in K 1906: The Story of the Kelly Gang from Australia is world's first feature length 1909: RMS Republic, a palatial White Star passenger liner, uses the Marconi Wireless for a distress at She had been in a This is the first "breaking news" mass media 1912: Air mail 1913: Edison transfers from cylinder recordings to more easily reproducible 1913: The portable phonograph is 1915: Radiotelephone carries voice from Virginia to the Eiffel T 1916: Tunable radios 1919: Short-wave radio is 1920: KDKA-AM in Pittsburgh, United States, becoming the world's first commercial radio 1922: BBC is formed and broadcasting to L 1924: KDKA created a short-wave radio 1925: BBC broadcasting to the majority of the UK 1926: NBC is 1927: The Jazz Singer: The first motion picture with sounds 1927: Philo Jason Farnsworth debuts the first electronic television 1928: The Teletype was 1933: Edward Armstrong invents FM R 1935: First telephone call made around the 1936: BBC opened world's first regular (then defined as at least 200 lines) high definition television 1938: The War of the Worlds is broadcast on October 30, causing mass 1939: Western Union introduces coast-to-coast fax 1939: Regular electronic television broadcasts begin in the US 1939: The wire recorder is invented in the US 1940: The first commercial television station, WNBT (now WNBC-TV)/New York signs on the 1948: Cable television becomes available in the US 1951: The first color televisions go on 1957: Sputnik is launched and sends back signals from near earth 1959: Xerox makes the first 1960: Echo I, a US balloon in orbit, reflects radio signals to E 1962: Telstar satellite transmits an image across the A 1963: Audio cassette is invented in the Netherlands by Philips for use as a dictation machine 1963: Martin Luther King gives "I have a dream" 1965: Vietnam War becomes first war to be 1967: Newspapers, magazines start to digitize 1968: The Philips C-Cassette is introduced as a music recording cassette 1969: Man's first landing on the moon is broadcast to 600 million people around the 1970s: ARPANET, progenitor to the internet 1971: Intel debuts the 1972: Pong becomes the first video game to win widespread 1973: The first home video cassette recorder is introduced by Philips in E 1975: The MITS Altair 8800 becomes the first pre-assembled desktop computer available on the 1976: JVC introduces VHS videotape - becomes the standard consumer format in the 1980s & 1979: First mobile phone service is commercially launched by NTT in Japan 1980: CNN launches in the USA 1980: New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones put news database 1981: The IBM PC is introduced on 12 A MTV launches in the USA 1982: Philips and Sony put the Compact Disc on the Japanese It arrives on the US market early the following 1984: Apple Macintosh is 1985: CD-ROMs begin to be First laptop computer introduced by Toshiba in J Pay-per-view channels open for 1987: Japanese Digital Audio Tape technology arrives both in the United States and in Western E 1991: World Wide Web (WWW) publicly released by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN 1993: CERN announces that the WWW will be free for anyone to First advertisements appear on the internet 1994: Mosaic became the first popular World Wide Web browser because of the graphical 1996: First DVD players and discs are available in J Twister is the first film on DVD 1997: The Nokia Communicator smartphone is launched in Finland, is world's first fully internet capable mobile phone and offers full email on a phone 1998: First downloadable content for mobile phones appears in Finland with advent of ringing 1999: Napster contributes to the popularization of MP First mobile internet service provider NTT DoCoMo's i-Mode launches in J 2000: First advertising appears on mobile phones in F First cameraphones launced by J-Phone in J 2001: The news coverage of 9/11 shown all around the world live broadcasting to The Blackberry launches in C First video content for mobile launches with MainosTV3 news in F 2004: Howard Dean is the first Presidential candidate to create a Citizen Journalism invented in South Korea by Ohmy N 2005: Media forms begin to First mobile broadcast TV service goes live on TU Media in South K First news ticker feed appears on mobile phone idle screen in J 2006: Public meeting to help define "natural" [edit] PurposesMass media can be used for various purposes:Advocacy, both for business and social This can include advertising, marketing, propaganda, public relations, and political Enrichment and Entertainment, traditionally through performances of acting, music, and sports, along with light reading; since the late 20th century also through video and computer Public service [edit] Claimed negative characteristics of mass mediaAnother description of Mass Media is central media which implies:An inability to transmit tacit knowledge (or perhaps it can only transfer bad tacit) Corporate The manipulation of large groups of people through media outlets, for the benefit of a particular political party and/or group of Marshall McLuhan, one of the biggest critics in media's history, brought up the idea that "the medium is the " Bias, political or otherwise, towards favoring a certain individual, outcome or resolution of an event This view of central media can be contrasted with lateral media, such as email networks, where messages are all slightly different and spread by a process of lateral [edit] JournalismJournalism is a discipline of collecting, analyzing, verifying, and presenting information regarding current events, trends, issues and Those who practice journalism are known as News-oriented journalism is sometimes described as the "first rough draft of history" (attributed to Phil Graham), because journalists often record important events, producing news articles on short While under pressure to be first with their stories, news media organizations usually edit and proofread their reports prior to publication, adhering to each organization's standards of accuracy, quality and Many news organizations claim proud traditions of holding government officials and institutions accountable to the public, while media critics have raised questions about holding the press itself [edit] Public relationsPublic relations is the art and science of managing communication between an organization and its key publics to build, manage and sustain its positive Examples include:Corporations use marketing public relations (MPR) to convey information about the products they manufacture or services they provide to potential customers to support their direct sales Typically, they support sales in the short and long term, establishing and burnishing the corporation's branding for a strong, ongoing Corporations also use public-relations as a vehicle to reach legislators and other politicians, seeking favorable tax, regulatory, and other treatment, and they may use public relations to portray themselves as enlightened employers, in support of human-resources recruiting Non-profit organizations, including schools and universities, hospitals, and human and social service agencies, use public relations in support of awareness programs, fund-raising programs, staff recruiting, and to increase patronage of their Politicians use public relations to attract votes and raise money, and, when successful at the ballot box, to promote and defend their service in office, with an eye to the next election or, at career’s end, to their [edit] Citizen JournalismIn 2004 in South Korea citizen journalism was invented, with the launch of Ohmy News online daily Today Ohmy News gets over 90% of its content from citizen journalists, has over 51,000 registered citizens as journalists, and has become one of South Korea's best read and most trusted news Citizen Journalism news services have been introduced in over a dozen other [edit] FormsElectronic media and print media include:Broadcasting, in the narrow sense, for radio and Various types of discs or In the 20th century, these were mainly used for Video and computer uses Film, most often used for entertainment, but also for Internet, which has many uses and presents both opportunities and Blogs and podcasts, such as news, music, pre-recorded speech and video) Publishing, in the narrow sense, meaning on paper, mainly via books, magazines, and Video games, which have developed into a mass form of media since cutting-edge devices such as the PlayStation 3, XBox 360, and Wii broadened their Mobile phones, often called the 7th Mass Media, used for rapid breaking news, short clips of entertainment like jokes, horoscopes, alerts, games, music, and advertising 字数超限了。。。
政论文是提出问题后重点分析说明原因、关系、影响等，最后说对策只是简说。策论文是提出问题，分析问题，重点说明解决问题的对策。没有什么具体的要求说什么样的要求写什么样的文体。政论文是提出政论文是提出问题后重点分析说明原因、关系、影响等，最后说对策只是简说。策论文是提出问题，分析问题，重点说明解决问题的对策。没有什么具体的要求说什么样的要求写什么样的文体。另外，关于政论文和策论文是某辅导机构首先题出来的，官方没有正式，所以也就没有什么时候应该写政论文，什么时候应该写策论文之说。关于一篇好的申论，你是区分不出来是政论文还是策论文的，只要按照提出问题、分析问题、解决问题来写就好了。
申论大作文中的政论文、策论文和议论文应从以下三个方面区别：一、适用场合不同。政论文、策论文属于申论文章，侧重与分析解决政治、经济文化、社会事务的具体问题，要求具有现实意义；一般议论文则是侧重说理性，从论点、论据、论证三方面剖析事物，论述事理，发表意见，提出主张。二、写作重点不同。政论文重点是分析原因，目的，必要性和迫切性等问题；策论文在针对某一具体问题立论后，其论证过程必须包含解决问题的具体办法措施；议论文是以议论为主要表达方式，通过摆事实，讲道理，直接表达作者的观点和主张。领取公务员考试资料三、论述结构不同。政论文论述结构：第一部分，开头，提出论点；第二部分，分析问题---论述意义、作用、重要性、危害；第三部分，结尾---解决问题，直接收束全文。策论文论述结构：第一部分，开头，提出论点---直接简要分析问题第二部分，解决问题
其实这东西也得看改卷老师口味或者说卡得严不严的，理论上来说策论文也应该是属于议论文，只是策论文偏重解决问题，议论文则是偏向于对某观点进行阐述，重在议。
申论文章可以写成以评论为主的议论文，也可以写成“以对策为主”的策论文 策论文，是申论文章写作中常现的以拟制对策为主的议论文。其基本特点是策论结合，重在对策，以策为主，以论为辅。 题目有“写成对策性文章”或“提出对策建议”等要求的，文章的写作就要以对策的铺展陈述为重点；题目要求“写一篇评论性文章”的，文章就要以对问题的客观评析、论述为重点；题目没有明确要求的，那么既可以评论为主，也可以侧重提出对策。论、策间重心的确定与转移，取决于题意限制和作者的主观把握。
申论大作文中的政论文、策论文和议论文应从以下三个方面区别：一、适用场合不同。政论文、策论文属于申论文章，侧重与分析解决政治、经济文化、社会事务的具体问题，要求具有现实意义；一般议论文则是侧重说理性，从论点、论据、论证三方面剖析事物，论述事理，发表意见，提出主张。二、写作重点不同。政论文重点是分析原因，目的，必要性和迫切性等问题；策论文在针对某一具体问题立论后，其论证过程必须包含解决问题的具体办法措施；议论文是以议论为主要表达方式，通过摆事实，讲道理，直接表达作者的观点和主张。领取公务员考试资料三、论述结构不同。政论文论述结构：第一部分，开头，提出论点；第二部分，分析问题---论述意义、作用、重要性、危害；第三部分，结尾---解决问题，直接收束全文。策论文论述结构：第一部分，开头，提出论点---直接简要分析问题第二部分，解决问题
1、策论文：以政策、时事为写作内容的议论文，与平常议论文写作要求基本一致，论点、论据与论证过程缺一不可。所不同的是，策论文在针对某一具体问题立论后，其论证过程必须包含解决问题的具体办法措施。2、议论文：议论文，又叫说理文，是一种剖析事物，论述事理，发表意见，提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非、举例子等方法，来确定其观点正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精炼、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。它不同于记叙文以形象生动的记叙来间接地表达作者的思想感情，也不同于说明文侧重介绍或解释事物的形状、性质、成因、功能等。总而言之，议论文是以理服人的文章，记叙文和说明文则是以事感人，以知授人的文章。3、政论文：政治性论文的简称。 政论文是从政治角度阐述和评论重大事件或社会等问题，提出见解或主张并说明理由，使读者信服。它内容广泛，形式多样。扩展资料：议论文写作分析：议论是作者对客观事物进行分析、评论、说服，以表明自己的见解、主张、态度、看法、观点的表达方式，通常由论点 、论据、论证三部分构成。议论文题目分为论题，论点，寓意型。论点型，题目为作者观点但以简洁为主，所以中心论点一般不能直接抄论题；论题型，题目中一般没有观点倾向性，例如：低碳与城市生活；寓意型一般与论题论点并存且不能直接作为中心论点要还原本意。议论文是对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。议论文三要素是论点、论据、论证。又可分为三部分：是什么，为什么，怎么做。论题是有待于证明的命题。参考资料来源：百度百科-策论文参考资料来源：百度百科-议论文参考资料来源：百度百科-政论文
其实这东西也得看改卷老师口味或者说卡得严不严的，理论上来说策论文也应该是属于议论文，只是策论文偏重解决问题，议论文则是偏向于对某观点进行阐述，重在议。
政论文是提出问题后重点分析说明原因、关系、影响等，最后说对策只是简说。策论文是提出问题，分析问题，重点说明解决问题的对策。没有什么具体的要求说什么样的要求写什么样的文体。政论文是提出政论文是提出问题后重点分析说明原因、关系、影响等，最后说对策只是简说。策论文是提出问题，分析问题，重点说明解决问题的对策。没有什么具体的要求说什么样的要求写什么样的文体。另外，关于政论文和策论文是某辅导机构首先题出来的，官方没有正式，所以也就没有什么时候应该写政论文，什么时候应该写策论文之说。关于一篇好的申论，你是区分不出来是政论文还是策论文的，只要按照提出问题、分析问题、解决问题来写就好了。
其实这东西也得看改卷老师口味或者说卡得严不严的，理论上来说策论文也应该是属于议论文，只是策论文偏重解决问题，议论文则是偏向于对某观点进行阐述，重在议。
华图小明提示论点无论是对策型的还是意义型的都不会决定听你的文体，只有中间分论点论证的比例才可以决定。假如说，一个分论点为250字，你的解释分论点写了50字，中间分析部分写了150字，后面对策写了50字，这时你的文章分析远多于对策，结构比例为1:3:1，这时你的文章便是议论文;但是，当一个分论点为250字，你的解释分论点写了50字，中间分析部分写了50字，后面对策写了150字，这时你的文章对策远多于分析，结构比例为1:1:3，这时你的文章便是策论文。案例如下。 议论文分论点形式： 传承文化需自信。(分论点)现如今，国人纷纷奔赴国外抢购外国商品，洋建筑在城市建设中层出不穷，家长以送孩子出国为终身目标。可见国人崇洋媚外，忽视中华文化现象，屡见不鲜，究其原因，是国人对本土文化的不自信，一心认为“外国的月亮比中国圆”，陷入拿来主义怪圈。“没有高度的文化自信，没有文化的繁荣昌盛，就没有中华民族伟大复兴。”(问题描述和分析)因此，若想传承优秀传统文化，使国人重拾、认同、坚守本土文化，树立文化自信意识，务必先行。(对策) 策论文分论点形式： 传承文化需自信。(分论点)现如今，国人崇洋媚外，忽视中华文化现象，屡见不鲜，究其原因，是国人对本土文化的不自信，一心认为“外国的月亮比中国圆”，陷入拿来主义怪圈。“没有高度的文化自信，没有文化的繁荣昌盛，就没有中华民族伟大复兴。”(问题描述和分析)因此，亟需实施文化复兴战略。一是举办各类传统文化活动，用潜移默化的方式熏陶国民，引导国人重拾对本土文化的认可，营造文化自信意识氛围;二是加大对传统文化的保护，加大监管力度，防止个别地方政府以牺牲文化为代价，发展短命经济;三是与时俱进，创新文化，结合时代特点和信息技术的发展，创造出新潮且具有意义的新兴优秀文化。(对策)
申论中的文章写作，名称不一，按体裁分类，最基本的有两类：普通文章和应用文。其中，名目不一的策论文、对策文、评论文、议论文等，均包括在普通文章内，属于广义的议论文种类；按其内容性质，则应划分到议论文之下的政论文一类里。 申论试题中典型的文章称呼方式有以下几种： 文章。如：以《从“怒江水电开发”说开去》为题，写一篇文章。（2008年国考第4题）又如：以“人与自然”为题，写一篇文章。（2008年国考第6题）再如：在下列题目中任选一题写一篇文章。（2008年山东省考第5题）这是申论试题中出现频率最高的一种文章叫法，历年国考中除应用体文章外，无一例外地统称为“文章”。其特点是没有体裁、格式等形式方面的要求，但按照论述的对象和内容来判断，只能是政论文章，以分析论述理论性或事实性政治话题为基本内容，阐述作者的观点。由于没有特定要求，可全面包括问题、原因、影响和危害、解决的必要性、对策思路、发展趋势预测等内容，也可有所侧重，如侧重说明理论上的原理、意义，更多的仍然是侧重解决问题，即提出并论证对策，具体阐述解决的原则、思路、方法、措施，作答者应依据自己的理解，结合给定资料和题目的提示条件选择论述的侧重点。还有一种特殊情况，即名称仍然是“文章”，但限定写作内容，间接提出体裁、格式要求，如：写一篇文章，就广州市公交改革向政府部门提出建议。（2007年广东省考第2题）提示要写出建议，内容只能以对策为主，同时还要兼顾“建议”类文章应有的内容和写法要求，尽管无须依照公文中“建议”这种形式写作，一般也应做到观点明确，虚（理论）实（实例、经验做法）结合。 议论文。比如：结合材料，联系实际，就如何解决这一问题，写一篇议论文。（2008年北京市考第4题）这种题目，在体裁、格式方面没有特殊要求，但限定写作内容——主要论述对象是如何解决问题，间接要求须以对策为主，而“议论”则要从理论上说清问题的性质、影响、解决的必要性和理论、政策依据。又如：以“科学发展观与政府绩效评估”为主题写一篇议论文。（2008年上海市考第4题）这种题目限定了主题，只能是政论性的议论文，决不是普通的杂文或社会现象、理论观点的议论文。还有一种特殊形式，如：就给定资料所反映的主要问题，用1000字左右的篇幅，自选角度，自拟题目进行论述。（2006年浙江省考第3题）这种题目没有文章名称和体裁要求，甚至没有出现文章字样，但有写作对象和任务——“就……问题进行论述”，有论述字样，由此判断只能是议论文。 议论性文章。围绕“建设生态文明”这一主题，自拟题目，自选角度，写一篇议论性文章。（2007年天津下半年市考第4题）“议论性文章”与“议论文”名称略异，实质完全相同，内容必须包括对问题的理论分析和解决的对策。 评论性文章。比如：以“别再摁下葫芦又起瓢”为题写一篇评论文章。（2004年山东省考第2题）以科学发展观为指导，就电力工业的科学发展，自拟题目，写一篇评论性的文章。（2007年四川法院、检察院系统考试第3题。）评论和议论，从字面上理解没有本质的不同，但在写作实践中，具体的形式有所区别，差异就在“议”与“评”的侧重点上。议论，可以空对空，没有引起议论的事物，凭空阐发作者的思考、设想、创见，虽然其常规写法是针对具体问题起笔；评论，必须有可评、所评之物，必须由具体问题引起评说，对特定的对象进行叙述、说明、评价和议论，我们评论事物，不可能没有对象而凭空评论。由此看来，议论文写作有更大的自由度，可以由抽象的概念展开议论；而评论文相对限制较严，重虚实结合，由实际存在的问题引发评议。 策论文。比如：以“提高社会救助水平的对策”为题，写一篇800字左右的策论型文章。（2008年广东省考第3题）“策论”一词在公务员申论考试中的时代意义是：以对策内容为主的议论文。 对策性文章。比如：根据给定资料，自选角度，自拟标题，写一篇对策性文章。（2008年安徽省考第3题）又如：针对所有材料反映的问题，自拟标题，就加强行政伦理建设提出对策并进行论证。（2008年云南省考第3题）有一类考试题目要求的文体属于特殊形式的对策性或“对策型”文章，比如：阐述政府应该从哪些方面采取措施，才能有效解决汽车超限超载问题。（2005年广东省考问题2。）还有一些试题没有明确体裁要求或提示，但阐述措施，很明显属于对策范畴。面对新的形势，乡镇政府要处理好“管理”与“服务”的关系，工作的着重点应放在哪儿？如果要在某一乡镇推广这一做法，该如何确定工作的重点和难点，合理、有效地开展工作？（2008年山东省考第4题）论述的内容是如何处理好管理和服务的关系，指出工作重点，以及推广农村公共服务社区化做法的具体要求，按其内容，显然是对策性文章。 经过上面的整理，可以看出，申论文章无论采取哪一种文体或称呼方法，其内容都是分析、论述与对策的结合，并以对策为主，同时理论方面的分析也是不可缺少的环节，无论分析问题还是提出对策，最终都要指向问题的解决，没有不解决问题、只是指出问题和分析问题的申论文章。在写出提出对策的理论、政策、法律等依据，解决问题的指导思想、工作原则，实行对策的具体办法、保障措施之外，还可论证采取对策的必要性、可行性、效用性，预测其实行后的趋势，表明问题必然解决的前景。可见，各种名目不同的申论考试中所要求写作的文章，实质都是普通文章之下特殊的议论文——政论文，是理论分析与对策论述的统一，是观点与事实的统一，是抽象论述与具体现象陈述的统一，其基本要求是解决问题。
申论大作文中的政论文，策论文和议论文的区别是：作用不同、性质不同和表现不同。1、作用不同：策论文写作是机关公文写作的重要课目，是机关为决策者提供决策依据的主要手段。议论文则不是。2、性质不同：策论文以政策，时事为写作内容的议论文，与平常议论文写作要求基本一致，论点、论据与论证过程缺一不可。议论文是以议论为主要表达方式，通过摆事实，讲道理，直接表达作者的观点和主张的常用文体。3、表现不同：议论文的语言必须准确，鲜明，严密，有针对性。段落与段落之间要有非常清楚的逻辑关系。策论文在针对某一具体问题立论后，其论证过程必须包含解决问题的具体办法措施。策论文需要注意三点：1、以写对策为主不等于只写对策，也要适当的分析问题、阐述理论，只是这些东西不能作为文章主干。2、以对策为主也不等于罗列对策，要做到有策有论，即对策都要有相应的必要性和可行性论证。3、有的题干没有要求写策论文，但是文章的正文部分要写对策。比如2006年国家考试的题干中有“就我国政府如何提高应对突发公共事件的能力，写篇文章”的要求。如何提高能力就是对策。
策论文、议论文、政论文分别是：1、策论文：策论文是以政策、时事为写作内容的议论文，与平常议论文写作要求基本一致，论点、论据与论证过程缺一不可。所不同的是，策论文在针对某一具体问题立论后，其论证过程必须包含解决问题的具体办法措施。2、议论文：议论文是一种剖析事物，论述事理，发表意见，提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非、举例子等方法，来确定其观点正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精炼、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。3、政论文：政论文是政治性论文的简称。 政论文是从政治角度阐述和评论重大事件或社会等问题，提出见解或主张并说明理由，使读者信服。它内容广泛，形式多样。扩展资料：论点是议论文的灵魂，分论点是支撑起这个灵魂的骨架，而论据是议论文的血肉。一个人要丰满多彩，光有灵魂和骨架，没有血肉是不可想象的。同样一篇议论文只有中心论点和分论点是不能称为文章的，它还必须有典型而鲜活的论据。典型的论据是指能充分反映事物本质，具有代表性的事例与名言。它首先要求真实，切合题旨。其次，选用的论据要弃旧用新，要厚今薄古。有些同学作文，记住几个经典论据，如司马迁、居里夫人、张海迪，变换着角度使用，把它们当做万花油。其实，这些论据就算典型，也不能引人注目。参考资料来源：百度百科—策论文参考资料来源：百度百科—议论文参考资料来源：百度百科—政论文
首先比较一下这三个最直观的区别，你就知道了。策论文，重在策，是解决型文章；议论文，重在议，是评价型文章；政论文，重在政，是写作出发点的问题。
申论大作文中的政论文、策论文和议论文应从以下三个方面区别：一、适用场合不同。政论文、策论文属于申论文章，侧重与分析解决政治、经济文化、社会事务的具体问题，要求具有现实意义；一般议论文则是侧重说理性，从论点、论据、论证三方面剖析事物，论述事理，发表意见，提出主张。二、写作重点不同。政论文重点是分析原因，目的，必要性和迫切性等问题；策论文在针对某一具体问题立论后，其论证过程必须包含解决问题的具体办法措施；议论文是以议论为主要表达方式，通过摆事实，讲道理，直接表达作者的观点和主张。领取公务员考试资料三、论述结构不同。政论文论述结构：第一部分，开头，提出论点；第二部分，分析问题---论述意义、作用、重要性、危害；第三部分，结尾---解决问题，直接收束全文。策论文论述结构：第一部分，开头，提出论点---直接简要分析问题第二部分，解决问题
策论文：指议论当前政治问题、向上级献策的文章议论文：对某问题进行评议讨论的文章政论文：针对当时政治问题发表的评论