饮食文化英文参考文献

Dominique BDifferences in Food Culture – Traditions & TOdense University，Hansen, B Taste of Southeast A Tucson, AZ: HPBooks, I, Hyman, Gwenda L Cuisines of Southeast Asia: A Culinary Journey Through China,Thailand, Myanmar,J New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, I, Hallock, Constance M Fun and Festival from East A New York, NY: Friendship Press,

Western cuisine is a generalized term collectively referring to the cuisines of Europe and other Western The term is used by Anglophone Asians to contrast with Asian styles of The cuisines of Western countries are diverse by themselves, although there are common characteristics that distinguishes Western cooking from cuisines of Asian countries and Compared with traditional cooking of Asian countries, for example, meat is more prominent and substantial in serving-size, and Westerners traditionally have a far more in-depth knowledge concerning specific methods of preparing and serving different cuts of meat than Asian Steak in particular is a common dish across the W Similarly to some Asian cuisines, Western cuisines also put substantial emphasis on sauces as condiments, seasonings, or accompaniments (in part due to the difficulty of seasonings penetrating the often larger pieces of meat used in Western cooking) Many dairy products are utilized in the cooking process, except in nouvelle Wheat-flour bread has long been the most common sources of starch in this cuisine, along with pasta, dumplings and pastries, although the potato has become a major starch plant in the diet of Europeans and their diaspora since the European colonization of the ARestaurants advertised to be specializing in generic Western cuisine in Asia tend to have menus containing a mixture of dishes mainly from France, the English-speaking world, and G Since the early 1990s dishes from Italy and Spain have become more prominent on these restaurants' Chinese cuisine originated from the various regions of China and has become widespread in many other parts of the world — from Asia to the Americas, Australia, Western Europe and Southern A In recent years, connoisseurs of Chinese cuisine have also sprouted in Eastern Europe and South A American Chinese cuisine and Canadian Chinese food are popular examples of local Local ingredients would be adopted while maintaining the style and preparation Regional cultural differences vary greatly amongst the different regions of China, giving rise to the different styles of There are eight main regional cuisines, or Eight Great TThere are also featured Buddhist and Muslim sub-cuisines within the greater Chinese cuisine, with an emphasis on vegetarian and halal-based diets In most dishes in Chinese cuisine, food is prepared in bite-sized pieces, ready for direct picking up and Traditionally, Chinese culture considered using knives and forks at the table barbaric due to fact that these implements are regarded as It was also considered ungracious to have guests work at cutting their own Fish are usually cooked and served whole (or chunked), with diners directly pulling pieces from the fish with chopsticks to eat, unlike in some other cuisines where they are first This is because it is desired for fish to be served as fresh as possible, and more importantly, whole fish culturally signifies wholeness of things as it has a proper beginning (head) with an end (tail) It is common in many restaurant settings for the server to use a pair of spoons to divide the fish into servings at the Chicken is another meat popular in Chinese While the chicken is cut into pieces, and similar to serving fish every single piece of the chicken is served including gizzards and head in order to signify In a Chinese meal, each individual diner is given his or her own bowl of rice while the accompanying dishes are served in communal plates (or bowls) that are shared by everyone sitting at the In the Chinese meal, each diner picks food out of the communal plates on a bite-by-bite basis with their This is in contrast to western meals where it is customary to dole out individual servings of the dishes at the beginning of the Many non-Chinese are uncomfortable with allowing a person's individual utensils (which might have traces of saliva) to touch the communal plates; for this hygienic reason, additional serving spoons or chopsticks （ common/public/shared chopsticks) may be made In areas with increased Western influence, such as Hong Kong, diners are provided individually with a heavy metal spoon for this The food selected is often eaten together with some rice either in one bite or in

British food cultureToday people in the UK eat a more varied diet than ever As well as the regional diets of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland the many immigrant communities have introduced their cuisines to the previously unadventurous Britons: Chinese, Greek, Indian, Italian, Thai, American fast foods such as pizza, hamburgers and fried chicken have to some extent displaced the traditional fast food of fish and Because of the climate and the Germanic origins of many of its early people, the UK has been a traditionally beer drinking rather than a wine drinking Nevertheless, in recent years, vineyards in the south of England have proved In the west of England the traditional drink is cider, rather than Over Britain as a whole, however, the traditional drink is

Because cultural context different, speaks the different language person when conversation, even if the language accurate is unmistakable, also can have the Frequently because a speech said is appropriate, causes the listener to laugh loudly The language reflects a national the characteristic, it not only is containing this nationality's history and the cultural context, moreover is containing this nationality to the life the view, the life style and the thinking Language and cultural mutual influence, interaction; Understood the language must understand the culture, understood the culture must understand the Through each kind of channel, I understood concerned to the language and the cultural aspect Because in the cultural difference, in the foreign lecture person frequently discovered audience some joke which say to him did not However can cause person Yang Mafan in the domestic identical joke which the audience A Chinese youth to the neighbor swimming pool swimming, a while came back, why does a foreigner ask, he explained: "In the swimming pool the person too are many, water too dirty, early should Like sesame jam boiled " Another Chinese youth has smiled, but that foreigner simply did not know any is the sesame jam and the boiled Basic cannot feel slightly The Chinese meets mutually says time the hello, often said: "You have eaten?" But the foreigner can think this kind of greeting is said: "I have not eaten, we walk together eat a thing!" This kind of greeting thought only invites the others to eat Also once just arrived China the foreign scholar tied anxiously said with Chinese that, "Why did you always ask I ate did not have? I am " In English has Good morning, Good aftenoon, Good evening all is equal in Chinese "hello" When Good noon, Good night all is the farewell said In US, the regular meeting hears to the American woman to discuss how her husband does work diligently, does like this splendidly, obtains the reward and so Also can praise own children to be intelligent and so However can think in China like this An American university sets up Chinese spoken language training class, some two teachers teach, their native language word all is not a C When attends class, male teacher refers oneself said that, "This is the thing?" The female teacher shakes the head said that, "You are not the " The male teacher also asked that, "You are the thing?" Female teacher reply that, "I am not the " Perhaps the Chinese can guess obtains a ball in a shop (in china shop bull) but not to be able to imagine says in English person mind the image: Niu Penzhuo breathes, ablaze with anger the bull rushes in suspends the full view chinaware in the However, this view meaning is: Clever is appropriate in a need manner, the careful thorough situation rushes in a behavior asperity In the Chinese culture, the turtle has two kind of significances: On the one hand symbolic longevity, on the other hand is curses at But associates not like this in the western culture, the turtle is only the slow-moving, As for China that, the bat is propitious, health, happy These associations is possible to come the character bat the name and the lucky In foreign country, the people mention the bat, thinks of the ugly Therefore exchanges in us with the foreigner, we should all the time pay attention to own language