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翻译实践报告论文新颖题目

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翻译实践报告论文新颖题目

中英文化差距论文题目不是想一个就能写一个的,也不是别人给你一个就能写一个的,想当初我写毕业论文的时候,题目想了至少五六次,才算让指导老师通过。 选定论文题目应该是这样的,先定大的类别,就像楼上两位讲的,文学,翻译,语言学等。然后再往下分,比如文学,你写一个时期还是写一位作家,语言学,写哪个方面。 这样算起来的话,能写出来的题目成百上千,但最重要的一点就是,题目一定要细,不能泛泛而谈,比如,你不能写“论合作原则”,那样的题目导师肯定不通过的。 楼主可以先想想自己想写哪方面的,不用急着想好题目,可以先去图书馆里找找资料,看看别人都写哪方面的,都怎么写的。这个学期才刚开始,时间是一定够的啦。不用着急。

学术堂提供了十五个好写的英语翻译论文题目,供大家参考:1、谈英语谚语的翻译2、谈英语幽默的翻译3、英语汉译技巧初探4、地方名胜古迹汉译英5、翻译中常见错误分析6、中英思维方式的差异对翻译的影响7、会话含义的推导与翻译8、词汇的文化内涵与翻译9、语境在翻译中的作用10、翻译技巧探索11、商标词翻译12、广告语言的翻译13、论英汉互译中的语义等值问题14、英汉文化差异对翻译的影响15、英汉谚语的理解和翻译

标题1:如何利用辞典学习英语 目的:找到利用辞典学习英语的方法。 内容:1、调查;2、查资料;3、写作;4、修改。 参考资料:1、国内期刊:《现代外语》、《外语教学》、《外语研究》;2、书籍;3、互联网。 标题2:英语口语练习中的语音训练 目的:探索语音训练的方法以提高英语口语。 内容:1、调查;2、查资料;3、写作;4、修改。 参考资料:1、国内主要期刊:《中小学英语教学》、《中国教育》、《外语界》、《外语教学》等;2、书籍;3、互联网。 标题3:英汉翻译中的“信”的原则 目的:了解英汉翻译练习的“信”的本质并遵循此原则。 内容:1、调查;2、查资料;3、写作;4、修改。 参考资料:1、国内期刊:《现代外语》、《外语教学》、《外语研究》;2、书籍;3、互联网。 标题4:幼儿英语教学中的智力开发 目的:探索幼儿学习英语与智力开发的关系。 内容:1、调查;2、查资料;3、写作;4、修改。 参考资料:1、国内主要期刊:《中小学英语教学》、《中国教育》;2、书籍;3、互联网。 标题5:新时代报刊阅读的特点 目的:了解新时代报刊的新特点并探讨如何更好地阅读报刊。 内容:1、调查;2、查资料;3、写作;4、修改。 参考资料:1、国内期刊:《现代外语》、《外语教学》、《外语研究》;2、书籍;3、互联网

英语专业翻译方向毕业论文选题参考:地方名胜古迹汉译英探析语境在翻译中的作用商标的翻译广告语言的翻译论英汉互译中的语义等值问题中西文化差异与不可译性英汉谚语的理解和翻译浅谈颜色词在英语中的翻译英语比喻性词语中文化内涵及翻译英语意义否定表现法及其汉译浅谈新闻标题的翻译伟大的翻译家严复英语长句汉译简评《简•爱》的几种汉译本英语专业本科论文所涉及的专业方向 (一)英语语言习得理论研究 该方向着重研究英语语言学及语言习得的相关理论与实践,可着重讨论某一种语言现象产生的原因及具体表现或某一语言理论在实际生活、教学中的运用。学生可以进行:1.英语修辞研究;2.文体研究;3.英汉比较研究;4.各类语体研究;5.语法研究;6.词汇研究等。 (二)教学理论与教学法该方向主要研究英语教学的理论与实践以及相关的教学指导原则和具体的方法,选题应着重探讨英语教学的方法,可具体到某一课程的教学理念、策略和方法的应用及效度,现代教育技术在英语教学中的应用与探索。学生可以进行:1.英语学习策略研究;2.英语学习焦虑研究;3.英语测试研究;4.英语教学法研究;5.英语教学策略研究;6.计算机辅助英语教学研究等。 (三)商务英语文本研究该方向着重研究商务英语文本文体,语言特点及相关的翻译实践问题。学生可以进行:1.商务英语语言特征研究;2.商务英语文体研究;3.商务英语翻译理论研究;4.商务英语翻译时间探讨;5.商务英语翻译标准探讨等。 (四)翻译理论与实践该方向着重研究英汉互译过程中的口、笔译理论、翻译标准、原则、方法及技巧。论文选题可选择评论赏析某一翻译家或某一本(篇)著名的译作,或论述某一种翻译理论的技巧在实践中的运用,也可讨论某一翻译现象中所反映的文化内涵。学生可以进行:1.翻译理论研究;2.翻译家研究;3.翻译史研究;4.文学翻译研究;5.非文学翻译研究;6.翻译过程研究;7.翻译批评研究;8.翻译的接受与影响研究;9.翻译教学研究;10.翻译标准研究;11.典籍翻译研究等。 (五)英美人文与历史研究 该方向主要研究英美国家的社会、文化、人文、历史各个方面的具体内容,既可宏观也可微观地研究或比较英美国家的某一历史阶段的社会问题或文化现象或评论某一历史事件或历史人物,或跨文化交际方面的相关内容。学生可以进行:1.英美社会制度、社会问题研究;2.英美历史问题、历史人物研究;3.英美文化现象研究;4.西方宗教研究;5.西方影视作品研究;6.跨文化交际研究等。 (六)英美文学研究该方向主要研究英美文学史及各时期的文学流派,作家,作品的文体与写作风格。论文可选择做某一文学理论或作家作品的分析、评论,比较中西文学作品或作家,分析作品中的主题或人物角色。学生可以进行:1.文学流派研究;2.作家研究;3.作品评论或分析;4.文学批评理论研究;5.中西文学作品的比较研究等。

翻译实践报告论文的开题报告

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告,欢迎阅读。

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

选题的原因、基本内容:

英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富,寓意深刻,具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中,恰当地加以运用,会大大增加语言的表达能力,收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华,是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单,语言精炼,富于形象比喻,充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想,开拓视野,了解英国的历史文化、风土人情,以及英国人民的人生哲理,同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。

本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处,详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。

相关资料收集情况:

陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报,1983。

黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊,1999/2

顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报,1993/2。

张培基,喻云根,李宗杰,彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京:中国外语教育出版社,xx/8

杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。

论文提纲:

thesis statemen:this essay discourse the features and translation of english

idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.

outline

ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.

ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs

a. the characteristics of english idioms

1. simple but rich

2. harmonious phonology

3. vivid metaphor

b. the characteristics of english proverb

1. concise and clear

2. symmetrical sentence pattern

3. rich and varied rhetoric

ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs

a. the theories of translation

1. literal translation

2. free translation

3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb

4. literal translation and free translation

b. the points of translation

1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited

2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style

3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic

4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic

ⅳ. conclusion

指导教师意见:

指导教师签名:

年 月 日

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告,供参考阅读,希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

翻译毕业论文翻译实践报告好

英语专业论文选题可分为以下几个学科方向

英语是全球化时代绝大多数国际型活动的首选工作语言。作为公认的使用最普遍的国际通用语言或全球通用语,英语被广泛地运用于会议、期刊和图书出版、新闻传播等方面。以下是我精心整理的英语专业论文选题可分为以下几个学科方向,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。

一、 语言学(语言学一般理论的研究);

二、 英美文学(英美文学的文化研究、作品分析等);

三、 翻译学(翻译理论与实践探讨、译本研究以及名家名著翻译作品对比研究等);

四、 英美文化(英美加澳新等西方国家文化以及与汉文化的比较研究);

五、 教学法(英语教学法、测试学等方面的研究)。

英语专业毕业论文什么题目最好写?

作为英专毕业学姐,我认为翻译实践报告最好写,因为翻译一篇文章的论文只需要自己好好翻就行,不需要出门做实践调查问卷。

附:英语专业论文参考选题(Suggested Topics of Graduation Papers for English Majors)

1. A Brief Analysis of the Heroine Personality in Jane Eyre 《简爱》的主人翁个性分析

2. A Brief Comment on O’Henry Short Stories 亨利的短篇小说述评

3. A Comment on Hardy’s Fatalism 评哈代的宿命论

4. A Comparison between the Themes of Pilgrimage to the West and Pilgrim’s Progress 《西游记》与《天路历程》主题的比较

5. A Probe into the Feminist Idea of Jane Eyre 《简爱》男女平等思想的探索

6. A Study of Native American Literature 美国本土文学的研究

7. A Study of Student-Centered English Vocabulary Teaching 以学生为中心的英语词汇教学

8. A Study of the Translation of Sports Terms 体育专有名词的翻译

9. A Study of Transitional Words and Expressions 过渡词及表达法的研究

10. About the Breaking of American Dream from the Great Gatsby 从《了不起的盖茨比》看美国梦的破碎

11. About the Quality-oriented Education in English Language Teaching 英语教学中的素质教育

12. About Transform of Parts of Speech in Translation 论翻译中词性的转换

13. Application of English Idioms in Daily Life 英语习语在日常生活中的运用

14. Body Language Difference in Meaning in Cross-cultural Communication 体态语在跨文化交际中的意义差异

15. Characterization in Charles Dickens’ Novels 狄更斯小说中的人物塑造

16. Choice of Correct Words in Translation在翻译中如何准确选词

17. Comment on Bernard Shaw’s Dramatic Art 评肖伯纳的戏剧艺术

18. Comparing First and Second Language Acquisitions 二语习得与母语的比较研究

19. Cross-culture Failures by Chinese learners of English中国英语学习者跨文化交际中的误区

20. Cultural Differences and Idiomatic Expressions in Translation 论翻译中的文化差异及习惯表达法

21. Cultural Factors and Limitations in Translation 翻译的文化因素局限性

22. Developing Students’ Cultural Awareness through Foreign Language Teaching 通过外语教学培养学生的文化意识

23. Dialectics in Translation 翻译中的辩证法

24. Differences between Audio-lingual Method and Functional Approach 听说法与交际法的区别

25. Effects of Learner’s Motivation in Foreign Language Learning 外语学习中学习动机的影响

26. English Classroom Teaching: Teacher-dominant or Student-centered 英语课堂教学——教师主宰还是学生中心

27. Error Analysis in English Learning as a Foreign Language 英语学习中的错误分析研究

28. Euphemistic Expressions in Foreign Affairs 外事用语中的委婉表达

29. Features of Network English 网络英语的特点

30. Food Culture in America and China 中美饮食文化比较

31. How to Appreciate English Prose: Traditional and Modern Ways 如何欣赏英语散文——传统与现代方法比较

32. Humor and Satire in Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》的幽默与讽刺

33. Influence of Mark Twain’s Works in China 马克吐温的`作品在中国的影响

34. Influence of Science and Technology on English Vocabulary 科学技术对英语词汇的影响

35. Information Theory and Translation 信息论与翻译

36. Inter-Translation of English and Chinese Proverbs 英汉谚语的互译

37. Jane Austen and the Heroine in Pride and Prejudice 简奥丝丁和《傲慢与偏见》的女主人

38. Lexical Gaps in Chinese and English Inter-Translation 英汉互译的词义差异

39. Linguistic Features of Abraham Lincoln’s Addresses 论林肯演说词的语言特征

40. Linguistic Features of Business Contracts 商务合同的语言特征

41. Linguistic Features of English Advertisements 英语广告的语言特征

42. Linguistic Taboos in Chinese and English Languages 谈汉英语言中的禁忌现象

43. Logical Fallacies in English Writing 英文写作中的逻辑谬误

44. Metaphoric Expressions in Poem … 论《…》诗中的暗喻

45. Methods and Procedures in Language Teaching 语言教学的方法及过程

46. Needs Analysis of Language Learners 语言学习者的需求分析

47. On Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning 论第二语言学习的态度及动机

48. On Charles Dickens Style in … 论狄更斯的《…》中的语言风格

49. On T.S. Eliot’s Mythological Consciousness 论艾略特的神话意识

50. On Teacher-Learner Classroom Communication 论教师与学生之间的课堂交流

51. On the Character of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice 论《威尼斯商人》中的人物夏洛克

52. On the Criteria of Translation 议翻译标准

53. On the Development of Jane Eyre’s Character 论简爱的性格发展

54. On the Feasibility of Communicative Approach in China 谈交际法在中国的可行性

55. On the Functions of Ambiguity in English 论英语歧义的功能

56. On the Humour of Mark Twain 马克吐温的幽默观

57. On the Importance of Translation Theory 翻译理论的重要性

58. On the Learning Strategy of English as a Foreign language 谈英语的学习策略

59. On the Linguistic Features of the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝利费恩历险记》的语言特点

60. On the Poetry of Robert Frost (1874-1963) 评议弗罗斯特的诗歌

61. On the Poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1885) 评议沃兹沃斯的诗歌

62. On the Principles for Translation 浅议翻译原则

63. On the Relations of Basic Language Skills 基本语言技能的关系

64. On the Similarities and Differences of the Speeches by Elder and Younger Bush 论老布什、小布什语言风格的异同

65. On the Style of Withering Heights 《呼啸山庄》的文体分析

66. On the Tragedy of Loman’s Family in Death of A Salesman 《推销员之死》中罗曼一家的悲剧

67. On the Vividness and Images in Poem … 论《…》诗文的生动性与比喻

68. On the Words and Expressions Belittling the Female 蔑视女性的词汇和表达法

69. On the Writing / Translation of Foreign Trade Contracts 论涉外经济合同写作/翻译

70. On Translation of Computer Terms 论计算机的术语翻译

71. On Translation of Tourist Guide 论旅游指南的翻译

72. On Translation of Trade Names and Names of Export Commodities 论商标、出口商品名称的翻译

73. On Winston Churchill’s Prose Writing 评邱吉尔的散文写作

74. Parallelism in English英语中的排比现象

75. Personality Factors to the Success of Foreign Language Learning 个性因素在外语学习中的作用

76. Points of View and the Mode of Discourse in Vanity Fair 论《名利场》的观点及言语方式

77. Politeness and Indirect Speech Acts 礼貌与间接言语行为

78. Pragmatic Failures in the Cross-cultural Communication 跨文化交际中的语用失误

79. Professional Skills for Foreign Language Teachers in Chinese Middle Schools 中国中学外语教师的专业技能

80. Relations of Speed and Understandability in Reading Comprehension 阅读理解中速度与理解性之间的关系

81. Relationship between … Theory and Language Research 论…理论与语言研究的关系

82. Relationship of Age to SLA (Second Language Acquisition) 论年龄与第二语言习得的关系

83. Rhetorical and Narrative Devices in A Farewell to Arms 《永别了,武器》的修辞与描写手法

84. Scarlet and Black in The Scarlet Letter 《红字》中的红与黑

85. Semantic Analysis of Nominalisation in EST 科技英语名词化语义分析

86. Sex Differentiation and Sexism in English Language 论英语中的性别现象及性别歧视

87. Similarities and Dissimilarities of British and American Englishes论英式英语和美式英语的异同

88. Social Context in the Foreign Language Teaching and Learning 外语教学中的社会语境

89. Study of “Hemingway Style” 论“海明威风格”

90. Symbolism in Idiomatic Expressions 论习语中的象征手法

91. Syntactical Features of Business English 谈商务英语写作的句法特征

92. Syntax in John Milton’s Paradise Lost 弥尔顿的《失乐园》的句法探讨

93. Techniques of Theme Production in Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》主题的表现手法

94. The Application of Communicative Approach Techniques in Modern Foreign Language Teaching and Learning 交际法的教学手段在现代外语教学中的运用

95. The Characteristics of Computer Language Vocabulary 计算机语言词汇的特点

96. The Cognitive and Affective Factors in Task-based English Teaching英语任务型教学中的认知和情感因素

97. The E/C Translation of Metaphors 暗喻的英汉翻译

98. The Function of Grammar in English Study 英语学习中语法的功能

99. The Influence of L1 on the Learning of a Foreign Language 母语对外语学习的影响

100. The Influence of Wars on American Literature 战争对美国文学的影响

101. The Linguistic Charms of the Adventures of Tom Sawyer 《汤姆索亚历险记》的语言魅力

102. The Negation in Translation 论正说反译和反说正译

103. The Role of Grammatical Rules in English Language Learning 语法规则在英语学习中的地位

104. The Significance of Communicative Competence in Foreign Language Testing 外语测试中交际能力的重要性

105. The Theory of “Dynamic Equivalence” and its Application in E/C Translation 等效翻译理论及其在英汉翻译中的应用

106. The Translation of Proper Names 专有名词的翻译

107. The Understanding and Translation of Attributive Clause 定语从句的理解与翻译

108. The Use of Nouns in English 英语中名词的使用

109. The Ways of Expressing Emphatic Ideas in English 英语中强调语气的表达方式

110. Thomas Hardy and his Tess of the D’Urbervilles 哈代和他的《苔丝》

111. Translation of Rhetoric Devices in EST (English for Science and Technology) 论科技英语中修辞格的翻译方法

112. Translation Techniques of Idioms and Slangs 成语、俚语的翻译技巧

113. Translation Techniques of Proverbs, Loanwords and Colloquialisms 谚语、外来语和俗语的翻译技巧

日语翻译毕业论文范文一、论文说明本团队专注于毕业论文写作与辅导服务,擅长案例分析、编程仿真、图表绘制、理论分析等,论文写作300起,具体价格信息联系二、论文参考题目《我是猫》中的日语被动式表达与翻译思路:在日语学习中,日语被动句一直是一个难点。迄今为止,国内众多的日语学者和专家,从日语研究和学习的角度出发,多次发表了系统探讨和分析日语被动句的论述文章,为母语是汉语的日语学习者更好的掌握日语被动句起到了很好的借鉴作用。而翻译作为交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁,是用语言再创作的艺术,涉及两种或以上截然不同的语言、文字,通过对。第 1 页题目:日语连体修饰汉译问题思路:本论文是关于日语连体修饰节和被修饰名词(在本文中将其表示为“V连+N”的形式)与其翻译后形成的中文译文在句子结构上的对比研究。在日常学习中,人们一般容易认为日语中的“V连+N”和中文的“定语+体词性中心语”之间应该存在着强烈的对应关系,事实上日语的“V连+N”与其翻译后形成的中文句子在结构上不对应的句子为数不少。这些复。题目:日语长句的汉译技巧展开全文App内免费读全文前往文库APP签到领畅读卡,免费读日语翻译毕业论文...全文限免导长图转存到网盘发送至微信下载文档版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益专属归内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领第 2 页为您精选日语

可以。毕业论文翻译实践报告是可以用机翻的,但是翻译过后需要自己检查改正一下,以免有错误。毕业论文(graduation study)是专科及以上学历教育为对本专业学生集中进行科学研究训练而要求学生在毕业前撰写的论文。毕业论文一般安排在修业的最后一学年(学期)进行,论文题目由教师指定或由学生提出,学生选定课题后进行研究,撰写并提交论文,目的在于培养学生的科学研究能力,加强综合运用所学知识、理论和技能解决实际问题的训练,从总体上考查学生大学阶段学习所达到的学业水平。

翻译实践论文开题报告ppt

开题 报告 很大程度上决定着学位论文的学术水平与品质,是学生对自己的论文写作所做的文字说明,也是论文写作或研究能否按计划实施和开展的重要保证。下面是我为大家整理的大学 毕业 论文开题报告ppt格式模板,希望你们喜欢。 大学毕业论文开题报告ppt模板 第一步、论文拟研究解决的问题 内容要求: 明确提出论文所要解决的具体学术问题,也就是论文拟定的创新点。 明确指 出国 内外文献就这一问题已经提出的观点、结论、解决 方法 、阶段性成果…… 评述上述文献研究成果的不足。 提出你的论文准备论证的观点或解决方法,简述初步理由。 撰写方法: 你的观点或方法正是需要通过论文研究撰写所要论证的核心内容,提出和论证它是论文的目的和任务,因而并不是定论,研究中可能推翻,也可能得不出结果。开题报告的目的就是要请专家帮助判断你所提出的问题是否值得研究,你准备论证的观点方法是否能够研究出来。 一般提出3或4个问题,可以是一个大问题下的几个子问题,也可以是几个并行的相关问题。 第二步、国内外研究现状 内容要求:列举与论文拟研究解决的问题密切相关的前沿文献。基于“论文拟研究解决的问题”提出,允许有部分内容重复。 撰写方法:只简单评述与论文拟研究解决的问题密切相关的前沿文献,其他相关文献评述则在文献综述中评述。 第三步、论文研究的目的与意义 内容要求: 简介论文所研究问题的基本概念和背景。 简单明了地指出论文所要研究解决的具体问题。 简单阐述如果解决上述问题在学术上的推进或作用。 基于“论文拟研究解决的问题”提出,允许有所重复。 第四步、论文研究主要内容 容要求:初步提出整个论文的写作大纲或内容结构。由此更能理解“论文拟研究解决的问题”不同于论文主要内容,而是论文的目的与核心。 关于格式的论文 范文 格式条款的基本特征 现代 合同法的一个重要 发展 方向就是,经自由磋商产生的合同越来越少,取而代之的是标准化的格式条款。合同领域现实生活的变迁对合同法也提出了新的要求,我个人认为,合同法实际上已经演化为内在二重区分的双轨体系:针对经当事人自由磋商形成的合同和基于格式条款产生的合同(或者部分合同内容),合同成立、合同生效、合同解释规则以及合同诉讼机制等方面都存在严格意义上的区别。由于如何认定格式条款涉及到合同法适用的各个方面,因此,诚有必要探讨,以此确保格式合同订入控制和内容控制。 一、格式条款的一般特征 判断合同条款为一般条款、即通过自由磋商形成的合同条款还是格式条款是对格式条款进行 法律 控制的前提,因此必须严格区分二者。格式条款的特征表现在主观和客观两个方面,其中预先制定、重复使用属于主观特征,单独提出属于客观特征,自由磋商实际上为消极要件,具体而言: 1.预先制定。所谓预先制定就是指合同当事人在合同磋商之前已经拟定好合同条款的具体内容,在判断是否存在预先制定的要件时,如下问题值得注意: 第一,格式条款是由使用人本人还是第三人制订并不影响对预先制定因素的判断,换而言之,使用人在合同订立时使用第三人的格式条款并不影响对该合同条款性质的认定。值得注意的是,合同当事人使用第三人制定的推荐性的范式合同也同样满足格式条款的预先制定标准。我国合同法第12条规定的内容,并不能够免除对范式合同的司法审查,尤其考虑到,我国行业协会与行业垄断 企业 存在一体性。从立法资料看,立法者同样主张范式合同文本不能免除内容控制[1]。我国合同法第39条第2款亦明文将预先拟定规定为格式条款的重要特征之一。但是该条具有一个严重缺陷,即将预先制定限制在由使用人本人提出,排除了将使用人直接使用第三人合同条款认定为格式条款的情况。就此,必须使用目的性扩张解释,扩大对该规定的适用余地。 第二,无论格式条款在整个合同中的范围有多大,如整个合同文本都是标准合同,或者合同中只有一部分或者一个条款是格式条款,都不影响对其性质的认定。 2.多次重复使用。多次重复使用反映了格式条款适应大规模重复性交易的特点,即该条款通常并不是为某个具体合同拟定的,而是为某一类交易。判断合同条款是否旨在多次使用的关键是使用者主观意图,在此采取了一种推定的方式。具体而言:如果某合同条款起初仅仅准备用于某次特定合同磋商,虽然此后其再次被用于 其它 合同,但无法认定其是格式条款,原因在于:使用者主观上缺乏使用该格式条款的 计划性。使用者从一开始即将合同条款设定为多次使用的,即使在现实中仅被使用一次,并不妨碍认定该条款具有格式条款多次重复性特征。就企业使用的格式条款而言,因为企业赖于重复交易而生存,所以应推定其具有多次重复使用的特征,企业负担相反认定的举证责任。无论该条款是针对特定的合同当事人还是针对未来不确定的合同当事人都具有重复适用的性质。另外,在数量上如何确定多次重复使用也是一个主观裁量的问题。我个人认为,二次的使用目的即可满足多次重复的标准。 在 实践中,公司章程以及其他团体协约都具有多次重复使用的特点,就此是否能够认定该协议的属性为格式条款?从严格意义上出发,我国合同法将格式条款定义为合同条款,合同法的适用范围也不包括 公司法 和其他社团法上的协议,因此,并不能认定此类协议为格式条款,但是,此类协议的发起人也可能利用该条款单方面违反公平和诚实信用原则非法牟取利益,因此,可以类推适用格式条款法律控制的相关规定。 3.单方提出。依据我国合同法第39条第2款的规定内容,所谓单方提出就是格式条款使用人在订立合同时未与对方协商单方面决定合同内容。单方提出是格式条款产生危险的核心原因,因为其剥夺了对方当事人进行合同磋商的可能,并通常导致合同对方当事人丧失判断自由。从法 社会学的角度出发,格式条款的单方提出特征使其获得了与法律规范相类似的法律地位:使用人通过单方提出格式条款并事先确定其内容为其所有潜在的合同当事人设定了合同内容,其在功能上恰恰替代了合同法中的任意法部分。从此种角度出发,有学者认为,格式条款具有规范性的性质。 4.未经磋商。与上述第三个特征相关联,单方面提出格式条款的结果就是合同对方当事人丧失了磋商的可能。反之,即使格式条款的使用人单方提出格式条款,但该条款订入合同是基于当事人的自由磋商而发生的,则该格式条款演化为普通合同条款,其不再受制于内容控制。我国合同法并没有严格区分格式条款的单方面提出和未经磋商该两个特征,但在认定格式条款时,仍旧应当区分该二者,因为在现实中存在,双方当事人同时指定使用某格式条款的可能,在此种情况下虽然存在未经磋商,但该格式条款并不是某合同当事人单方面提出,因此不能认定其具有格式条款的性质。 5.条款的具体表现形式并不影响对格式条款的认定。依据我国合同法第10条的规定,合同形式有书面形式、口头形式和其他形式。因此,使用人以记忆的方式,多次单方面重复使用事先拟定的条款订立合同的,不影响对该条款属性的认定,当然,主张者应当负担举证责任。 必须指出的是,在认定是否存在格式条款时,必须同时存在上述特征,而不能孤立地适用单个特征以确认存在格式条款。 二、消费者保护对认定格式条款的影响 值得注意的是,随着消费者权益保护法的发展,民法中的主体原型由“一元”变为“二元”,即从一个“自我决定、意思自治的个人”为单一主体模式,发展到保留形式上平等的个人自治的“个人”与时刻处在需要法律提供外在保护的“弱者”并存的主体模式。民法的功能从彰显个人自治向直接外在“他治”转化。在民法中,保护弱者已经享有与“意思自治”同样的地位。因此,民法在围绕主体展开时,必须围绕两个主体原型的不同特点提供不同的制度模式,以私人自治为核心的法律行为制度原则上仅适用于主体具有外在意思表示真实的条件下,否则,法律以强行法的“他治”方式介入主体法律生活,以此实现实质正义。我个人认为,仅仅承认民法本位从“个人权利本位”过渡到“社会本位”并不足以解决对现代社会中因结构性不平等所导致的问题,必须承认民法的主体变迁和二元的主体模型并将消费者保护作为民法的一个核心任务之一,才能够确立民法在市民社会中的核心地位,否则民法在法律实际生活中地位不断受到侵袭并面临边缘化的困境将难以得到解决。将消费者保护法作为民法的特别法的作法是不足取的,其直接后果就是民法丧失市民社会中核心的法律地位。 受到消费者保护法律政策的影响,1993年的欧洲共同体关于消费者合同不公平条款的指令规定,经营者事先提出合同条款的,如果消费者在合同磋商时自身无法影响到该条款的内容,则该条款也被视为不公平条款。这样一来,在欧盟内部,格式条款法的适用范围获得了很大的扩张。由于欧盟指令具有一定意义上的强行性,所以所有成员国必须在最低限度内将该指令所规定的内容转入到内国法中,当然,成员国就具体方式享有选择权。目前,英国、德国等国家都吸纳了此种内容,此种扩张直接影响到在消费者合同中对格式条款的认定。 1.在经营者单方面提出合同条款时,即使其主观目的仅在于针对某个特定的消费者,即该条款并不具有重复使用的特点,但由于经营者和消费者之间结构性的不平等,导致消费者无法经过磋商改变该条款的内容,为了更好地保护消费者,在此情况下不采用重复使用的要件。 2.经营者使用该一次性的条款可能是基于自己事先的拟定 工作,有可能基于第三人的条款基础,也可能是基于自己的专业咨询人如律师的建议,但这些都不影响对格式条款的认定。 3.认定消费者是否无法对该条款施加内容上的影响,不仅仅要看消费者是否存在和经营者进行磋商的可能,还要看该格式条款的内容是否清晰、透明。在现代民法中,透明原则渗透到许多部分法中,“透明原则”也应当构成现代合同法的一个重要原则,即复杂合同条款的订立人必须负担详尽的说明义务,否则此种严重侵害具有合理期待的合同主体利益的合同条款无法成为有效的合同条款。尤其在格式条款文本中,使用者通常故意乃至恶意订立复杂难懂的格式条款文本,该文本还使用很多具有很大解释空间的概念,文本之间相互援引,即使是专业的法律人才也难以正确区分其间真正的权利义务分配和风险负担。从 经济 的角度出发,判断格式条款是否透明还必须考虑到时间因素。我们无法期待一个 法学教授在超市购买一个电话时,准备花费数个小时的时间研究商场和供应商所使用的格式条款或者标准合同。因此,经营者针对消费者负担尽可能清晰、透明制定其使用的条款的义务。 我国合同法形式上并不区分消费者合同和非消费者合同,但由于我国1993年的《消费者权益保护法》第24条先于《合同法》规定了对格式合同以及其不同表现形式加以规制的内容,因此,我国目前的立法体例还是从主体上区分相关法律的适用。如合同法也承认消费者合同的特殊性,合同法第113条第2款规定,经营者对消费者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,依照《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》的规定承担损害赔偿责任。由于我国实行统一合同法,合同法第2条明确规定了合同法的适用范围,而且在体系上,格式条款法也被规定在合同法第二章“合同的订立”中,因此,无论是经营者之间的合同还是消费者合同,只要涉及到格式条款,都适用合同法第39条以下的规定内容。就合同的性质而言,区分消费者合同和非消费者合同具有一定的意义,如在违约责任方面,我国《消费者权益保护法》实行的惩罚性原则,而《合同法》实行的是补偿性原则。 从强化保护消费者的角度出发,有必要讨论是否应当引入上述欧盟所颁布的有关滥用条款的规制内容,即在消费者无法影响到一次性使用的合同条款的内容时认定该条款为格式条款。我个人认为,合同正义原则是我国合同法的基本原则[2],合同的内容控制并不是一般合同的必然要求,其更多的在于纠正格式条款的结构性失衡。考虑到在格式条款之前消费者的利益更容易受到侵害,因此法律须针对主体特殊性提供特殊性的保护。既然经营者一次性适用的条款对消费者的利益构成侵害,以实质正义为本位的合同法必须作出相应的救济手段。我个人认为,强化消费者保护将增加企业生产成本、削弱民族企业竞争力的反对理由并不足取,因为在国际商品一体化的贸易 环境下,法律无法依据生产者的国别制定不同的消费者保护水平。尤其值得注意的是,我国市场中直接进口的产品在市场中的份额并不小,如果简单主张削弱对消费者的保护以增强民族 工业 竞争力,可能会发生对本国国民“低国民待遇”的后果。 综上所述,在保留目前立法体例的前提下,我国《消费者权益保护法》第24条应当作出比《合同法》第39条有关格式条款特征更为严格的认定要件,即在经营者单方面一次性合同条款且消费者无法改变该条款内容时,可以将该条款认定为格式条款,类推适用有关格式条款的法律规定。 三、商事活动对认定格式条款的影响 在 历史 上,我国受到“重农抑商”治国策略的强烈影响,商人自始至终没有成为 中国 社会中一个独立的社会阶层,传统中国法也没有体系化的商法,当然,实质上的商法规范还是存在的。由于历史的特殊原因,商法在欧洲大陆先于一般民法发展起来,商法的价值也具有不同于一般民法的特点,如交易安全性、迅捷性和习惯性。在资产阶级民主 政治 在西方取得胜利之后,商人已经不再是一个特殊的社会群体,相反,任何人都享有经济上的平等权利,商法更多的表现为民法之外的特殊性规定内容,在法的部门划分上不具有独立性。我国民法自民国时期第一次法典化即不采用民商分立的体系。 值得注意的是,随着社会群体基于在市场中不同地位而发生的分化,现实法律生活中经营者和消费者的二元对立的法律意义已经逐渐超出了商人与非商人的区分意义,由此民法体系内部出现了两个子系统,即保护消费者的法律和调整经营者活动之间的法律。此种分化对各国民事立法都产生了很大的影响,如在法国,立法者在《法国民法典》之外又单独制定了一部相对独立的《消费者保护法典》,在奥地利亦是如此;而德国采取了民法中心的立法模式,将消费者保护的任务纳入到民法功能范围内,这集中体现在2002年的《德国债法现代化法典》中。在法律适用上,经营者的主体性特征优于商人主体特征,此外,关于商主体的内部复杂划分标准也是商人主体特征逐渐被经营者主体特征取代的一个重要原因。 因此,我个人认为,在 现代 社会 经济 结构的背景下,经营者之间的 合同与消费者合同的划分远比商事合同和非商事合同重要。在认定格式条款时,应当考虑到经营者的特殊主体性。 有人认为,经营者在经济上实力强大、具有较强的专业知识,并且此种合同的目的旨在盈利,其应当承受正常的商业风险,因此格式条款法不适用于经营者之间的合同。但此种观点值得商榷: 首先,市场中的任何经营者都以获利为生存基础,因此经营者的任何商业活动都必须计入到成本中。所以, 法律 无法期待经营者在面对任何一个格式条款时都以一种不 计算 成本的方式通过聘用法律专业人才等方式规避格式条款所带来的弊端,或者两个经营者通过博弈达到合同法所期待的理想公平结果。 其次,并不是任何经营者都从事法律服务的业务,其就其经营业务之外的 法律知识 的掌握情况与消费者并不本质区别,甚至其如同消费者一样在法律面前一无所知,如一般的小型合伙 企业 。 第三,经营者所订立的合同并不都旨在牟利,其同样必须购买与经营活动无直接关系的合同。这也是适用法律的一个重要难点,即依据何种标准判断一个民事主体在一定的法律活动中从事的行为是旨在获利的独立经营行为。虽然我们可以采取推定的方式,认定私法上一切旨在盈利的法人所从事的一切活动都是经营活动,但不可否认,在格式条款面前,经营者通常同样面临消费者面临的问题,除非经营者之间所使用的是行业中通用的交易条款。 从比较法上看,德国新债法第310条第1款规定:“本法第305条第2款及第3款、第308条及第309条不适用于针对经营者、公法上的法人或公法上的特殊财产所适用的一般交易条件。就本款第1句所规定的情况,本法第307条第1款和第2款造成第308条和第309条所规定的合同内容无效的,该两款亦有适用余地;此处应适当考虑到交易活动中具有效力的惯例和习惯”。其中,德国民法典第305条第2款及第3款涉及到格式条款订入控制的内容,其理由基于经营者之间通常存在惯例的考虑,但这并不影响对经营者之间格式条款的内容控制。而德国民法典在第308条及第309条所列举的绝对无效和相对无效的一般交易条件“黑名单”虽然不直接导致此类条款在经营者之间无效,但实际上,由于格式条款内容控制的一般条款如诚实信用原则集中体现在此类具体规定的内容上,所以,消费者合同中的无效格式条款具有很强的指示功能,即此种条款出现在经营者之间的合同中通常也应无效,只有商事惯例和经营者之间的特殊 联系可以作为推翻此种指示作用的理由。 我个人认为,虽然我国采取统一合同法,但我国民事立法总体上仍旧区分消费者合同和非消费者合同,格式条款法首先适用于消费者合同,而且其应进一步适用于经营者之间的合同,经营者独立的盈利活动不应构成否定格式条款属性的事由,但对经营者合同之间的格式条款的内容控制力度应有所不同,这体现在商事惯例和经营者之间的特殊联系可作为经营者之间使用的格式条款生效的特定事由。 四、社会保障领域格式合同的特殊性 须探讨的是,合同法所规定的格式条款法是否可适用于所有合同类型?我国合同法第10章专门规定了供用电、水、气、热力合同,依据此类合同的性质,其通常建立在格式合同基础上,依据合同的整体解释,合同法第39条以下的规定内容必然适用于此种格式合同。但是,我国合同法将供用电、水、气、热力合同与 买卖合同 等其他合同并列规定为有名合同似乎不妥: 首先,此类合同涉及到国计民生的基本社会保障,此类合同面向所有不特定的民事主体,其所承担的社会功能不同于一般合同类型,因此其必须采取格式合同(而不仅仅是格式条款)的形式,而且在合同订立规则上应实行缔约强制原则。 其次,至少在针对普通市民(消费者)而言,此类合同通常并不以盈利为目的;这集中体现在电、水、气、热力的价格必须由国家权威部门通过听证会的方式确定。实际上,价格是此类合同格式条款的重要组成部分,而在一般格式合同中,当事人仍然可以就价格进行自由磋商。 第三,此类合同的具体条款通常必须取得国家相关主管部门的许可,因此该合同的格式条款多以行政规章的形式出现,对其内容控制通常出现在立法过程中,而不是事后的司法控制。 我个人认为,我国合同法不应将供用电、水、气、热力合同规定为与买卖合同相并列的典型合同形态,其应当通过相关部门的论证以单行规章的形式确定此类格式合同的内容。与其相适应,对此类格式合同的内容控制体现在单性规章制定过程中,在通过事前立法审查之后,以行政规章表现出来的此类社会供给格式合同将免于司法上的内容控制,不应将其认定为一般意义上的格式合同,否则法院将针对依据一定的立法程序产生的法律规章享有司法审查权,而这显然违反了目前我国法院所享有的司法权范围。 综上所述,在认定合同条款是否为格式条款时,必须从预先制定、多次重复使用、单方提出、未经磋商等方面考察;在消费者合同中,为了强化对消费者的保护,对经营者一次性使用、但消费者无法改变其内容的条款应类推适用格式条款的规则;当经营者之间使用格式条款时,商事惯例和经营者之间的特殊联系可作为否定格式条款属性的特定事由;对于社会供给领域的合同,应当通过事前的立法审查来保证此类特殊合同的公益性,法院事后无权针对具有法律渊源效力的特殊格式合同规章进行司法审查。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 注释: [1]合同法第3稿第2章第29条规定:采用定式合同文本订立合同的,制订合同文本的一方应当采取合理的方式提请对方注意其免除责任的条款以及负有主要义务的条款,并应对方的要求对上述条款予以说明。对定式合同条款的理解发生争议的,应当作出有利于对方的解释。使用行业协会、主管部门或者母公司制定的定式合同文本订立合同的,适用前款规定。 [2]参见王利明著:《合同法研究》,第一卷,178页以下,2002年版。 看了“大学毕业论文开题报告ppt模板”的人还看: 1. 毕业论文开题报告模板免费 2. 本科毕业论文开题报告模板免费 3. 毕业论文开题报告模板以及范文 4. 本科毕业论文开题报告模板 5. 毕业论文开题报告的模板

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

实践翻译论文的开题报告

可以不要。翻译实践开题报告前可以不要翻完。 翻译专业学生如果做“翻译实践+翻译评述”类毕业论文,要求完成文献翻译(2500字),开题报告(3000字),翻译实践部分完成量不少于三分之一。

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

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