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英文论文参考文献示例
无论在学习或是工作中，大家肯定对论文都不陌生吧，通过论文写作可以提高我们综合运用所学知识的能力。你写论文时总是无从下笔？以下是我收集整理的英文论文参考文献示例，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
英语论文参考文献格式范本
用Times New Roman。每一条目顶格,如某一条目超过一行，从第二行起“悬挂缩进”2字符。参考文献中所有标点与符号均在英文状态下输入，标点符号后空一格。
参考文献条目排列顺序：英文文献、中文文献、网络文献。分别按作者姓氏字母顺序排列。文献前不用序号。
1)英文参考文献
(1)专著与编著
排列顺序为：作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。
例如：
Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation. New York: Knopf, 1993.
专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名，后者用斜体。
例如：
Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront: Jane Eyre. New York: Norton, 1971.
A.两个至三个作者
第一作者的姓在前，名在后，中间用逗号隔开;其余作者名在前，姓在后，中间无逗号;每个作者之间用逗号隔开，最后一个作者的姓名前用“and”，后用句号。
例如：
Rowe, Richard, and Larry Jeffus. The Essential Welder: Gas Metal Arc Welding Classroom Manual. Albany: Delmar, 2000.
B. 三个以上作者
第一作者姓名(姓在前，名在后，中间加逗号)后接“et al.”，其他作者姓名省略。
例如：
Randall, John et al. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.
C. 同一作者同一年出版的不同文献，参照下例：
Widdowson, Henry G. EIL: Squaring the Circles. A Reply. London: Lomgman, 1998a.
Widdowson, Henry G. Communication and Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998b.
(2)论文集
参照下例：
Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & Marko, Henry ed. Teaching and Learning by Doing Corpus Analysis. New York: Rodopi, 2002: 305-323.
(3)百科全书等参考文献
参照下例：
Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”. Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol and Addictive Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 2001.
(4)学术期刊论文
参照下例：
Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms”. Young Children. 2003, (6): 12-18.
(5)网络文献
参照下例：
----“Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL” .
2)中文参考文献
(1)专著
参照下例：
皮亚杰.结构主义[M].北京：商务印书馆，1984.
(2)期刊文章
参照下例：
杨忠，张韶杰.认知语音学中的类典型论[J].外语教学与研究，1999，(2)：1-3.
(3)学位论文
参照下例：
梁佳.大学英语四、六级测试试题现状的理论分析与问题研究[D].湖南大学，2002.
(4)论文集
参照下例：
许小纯.含义和话语结构[A].李红儒.外国语言与文学研究[C].哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，1999：5-7.
(5)附录本
翻译学论文参考文献范例
参考文献：
奥马利 第二语言习得的学习策略上海：上海外语出版社，2001
陈保亚 20 世纪中国语言学方法论 济南：山东教育出版社，1999
丁言仁 英语语言学纲要 上海：上海外语出版社，2001
费尔迪南 德 索绪尔 普通语言学教程 长沙：湖南教育出版社，2001
冯翠华 英语修辞大全 北京：商务印书馆，1996
桂诗春，宁春言主编 语言学方法论 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998
桂诗春 应用语言学长沙：湖南教育出版社，1998
何兆熊 新编语用学概要 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
何自然 语用学与英语学习 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997
侯维瑞 英语语体 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1988
胡壮麟 语言学教程(修订版)北京：北京大学出版社，2001
黄国文 语篇与语言的功能 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002
黄国文 语篇分析概要长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988
李延富主编 英语语言学基本读本 济南：山东大学出版社，1999
李运兴 语篇翻译引论 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2000
刘润清 西方语言学流派北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999
刘润清等 现代语言学名著选读(上下册)北京：测绘出版社，1988
刘润清等 语言学入门 北京：人民教育出版社，1990
陆国强 现代英语词汇学(新版)上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999
拓展内容：
书写格式
1.参考文献标注的位置
2. 参考文献标标注方法和规则
3. 参考文献标标注的格式
2007年8月20日在清华大学召开的“综合性人文社会科学学术期刊编排规范研讨会”决定，2008年起开始部分刊物开始执行新的规范“综合性期刊文献引证技术规范”。该技术规范概括了文献引证的“注释”体例和“著者—出版年”体例。不再使用“参考文献”的说法。这两类文献著录或引证规范在中国影响较大，后者主要在层次较高的人文社会科学学术期刊中得到了应用。
⑴文后参考文献的著录规则为GB/T 7714-2005《文后参考文献著录规则》，适用于“著者和编辑编录的文后参考文献，而不能作为图书馆员、文献目录编制者以及索引编辑者使用的文献著录规则”。
⑵顺序编码制的具体编排方式。参考文献按照其在正文中出现的先后以阿拉伯数字连续编码，序号置于方括号内。一种文献被反复引用者，在正文中用同一序号标示。一般来说，引用一次的文献的页码（或页码范围）在文后参考文献中列出。格式为著作的“出版年”或期刊的“年，卷（期）”等+“：页码（或页码范围）.”。多次引用的文献，每处的页码或页码范围（有的刊物也将能指示引用文献位置的信息视为页码）分别列于每处参考文献的序号标注处，置于方括号后（仅列数字，不加“p”或“页”等前后文字、字符；页码范围中间的连线为半字线）并作上标。作为正文出现的参考文献序号后需加页码或页码范围的，该页码或页码范围也要作上标。作者和编辑需要仔细核对顺序编码制下的参考文献序号，做到序号与其所指示的文献同文后参考文献列表一致。另外，参考文献页码或页码范围也要准确无误。
⑶参考文献类型及文献类型，根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母方式标识：
专著M ； 报纸N ；期刊J ；专利文献P；汇编G ；古籍O；技术标准S ；
学位论文D ；科技报告R；参考工具K ；检索工具W；档案B ；录音带A ；
图表Q；唱片L；产品样本X；录相带V；会议录C；中译文T；
乐谱I； 电影片Y；手稿H；微缩胶卷U ；幻灯片Z；微缩平片F；其他E。
书写技巧
把光标放在引用参考文献的地方，在菜单栏上选“插入|脚注和尾注”，弹出的对话框中选择“尾注”，点击“选项”按钮修改编号格式为阿拉伯数字，位置为“文档结尾”，确定后Word就在光标的地方插入了参考文献的`编号，并自动跳到文档尾部相应编号处请你键入参考文献的说明，在这里按参考文献著录表的格式添加相应文献。参考文献标注要求用中括号把编号括起来，以word2007为例，可以在插入尾注时先把光标移至需要插入尾注的地方，然后点击 引用-脚注下面的一个小箭头，在出现的对话框中有个自定义，然后输入中括号及数字，然后点插入，然后自动跳转到本节/本文档末端，此时再输入参考文献内容即可。
在文档中需要多次引用同一文献时，在第一次引用此文献时需要制作尾注，再次引用此文献时点“插入|交叉引用”，“引用类型”选“尾注”，引用内容为“尾注编号（带格式）”，然后选择相应的文献，插入即可。
不要以为已经搞定了，我们离成功还差一步。论文格式要求参考文献在正文之后，参考文献后还有发表论文情况说明、附录和致谢，而Word的尾注要么在文档的结尾，要么在“节”的结尾，这两种都不符合我们的要求。解决的方法似乎有点笨拙。首先删除尾注文本中所有的编号（我们不需要它，因为它的格式不对），然后选中所有尾注文本（参考文献说明文本），点“插入|书签”，命名为“参考文献文本”，添加到书签中。这样就把所有的参考文献文本做成了书签。在正文后新建一页，标题为“参考文献”，并设置好格式。光标移到标题下，选“插入|交叉引用”，“引用类型”为“书签”，点“参考文献文本”后插入，这样就把参考文献文本复制了一份。选中刚刚插入的文本，按格式要求修改字体字号等，并用项目编号进行自动编号。
打印文档时，尾注页同样会打印出来，而这几页是我们不需要的。当然，可以通过设置打印页码范围的方法不打印最后几页。这里有另外一种方法，如果你想多学一点东西，请接着往下看。
选中所有的尾注文本，点“格式|字体”，改为“隐藏文字”，切换到普通视图，选择“视图|脚注”，此时所有的尾注出现于窗口的下端，在“尾注”下拉列表框中选择“尾注分割符”，将默认的横线删除。同样的方法删除“尾注延续分割符”和“尾注延续标记”。删除页眉和页脚（包括分隔线），选择“视图|页眉和页脚”，首先删除文字，然后点击页眉页脚工具栏的“页面设置”按钮，在弹出的对话框上点“边框”，在“页面边框”选项卡，边框设置为“无”，应用范围为“本节”；“边框”选项卡的边框设置为“无”，应用范围为“段落”。切换到“页脚”，删除页码。选择“工具|选项”，在“打印”选项卡里确认不打印隐藏文字（Word默认）。
注：以上在word中的处理是比较常用的做法，不过作者需要了解，投稿稿件是word格式或pdf格式或wps格式，但是很多期刊是用方正排版系统排版的，二者不“兼容”。因此，作者的word投稿只是编辑部排版的原稿，排版问题作者无需太过担心；而作者如想要编辑部出刊前最后的电子稿（有些作者着急要清样或已经排版的电子稿）其实也没有太大意义，因为没有方正的软件就无法打开这个电子稿。
Early Electronic Computers The first real progress toward electronic digital computer came in the late 1930s when Howard Aiken of Harvard University and George Slibits of Bell Telephone Laboratories developed an automatic calculator using relay networks;the relay is an electromagnetically controlled relay machines were developed during World War II for artillery ballistic these machines were relatively slow and comparatively large. they demonstrated the versatility of the electronic computer. Then,in the early 1940s, John Mauchly and Eckert,Jr.,of the University of Pennsylavania designed and built a vacuum tube computer,which they called the electronic numerical inegrator and calculator(ENIAC);it was completed in 1945 and installedat Aberdeen Proving Ground,Maryland. ENIAC used 18000 electron tubes,which required tremendous amounts of power;its failure rate wa high and it was difficult to program because a plugboard was required. Three very important discoveries were then made,which began the rapid evolution toward today's digital computer. First,John von Neumann proposed that the program reside in the computer's memory where it could be changed at will,solving the pogranmming difficulties of ENIAC;second,in 1947 the transistor was invented by John Bradeen,Waltr , and William Shockley,which drastically reduced the size and power requirements by replaceing the electron vacuum tube;, and his associates at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed the magnetic,core memory,which made large amount of storage book: Digital Logic Circuit Analysis and Design(Authors:Victor Nagle Irwin)
计算机英语是学习计算机新理论和新技术的桥梁。计算机英语教材的主要目标是培养计算机及其相关专业学生使用本专业英语的能力。下面是我为大家整理的计算机英语论文，供大家参考。
计算机英语论文范文一：计算机英语教学实训设计研究
1高职高专计算机英语的特点
时效性和实用性
新技术飞速发展，大量的计算机专业概念专业词汇随着新技术的发展层出不穷。如ITinformationtechnology;online;E-merce等都是随着新技术的发展产生和应用的，因此它的时效性和实用性显而易见。
专业性与客观性
计算机专业文章一般重在客观地陈述事实，力求严谨和清清楚，避免主观成分和感 *** 彩，这就决定了计算机英语具有客观性。
专业术语多
如：CPUCentralProcessingUnit：中央处理器;DBSMDatabaseSystem资料库管理系统OperatingSystem作业系统.
缩略语经常出现
如：MBMotherBoard：主机板，LCDLiquidCrystalDisplay：液晶萤幕USBUniversalSerialBus：通行序列汇流排;
合成的新词多
如：input出入;output输出;Personalputer：个人计算机;
介词短语、分词短语和名词性片语和长句使用频繁
如：Someapplicationpackagesofferconsiderableputingpowerbyfocusingonasingletask，suchaswordprocessing;others，calledintegratedsoftwareoffersomewhatlesspowerbutincludeseveralapplications，suchasawordprocessor，aspreadsheet，andadatabaseprogram.有些应用程式包可就一个单项任务提供相当的计算能力，如文书处理;其它应用程式包，称为综合软体，计算能力略差但也包括了很多应用功能，如：文书处理器，电子表格和资料库程式等。
2如何开展高职高专计算机英语教学和实训
“加快现代职业教育体系建设，深化产教融合、校企合作，培养数以亿计的高素质劳动者和技术技能人才。”是发展职业教育的指导思想。高职高专IT职业英语的任务就是要培养既有一定IT专业技术技能，又有较强的外语水平的高素质人才。
合理的课程安排
高职高专《计算机英语》主要针对高职院校的计算机各专业学生开设，是计算机专业学生学好计算机专业课程的一门重要工具。为软体技术，资讯管理，物联网技术，等专业方向的学生必修课。
实用的高职高专计算机英语实训内容
通过计算机英语教学内容的学习，使学生掌握电脑科学相关硬体和软体以及相关计算机技术的英语表达方式，并运用到实践中。在实训时，学生应能够运用所学的计算机英语知识，根据看到的硬体装置实现口头表达，以及借助相关工具书和翻译软体，对与自己专业相关文献和应用软体，实现书面表达。了解上机时常见的提示资讯及解释，根据专业方向能看懂与本专业相关的专业资讯提示。通过本课程实训使学生扫清上机时使用英语软体的障碍，并且使学生具备阅读计算机专业英语书刊的能力，能听懂一般性专业学术报告的能力。
基于专业需求的课程和实训设计
1基于专业需求的课程和实训设计设计理念计算机英语程开发遵循“劳动过程系统化”的先进教学理念，贯穿日常教学中，将理论教学中渗入实训教学环节，提出集专案确定——专案分析——专案策划——专案管理与评估为一体的系统的实训教学模式，以专案驱动来完成知识的内化。在软体技术专业可以侧重SoftwareEngineer的教学与实训设计;网路工程专业则可以加强puterNetworks的教学与实训设计;而资讯管理专业应侧重DatabaseSystem的教学与实训设计。
2基于专业需求的课程和实训设计设计思路计算机英语课程和实训设计的总体思路是：以市场为导向，基于IT行业人员工作岗位基本职责进行教学和实训设计，紧紧围绕各专业人才培养方案实施教学和实训，取舍教材内容，为专业服务。
3基于专业需求的课程和实训设计培养目标根据高职教育的指导思想和培养目标，在更新教学理念和创新教学模式的过程中，计算机英语课程和实训设计，以促进就业为导向，适应技术进步和生产方式变革以及社会公共服务的需要社会需求为出发点，以“实用为主，够用为度”为原则，突出专业特点，突出课程的实用性，适应计算机相应专业需求的，培养具有动手能力和创新意识的高技术人才。计算机英语是一门实用时很强的课程，要求教师具有较强的英语语言知识与应用能力，同时要具备对科技前沿的洞察力，更需要更新教学理念，创新教学模式，注重实训环节。
计算机英语论文范文二：计算机英语课内实践教学研究
1.课内实践教学多元化
“任务驱动”教学方式
对于该课程,课内实践教学的目的是为了充分发挥教师的主导作用和学生的主体作用,因此,采用“任务驱动”的方式可以较好的激发学生的积极性。“任务驱动”指的是学生在学习过程中,在教师的帮助下,围绕一个共同的任务为中心来完成,在这个过程中,学生会通过任务的程序获得成就感,可以较大地激发他们的积极性,逐步形成一个良性回圈,从而培养学生独立思考和自主学习能力。该门课内实践教学结合任务驱动的方式,已经采用的是让学生选择自己感兴趣的某个IT领域技术方向,运用文献检索方法,自行查询英文文献并阅读翻译,在课堂上用英文对其作报告,并制作英文PPT加以展示,并新增现场提问的环节,培养学生用英文进行学术答辩的能力。通过在课堂上使用这种实践方式,已取得了较好的效果。
其他多元化的任务方式
除了培养学生英文文献检索、学术报告的能力之外,应用型本科IT专业学生是未来IT行业的建设者之一,该课内实践教学还要考虑市场需求的因素。在IT行业中,企业对员工专业英语能力的需求是必要且多样化的;如测试、编码等初级职位员工只需要阅读使用者介面、操作说明等英文文献的能力;而对于技术研究等中级职位,不仅需要阅读能力还要求掌握一定的翻译技能、回复英文邮件等;在更高级别的工作如订单签订、专案谈判等事务中,则需要具备听、说、读、写、译各方面的综合能力以及跨文化交流能力。因此在今后的实践教学中,计划新增多样的任务方式,如设计一些具有很强实践性和实操性的活动,全方位训练和提高学生面向行业、企业岗位需求、在真实工作环境中的英语交际能力、应用能力和学习能力。比如训练学生英文简历的撰写,再设计情景对话,让学生分小组扮演IT公司面试官和应聘者角色,对职场招聘进行场景模拟,学习和应用计算机英语知识和口语表达能力。不仅如此,在工程实践中,软体企业开发人员常常需要编写英文版本的软体需求文件和使用者指南,因此还可以考虑与软体工程的课程老师合作,在学生进行课程设计时编写英文版本的软体需求规格说明书。
灵活布置作业
作业也是实践教学的重要补充,对于作业一定要布置一些实用有意义的内容,这样学生才会主动而非被迫地去做;关于这方面教师要充分利用自己积累的学习和工作经历。比如根据笔者学生时期的应聘经验,可以告诉学生大中型IT公司的软体开发职位招聘的笔试题很重视动态记忆体方面的内容,有相当比例该方面的试题,也具有一定难度,而很多中文教材关于此方面的内容往往讲解的不够详实,而英文教材文献六的“PointersandDynamicMemory”这一节对动态记忆体的思想介绍的较清晰,通过此类方法抓住学生的心理,吸引学生主动地去学习,这样不仅训练了计算机英语,又提升了学生应聘的竞争力。此外,一定要让学生体会到利用网路资源来促进学习和交流的重要性。可以鼓励学生登陆各大著名IT外企的网站,上面会经常地提供其新技术和新产品宣传的英文视讯和动画。这类视讯短片直观而形象,学生不但学习了新技术和新词汇,同时还锻炼了听说能力,学习兴趣也会大大提高。还可以引导学生平时多关注外企网站上的招聘广告,本专业领域的产品说明书等,上面有大量描述本专业技术的计算机英语,这对培养学生的实际应用能力有很大的帮助。
2结语
该文分析了计算机英语课内实践教学对于IT应用型人才培养的必要性,并结合该研究者本身的经验体会,探讨了一些关于该课程的课内实践教学方式,通过在教学实践中使用这些方式,已取得了较好的效果。计算机英语是专业课和英语课的有机结合,具有很强的实用性。课内实践教学应合理采用多种有效的教学方法和多元化教学模式,让学生通过该课程的学习,进一步提高专业英语听、说、读、写等水平,培养综合素质,从而提高了就业竞争力,才能真正发挥该课程的作用。
当英语论文，或其他重要的英文文书的初稿撰写完成后，在提交给相关读者阅读之前，必须要经过润色才比较保险。找北京译顶科技，性价比高，我就是在那边做的。你可以加速去知道了解下
实际上科学和技术既有密切联络，又有重要区别。下面是我给大家整理的科技英语范文，供大家参阅! 科技英语范文：关于科技的发展 With the rapid development of technology, the popularity of the network is more and more widely, more and more people like to make ments on the various events in the network. A relatively rare event or quite shocking events also can be easy to bee the center of network public opinion. And the reason of network public opinion happening is that the rapid development of the network makes the rapid dissemination of rmation. Every *** all events are likely to bee the center of network public opinion. And the second reason is many people have a strong sense of Equal and justice. And the network is a very good platform to make their speech attention and recognition. So that many people like to go to internet to make ments on it. In the course of time the network public opinion has bee more and more frequent But the emergence of the network public opinion brings different of all is the good public opinion can supervise the false, unfair events,officials, play a supervisory on the other hand, The network of public opinion also caused a lot of bad as Human flesh search also easy to cause the invasion of privacy. 科技英语范文：Is Science Dangerous The rapid development of science and technology has brought about great changes to human life, including great harms and disasters .Then people enter into endless argument about whether science is dangerous or not. So many examples can be figured out to prove the danger of science. Advanced technology can be easily manipulated by irresponsible persons as well as terrorist. Such as the Disaster 911, airplanes fly into buildings, fire burning, huge structures collapse, a lot of victims such as intellectual and business elites were sacrificed. Besides, As technology bees more powerful day by day , we'll be placent and lazy. Increased dependency on modern tools like calculators has reduced on our creativity. Students can’t solve a very simple mathematical equation without using a calculator. This affects the way these students uses their brains and reduces on the level of creativity. Just like the saying goes that every coin has two sides. However, it ‘s obvious that we make the decision to choose which side. After 911, people condemn the terrorist not airplays. Student who got low marks should rethink his carelessness and laziness but not pass the buck to the calculator. Any way, There is no dangerous science, but dangerous and irresponsible people. We are working very hard to solve such problems that e along with advances in science and technology, but the efforts are not sufficient and not very successful. Actually, the key lies in the user. Moralities such as responsibility, diligence and goodness should never be lost in our heart. Otherwise , the world would be full of danger even we turn back to the stone age. 科技英语范文：The impact of technology on personal munication Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology, people’s life takes on a brand new look, especially the munication. No one can deny that we enjoy the convenience of hi-tech products such as mobile phones and puters. They have enormously changed the ways of munication in shortening the distance between people as well as making instant contact possible. The speeding-up mobile technology has efficiently promoted the dream of “global village”. However, each coin has two sides. Since mobile technology has progressed rapidly, there occurs some lamentable phenomenon. The high technology make our municationmoreconvenient, but it doesn’t mean 科技英语范文：高科技 The development of science and technology makes our life more fortable and convenient. However, scientists have created many problems, which are not easy to be resolved, such as air pollution, the deterioration of environment and the scarcity of natural resources, to which we must some solutions. Modern science and technology render people many advantages. Modern telemunication shortens the distance between people and makes munication much easier. Internet is widely used now not only for collection of abundant rmation but also for correspondence. Email, the most effective munication device now, is being very popular. Besides, telephone and mobile phone make contact more convenient than before. Modern transportation, such as airplanes and high-speed trains make our journey *** ooth and fast. With the help of modern transportation, people can go everywhere they prefer to. The journey to outer space and other planets is not a dream any more. Rockets and space shuttles can help us realize the dream of space travel. Modern medicine prolongs peoples life and relieves patients of sufferings from many diseases. Cancer and AIDS are fatal to peoples health. Thanks to the endeavors scientists have made, these diseases bee treatable. However, the process of scientific development also arouses many sever problems to our human beings. Internet, though widely used in modern munication, is easy to be destroyed by puter virus. Outer space exploration has produced much waste in the space. A tiny metal, a screw, for example can destroy a flying man-made satellite. Industrialization is making natural resources bee scarce. Confronted with these problems, scientists are seeking prompt and feasible solutions. The development of science and technology bring about both positive and negative effects to us. We must eliminate the positive effects to the least extent.
The development of science and technology makes our life more comfortable and convenient. However, scientists have created many problems, which are not easy to be resolved, such as air pollution, the deterioration of environment and the scarcity of natural resources, to which we must some solutions. Modern science and technology render people many advantages. Modern telecommunication shortens the distance between people and makes communication much easier. Internet is widely used now not only for collection of abundant information but also for correspondence. Email, the most effective communication device now, is becoming very popular. Besides, telephone and mobile phone make contact more convenient than before. Modern transportation, such as airplanes and high-speed trains make our journey smooth and fast. With the help of modern transportation, people can go everywhere they prefer to. The journey to outer space and other planets is not a dream any more. Rockets and space shuttles can help us realize the dream of space travel. Modern medicine prolongs peoples life and relieves patients of sufferings from many diseases. Cancer and AIDS are fatal to peoples health. Thanks to the endeavors scientists have made, these diseases become treatable. However, the process of scientific development also arouses many sever problems to our human beings. Internet, though widely used in modern communication, is easy to be destroyed by computer virus. Outer space exploration has produced much waste in the space. A tiny metal, a screw, for example can destroy a flying man-made satellite. Industrialization is making natural resources become scarce. Confronted with these problems, scientists are seeking prompt and feasible solutions. The development of science and technology bring about both positive and negative effects to us. We must eliminate the positive effects to the least extent. 可以自己删减 在提供一篇翻译的： 现代科技使生活更加便捷(Modern Technology Makes Life More Convenient) Modern technology makes life more convenient; tools are the milestores of the technology as well as human being’ s progress. Men used to cut trees with hand saw. But now, by using electronic saw they can cut down a tree in only a few minutes. Another example is more vivid: You have something urgent which has to be informed to your friend whose house is two hour’s ride away. You probably want to make a phone call. But no telephone is installed in your friend’ s home. What could you do? Nowadays, with modern technology advanting, using internet is popular with us. Some years ago, people had to get what they wanted through looking into a lot of information; at last people could become tired and spent too much time. Now, if you use Internet, all becomes a piece of cake. Only by clucking, you will gain what you expect. We all hope that modern technology will reach a higher level, because modern technology makes life more convenient indeed. [参考译文] 现代科技使生活更加便捷 现代科技使生活更加便捷；工具是科技进步和人类进步的里程碑.人类过去用手锯锯树,但是现在,用电锯可在几分钟内锯倒一棵树.另外一个例子更加生动形象：如果你有急事通知你的朋友,而他家距你家有2小时的路程,你可能想打个电话.但是你的朋友家又没安电话,你该怎么办?如今,随着现代科技的进步,使用网络已很流行.若干年前,人们不得不查找大量资料来搜集需要的信息,最后人累得疲惫不堪,还浪费了大量时间.现在,如果使用网络,一切就都是小菜一碟了.只要轻敲键盘,就会有求必应. 我们都期待着现代科技能达到一个更高的水平,因为现代科技确实使生活变得更便捷. 21st century is the century of technology. Nowadays, technology is everywhere around us. The development of technology has a significant affact toward the society. Several technologies that we usually use are the internet, computer, and cellphone. These new technologies make our life much easier and better. First, the development of computer changes our life. Decades ago, people needed to do lots of complex calculation on hand because they did not have computer, and more obvious, they did not have the software for calculation. As the result of that, people spent hours on the equations that a computer can solve in just a minute. Since the development of computer, people are able to use some kind of software to compute lots of complex functions and mathematical calculation. Computer becomes the most helpful equipment for the sciencists because they can use their time more efficiently. Also, internet is another useful tool for us today. The development of internet brings a great impact toward the society. Instead of going to library and fliping all the books to figure out some information, we can just simply use a mouse and click on the website to do research. The internet leads us to a place where we can find unlimited information and resources. It makes our life much easier and better. The last technology is cellphone. Nowadays, many people have a cellphone. But it just appears on the market for about 10 years. It is very convenience to the users because we can talk to anyone we want with a phone as small as a wallet. Also, we can communicate with others by making a phone call instead of sending letters. It is very fast and useful way to communicate. In conclusion, I believe the development of technology brings significant impact to our life. It is very helpful to us and I believe technology will keep improving in future. 高分范文 As is vividly depicted by the picture above, a traveler happily starts his journey by high-speed railway from Guangzhou to Wuhan. In the year of 2009, Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway went into operation, reducing travelling time from 12 hours to 3 hours, bringing much convenience to the transportation between the two cities①. No wonder the caption in the picture says “with the Wu-Guang high-speed railway, cities far away is just like a place nearby”. Science and technology are the primary productive forces② and have been playing a key role in the national economy development. On the one hand, progress in science and technology has promoted economic and social progress greatly. Take the high-speed railway as an example. Firstly, the railway becomes a new engine③ of booming of regional economic. Secondly, the railway helps to attract a lot of tourists, so that tourism in these cities flourishes. Last but not the least, the load of the existing transportation network can be released to a great extent. On the other hand, with the development of science and technology, such as the operation of high-speed transportation, video phone, webcam meeting, the world has become smaller and smaller. It has long been a tradition for Chinese government to attach great importance to the advances④ in science and technology. Science and technology has successfully shaped an entirely new image of China on global stage via the two grand world events, 2008 Olympic Games and 2010 Shanghai World Expo. It is strongly advised that young people should devote themselves into the study of science and technology for “better city, better life”. 佳作妙译 如上图所示,一位旅客从广州踏上了去往武汉的高速铁路.2009年,武广高铁正式建成通车,将两地之间的行程从12小时缩短到3小时,极大地方便了两地的交通.难怪这幅漫画上写道“有了武广高铁,每个城市都在家门口”. 科技是第一生产力,在国民经济发展中扮演着重要角色.一方面,科技的进步促进了经济社会的快速进步.高速铁路就是鲜活的例子.首先这条铁路成为地区经济发展新的引擎.其次铁路吸引了大量游客,这些城市的旅游业随之繁荣起来.再次这条铁路很大程度上缓解了现有线路的运输压力.另一方面,随着科技的发展,高速铁路,视频电话,视频会议等应用会越来越多,世界将变得越来越小. 中国政府一直很重视科技的发展,通过2008北京奥运会和2010上海世博两件盛事,科技成功地重塑了中国在世界舞台上的国际形象.因此青少年要怀着“城市,让生活更美好”的信念,积极投身到对科技文化知识的学习上.
Early Electronic Computers The first real progress toward electronic digital computer came in the late 1930s when Howard Aiken of Harvard University and George Slibits of Bell Telephone Laboratories developed an automatic calculator using relay networks;the relay is an electromagnetically controlled relay machines were developed during World War II for artillery ballistic these machines were relatively slow and comparatively large. they demonstrated the versatility of the electronic computer. Then,in the early 1940s, John Mauchly and Eckert,Jr.,of the University of Pennsylavania designed and built a vacuum tube computer,which they called the electronic numerical inegrator and calculator(ENIAC);it was completed in 1945 and installedat Aberdeen Proving Ground,Maryland. ENIAC used 18000 electron tubes,which required tremendous amounts of power;its failure rate wa high and it was difficult to program because a plugboard was required. Three very important discoveries were then made,which began the rapid evolution toward today's digital computer. First,John von Neumann proposed that the program reside in the computer's memory where it could be changed at will,solving the pogranmming difficulties of ENIAC;second,in 1947 the transistor was invented by John Bradeen,Waltr , and William Shockley,which drastically reduced the size and power requirements by replaceing the electron vacuum tube;, and his associates at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed the magnetic,core memory,which made large amount of storage book: Digital Logic Circuit Analysis and Design(Authors:Victor Nagle Irwin)
A Flow Shop with Compatibility Constraints in a Steelmaking Plant* Abstract We present a scheduling methodology for applications where the generation of schedules is constrained by antagonistic and vague knowledge. Besides temporal and capacity constraints, compatibility constraints between consecutive jobs are managed. We model the vague constraints and uncertain data by fuzzy set theory. The importance of single jobs and the difficulty to schedule them is defined on the different constraints and is used to control the generation of schedules. A preliminary schedule is generated by considering the important jobs and those that are difficult to schedule first. Easy or not so important jobs are scheduled later. Finally, the achieved schedule is “repaired” until a schedule is found that achieves a given level of satisfaction. Since the goodness of solutions is rated by fuzzy sets, robust schedules achieve better evaluations than weak schedules. However, if no robust solution is found constraints will be relaxed. This methodology is appropriate for applications in process engineering where uncertain knowledge is dominant. We explain the methodology with a case study from a steelmaking plant for high-grade steel 补充： Bidding for the Olympic Games, in a way, an image-creating undertaking. The first and foremost thing is to let people fall in love with the city at first sight, attracting them by its unipue image. What image does Beijing intend to create for itself once it has the opportunity to host the 2008 Olympics? It is known to all that the Beijing Municipal Government has already set the theme for the future games: New Beijing, Great Olympics. For me, the 2008 Olympics will be a great green Olympics illuminated with two more special colors, yellow and red. First, yellow is a meaningful color. The Yellow River is China's Mother River and the descendants of the Yellow Emperor. This color has a special origin and great significance for the Chinese people. Beijing is the capital of New China and previously the capital for nine dynasties in Chinese history. So, yellow will naturally add splendor to the 2008 Games. Secondly, the 2008 Olympics will be a red is another traditionally cherished color for the whole country. We adore red. On big occasions, we like to decorate our homes in red. It is the color of double happiness, representing joyous moments, auspiciousness, enthusiasm and prosperity. Red is one of the most suitable colors to describe the future of Beijing . Beijing , together with the whole country, is becoming more and more prosperous in the process of modernization. Should the 2008 Olympics be held in Beijing, the whole city will be a sea of red : the red torch,red flags, red flowers, and the radiant faces of millions of joyful people. Above all, the 2008 Olympics will be a green Olympics. Adding a green ingredient is essential in creating an appealing image, as we can't deny the fact that Beijing, at the moment, is not as green a city as what we like it to be. Striving for an environmentally appealing city has become a central task for all the citizens of Beijing. Big efforts have been made in pollution control, replanting and beautification of the city. According to a project entitled" The Green Olympic Action Plan", between 1998 and 2007, Beijing, we have invested 100 billion RMB in preserving and protecting the environment. Some million trees and over 1 million acres of grass will be planted along the Fourth Ring Road. By then, the city's green area will make up 40% of its total. The city will also dredge its reservoirs used as a water supply to Beijing residents, controlling industrial pollution and moving out the 200 factories presently located within the city proper. Certainly, all of this is no easy task. But I am sure that all of us have confidence that we will realize these green goals. For now we have the full support and participation of the environmentally conscious citizens. Each citizen is showing great concern for every one of the steps the city government takes. As the saying goes, United, we stand, and a green Beijing will be achieved. When our aspiration becomes a reality, it will be a unique Olympics." New Beijing, Great Olympics"; will be weaved of these three superb colors: yellow, red and green. 追问： 用中文写清楚 这篇英文文章研究的是什么问题?这个问题是怎么研究的?发现了什么?这些发现意 味着什么? 谢谢 回答： 第一篇与电有关求采纳
When my father was young,he practiced Chinese calligraphy every day and enjoyed Peking Opera with my grandfather on as his daughter,I type in English when communicating with my friends and enjoy surfing on the Internet during I enjoy the pleasure and convenience that new technologies have brought me,some people cry out that as technology develops traditional cultures must be it true that we cannot have both?Different as my lifestyle is from that of my father,I still believe that the development of technology won＇t lead to the loss of the contrary,it will facilitate the development of traditional cultures. Some people draw the conclusion that technology leads to the loss of tradition because they find nowadays many people,especially the young,take interest in new things like the Internet,thus make less contact with traditional cultures. However,decreased popularity isn＇t equal to the development of technology,we have more choices of arts and other words,many new forms of culture are coming into existence,which provide people with more choices rather than threaten the existence of the traditional actuality,if we look at the tradition itself,we can find that great achievements have been made in many fields with the development of operas are on show; new researches about history are going on; new facts about historical cities have been found; all of which can prove that technology can stay peacefully with traditions. In fact,technology works far beyond that. The development of technology boosts that of the tradition. On one hand,new technologies make the research for traditional cultures possible as well as provide advanced techniques of reserving historic calligraphy as an example,new ways of illumination,which is the fruit of Hi-tech,can prevent the color of scripts from the other hand,the rapidly developing media such as the Internet and communication satellite provide traditional cultures with a stage to face the whole we can see,after the short piece of ad of Shanghai Expo.,more people will know the beautiful melody of "Jasmine." In addition,if we look back to history,we can find out that it was always in the era when economy developed greatly that cultures prospered the most. No doubt that the development of technology can guarantee that of economy,which eventually influences the prosperity of culture. As we all see,the development of technology brings us richness,making the research and development of cultures affordable brings us more leisure time,making our desire to enjoy ntertainments all,as the great philosopher Marx aid,"economy determine
With the development of science and technology, people's lives have been greatly changed. There is no doubt that we benefit a lot from the scientific advancements in many different ways. For instance, the invention of computers dramatically increases work efficiency and helps complete many difficult tasks that were impossible in the past. Apart from this, new discoveries and technology in medicine improve people's health, which allows them to enjoy a longer life. The progress of science also enlarges human's ablilities to explore the world around them, from up into space to deep under the sea. Thanks to the development of science and technology, human society has enjoyed continuous prosperity and more convenience. However, just like a double-edged sword, science can cause problems too. It is known to all that the nuclear power, an environmentally friendly source of energy, can also be developed into a weapon of mass destruction. In addition, human cloning, which is expected to cure many serious diseases and save lives, may bring disasters of social morality. As a matter of fact, most of the improvements in science are made at the cost of our precious natural resources and have done great harm to the environment where we live in. Therefore, how to deal with the progress of science and technology properly is worth our careful consideration.
1、作文： Modern technology makes life more convenient;tools are the milestores of the technology as well as human beings progress. Men used to cut trees with hand now,by using electronic saw they can cut down a tree in only a few example is more vivid:You have something urgent which has to be informed to your friend whose house is two hours ride probably want to make a phone no telephone is installed in your friends could you do?Nowadays,with modern technology advanting,using internet is popular with years ago,people had to get what they wanted through looking into a lot of information;at last people could become tired and spent too much you use Internet,all becomes a piece of by clucking,you will gain what you expect. We all hope that modern technology will reach a higher level,because modern technology makes life more convenient indeed. 2、翻译： 现代科技使生活更加便捷；工具是科技进步和人类进步的里程碑。人类过去用手锯锯树，但是现在，用电锯可在几分钟内锯倒一棵树。另外一个例子更加生动形象：如果你有急事通知你的朋友，而他家距你家有2小时的路程，你可能想打个电话。但是你的朋友家又没安电话，你该怎么办？如今，随着现代科技的进步，使用网络已很流行。若干年前，人们不得不查找大量资料来搜集需要的信息，最后人累得疲惫不堪，还浪费了大量时间。现在，如果使用网络科技，一切就都是小菜一碟了。只要轻敲键盘，就会有求必应。 我们都期待着现代科技能达到一个更高的水平，因为现代科技确实使生活变得更便捷。
The development of science and technology makes our life more comfortable and convenient. However, scientists have created many problems, which are not easy to be resolved, such as air pollution, the deterioration of environment and the scarcity of natural resources, to which we must some solutions. Modern science and technology render people many advantages. Modern telecommunication shortens the distance between people and makes communication much easier. Internet is widely used now not only for collection of abundant information but also for correspondence. Email, the most effective communication device now, is becoming very popular. Besides, telephone and mobile phone make contact more convenient than before. Modern transportation, such as airplanes and high-speed trains make our journey smooth and fast. With the help of modern transportation, people can go everywhere they prefer to. The journey to outer space and other planets is not a dream any more. Rockets and space shuttles can help us realize the dream of space travel. Modern medicine prolongs peoples life and relieves patients of sufferings from many diseases. Cancer and AIDS are fatal to peoples health. Thanks to the endeavors scientists have made, these diseases become treatable. However, the process of scientific development also arouses many sever problems to our human beings. Internet, though widely used in modern communication, is easy to be destroyed by computer virus. Outer space exploration has produced much waste in the space. A tiny metal, a screw, for example can destroy a flying man-made satellite. Industrialization is making natural resources become scarce. Confronted with these problems, scientists are seeking prompt and feasible solutions. The development of science and technology bring about both positive and negative effects to us. We must eliminate the positive effects to the least extent. 可以自己删减 在提供一篇翻译的： 现代科技使生活更加便捷(Modern Technology Makes Life More Convenient) Modern technology makes life more convenient; tools are the milestores of the technology as well as human being’ s progress. Men used to cut trees with hand saw. But now, by using electronic saw they can cut down a tree in only a few minutes. Another example is more vivid: You have something urgent which has to be informed to your friend whose house is two hour’s ride away. You probably want to make a phone call. But no telephone is installed in your friend’ s home. What could you do? Nowadays, with modern technology advanting, using internet is popular with us. Some years ago, people had to get what they wanted through looking into a lot of information; at last people could become tired and spent too much time. Now, if you use Internet, all becomes a piece of cake. Only by clucking, you will gain what you expect. We all hope that modern technology will reach a higher level, because modern technology makes life more convenient indeed. [参考译文] 现代科技使生活更加便捷 现代科技使生活更加便捷；工具是科技进步和人类进步的里程碑.人类过去用手锯锯树,但是现在,用电锯可在几分钟内锯倒一棵树.另外一个例子更加生动形象：如果你有急事通知你的朋友,而他家距你家有2小时的路程,你可能想打个电话.但是你的朋友家又没安电话,你该怎么办?如今,随着现代科技的进步,使用网络已很流行.若干年前,人们不得不查找大量资料来搜集需要的信息,最后人累得疲惫不堪,还浪费了大量时间.现在,如果使用网络,一切就都是小菜一碟了.只要轻敲键盘,就会有求必应. 我们都期待着现代科技能达到一个更高的水平,因为现代科技确实使生活变得更便捷. 21st century is the century of technology. Nowadays, technology is everywhere around us. The development of technology has a significant affact toward the society. Several technologies that we usually use are the internet, computer, and cellphone. These new technologies make our life much easier and better. First, the development of computer changes our life. Decades ago, people needed to do lots of complex calculation on hand because they did not have computer, and more obvious, they did not have the software for calculation. As the result of that, people spent hours on the equations that a computer can solve in just a minute. Since the development of computer, people are able to use some kind of software to compute lots of complex functions and mathematical calculation. Computer becomes the most helpful equipment for the sciencists because they can use their time more efficiently. Also, internet is another useful tool for us today. The development of internet brings a great impact toward the society. Instead of going to library and fliping all the books to figure out some information, we can just simply use a mouse and click on the website to do research. The internet leads us to a place where we can find unlimited information and resources. It makes our life much easier and better. The last technology is cellphone. Nowadays, many people have a cellphone. But it just appears on the market for about 10 years. It is very convenience to the users because we can talk to anyone we want with a phone as small as a wallet. Also, we can communicate with others by making a phone call instead of sending letters. It is very fast and useful way to communicate. In conclusion, I believe the development of technology brings significant impact to our life. It is very helpful to us and I believe technology will keep improving in future. 高分范文 As is vividly depicted by the picture above, a traveler happily starts his journey by high-speed railway from Guangzhou to Wuhan. In the year of 2009, Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway went into operation, reducing travelling time from 12 hours to 3 hours, bringing much convenience to the transportation between the two cities①. No wonder the caption in the picture says “with the Wu-Guang high-speed railway, cities far away is just like a place nearby”. Science and technology are the primary productive forces② and have been playing a key role in the national economy development. On the one hand, progress in science and technology has promoted economic and social progress greatly. Take the high-speed railway as an example. Firstly, the railway becomes a new engine③ of booming of regional economic. Secondly, the railway helps to attract a lot of tourists, so that tourism in these cities flourishes. Last but not the least, the load of the existing transportation network can be released to a great extent. On the other hand, with the development of science and technology, such as the operation of high-speed transportation, video phone, webcam meeting, the world has become smaller and smaller. It has long been a tradition for Chinese government to attach great importance to the advances④ in science and technology. Science and technology has successfully shaped an entirely new image of China on global stage via the two grand world events, 2008 Olympic Games and 2010 Shanghai World Expo. It is strongly advised that young people should devote themselves into the study of science and technology for “better city, better life”. 佳作妙译 如上图所示,一位旅客从广州踏上了去往武汉的高速铁路.2009年,武广高铁正式建成通车,将两地之间的行程从12小时缩短到3小时,极大地方便了两地的交通.难怪这幅漫画上写道“有了武广高铁,每个城市都在家门口”. 科技是第一生产力,在国民经济发展中扮演着重要角色.一方面,科技的进步促进了经济社会的快速进步.高速铁路就是鲜活的例子.首先这条铁路成为地区经济发展新的引擎.其次铁路吸引了大量游客,这些城市的旅游业随之繁荣起来.再次这条铁路很大程度上缓解了现有线路的运输压力.另一方面,随着科技的发展,高速铁路,视频电话,视频会议等应用会越来越多,世界将变得越来越小. 中国政府一直很重视科技的发展,通过2008北京奥运会和2010上海世博两件盛事,科技成功地重塑了中国在世界舞台上的国际形象.因此青少年要怀着“城市,让生活更美好”的信念,积极投身到对科技文化知识的学习上.
英语书面表达评分标准第五档要求，“应使用较复杂结构，这要求学生不仅会运用基本句型，也要有意识地使用复杂句型，这是 文章 的亮点。下面是我为大家带来的 初中 英语 作文 范文 ，希望你喜欢。
初中英语作文范文1
I like to make friends and I have a lot of friends. We always play together and we make up a small group. So even though my parents are very busy, I am not feeling lonely. Besides my parents, friendship are the most precious things for me. When I have annoyance, my friends will come to comfort me. We talk a lot and they always find a way to make me forget about my sadness. I am so lucky to have those friends. We treat each other as brothers and sisters. No matter how far away I am, I will cherish our friendship. Time will not apart us if we keep in touch.
初中英语作文范文2
I like to eat fruit because almost all fruits are tasty and good for your like sweet fruits better than sour favourite fruit is hami melon I think it is the sweetest fruit in the world.
I love hami 're sweeter than candy and they smell really hate lemons because no fruit in the world is sourer than I like to eat some grapes, be carefull,sometimes they can be as sweet as hami melons and sometimes they can be as sour as lemons.
初中英语作文范文3
It is known to all that Newton got the great inspiration from the falling apple as he was walking pass a tree. This apple changed and promoted the social civilization. Many people play the joke that if the apple hits on their heads, maybe they can be the next Newton. Actually, apple is just the stimulation to help Newton to figure out his thoughts. If it hits on other people's heads, it is just the ordinary incident and nothing special. The meaning of life is to keep searching. Everyone can make a difference if they keep thinking, and inspiration will come sooner or later. At that time, the success will be at hand.
初中英语作文范文4
Everyone needs friends in their lives, no one can live alone, they need friends to share their sorrow and happiness, so that they can keep the good mood. But even the marriage needs to run in the long term, for friendship, people will confront all kinds of problems, the one who can deal with the problems well will maintain the friendship.
When you have argument with your friends, both of you do not want to give in, at this time, you need to calm down and be general, you can release the intense atmosphere。In a few days, when both of you have calmed down, the argument is nothing but a small interlude. Sometimes your friend will work in another place, if you two are lazy to contact with each other, friendship is easy to lose as the time went by. Maintaining friendship is not easy.
初中英语作文范文5
I have a good friend, we met each other when I was five years old. She is my neighbor and the first time I saw her, she smiled at me. It was her smile that made me feel she was a nice person to get along with. Indeed, she was a reliable friend. When I was in trouble, she would be the first person to give me a hand. Once I lost my key, when she heard, she tried hard to help me remember where I lost it. I am so lucky to have her as my friend. It is hard to meet someone who can make you feel safe and she is the one. She is the angel in my life.
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这点分。。你再加1000估计也没人给你整
英文科技论文是指撰写并发表的原创性英文科研报告。在科研中，一个至关重要的方面是在科技期刊发表研究成果，便于广大同行交流。如果科研不能很好地交流，不管研究有多好，都不会产生很大的影响。英文论文写作是一件很困难的事，即便是对英语国家的人，很多时候他们的论文也因为语言问题被退稿。即便英语不是母语，科技论文也应符合标准英语语言的习惯（句型、语法、拼写等）。英文科技论文的句子应该是完整的，读者容易理解的。 英文科技论文的撰写有一个基本模式――IMARD法（Introduction，引言；Material&Methods，材料和方法；Results，结果；Discussion，讨论）。本文从该模式的四个方面分析讨论如何写好一篇英文科技论文，为撰写英文科技论文给予一定的指导作用。 1 引言 引言是对参考文献的编译，反映进行研究的思考过程或依据。引言应该是引出该篇论文。引言的目的是提供足够的背景信息，读者无需查阅该问题以前的资料，便能够理解和评价目前研究结果，同时引言也阐述与现有研究的关系。引言部分至关重要，有人认为是论文最难写的部分，有些审稿人会根据引言来衡量论文是否被录用[1]，因为从引言中就可以分析出文章是否真正提出了一个科学问题，该问题是否新颖，是否有研究价值。引言是反映作者对该研究领域熟悉程度的一个标志。 引言写作的关键技巧是将之前多次叙述过的同一问题，以不同的、有趣的方式再次表述。在引言中应提供主要的参考文献，但避免过多地复述主题，要清晰地定义该问题。读者能够直接通过引言理解和推测研究的目的，而不需要查阅其他的资料。如果该研究问题没有用合理的、可理解的方式引述，那么读者就不会对研究结果感兴趣。综述的文字应该让读者理解要研究的该问题多么有必要，怎么去解决该问题。 引言是论文的第一部分，论文的第一读者是编辑和审稿人，他们首先阅读的便是引言，所以引言部分很重要。看完引言部分，他们首先要问：这是一个新的研究吗？研究有意义吗？适合在该期刊发表吗？引言部分需要作者对该研究领域有一个深刻、全面的理解，能够给读者阐明研究是多么重要。引言部分应该说明的一些基本问题：这是一个什么问题？存在一些解决的方法吗？哪个方法是最好的？它的主要不足是什么？期待解决哪些问题？方案是否已经完成？引言部分的时态应是一般过去时（一般的背景内容，本文中将要完成的描述）、现在完成时（过去到现在已有的方法或解）、一般过去时（我的贡献）。 2 材料和方法 有人说过一句话：“十九世纪最伟大的发明是发明了发明的方法。这个方法摧毁了旧文化的基石。”[2]该部分有不同的叫法，称为材料和方法、方法、实验性的研究、方法的描述和确认，本文称为材料和方法。材料和方法部分的主要目的是描述实验设计，提供详细的信息，有能力的研究人员可以复制该实验。由于作者在进行论文写作时已经完成了相应的实验，得出了结果，因而大脑中有一个清晰的思路，这部分是很好写的。 一个好的材料和方法部分的写作，读者应该能够复制文中的结果。该部分写作的一个重要技巧是必须写得非常详细，每一个实验步骤应以逻辑的顺序列出，并应不超过两个句子。但是也不应该出现大量多余的单词，当读者有一定的专业知识，尽可能地用参考文献的形式，用图和表来描述和分析实验方法。在该部分需要提及研究的地点和类型，简单描述样品的尺寸和如何计算是有必要的。在任何时候，英文科技论文写作都应准确地使用技术术语和定义，避免重复别人已知的信息。如果研究是原创性的，有必要详细描述涉及的新方法和手段。材料和方法部分主要应该使用过去时。 3 结果 并不是所有的期刊都要求写结果部分，有的可能是结果和讨论部分在一起；如果需要写结果，尽可能不要提及讨论的部分，结果是论文中最短的部分。该部分写作的关键技巧是结果表示什么，应回答在文章开头提出的目标、假设和问题。结果应尽可能地简单和清晰。结果部分应该是做了什么，没有做什么，得出了什么矛盾的结果。结果部分应该提及任何不足之处，不能忽略出现的矛盾数据，很多重要发现都源于实验中的“不良数据”，因而在结果中不应忽视它（们）。结果部分写作应简明、扼要，突出研究数据。在结果部分，不要对数据作分析和处理。在结果部分要突出当前的理论问题，不要重复材料和方法中的细节。结果中的数据以逻辑的顺序来描述，直到结论，提供给读者的数据必须是问题的解。结果通常应用一般过去时，主动和被动形式相结合使用。 4 讨论 由于阅读方式不同，很多读者都匆匆忙忙，先看看标题、图片，然后看他们论文中最感兴趣的部分，那可能就是讨论。有些人都认为，讨论可能是英文科技论文写作中最困难的部分。讨论部分是英文科技论文的核心部分，也被看作衡量一篇论文优劣的标尺。 很多论文被拒都是由于讨论部分不足所致，讨论部分应该多长没有一个统一的标准，通过讨论让读者对结果有一个清晰的结论。 讨论部分写作的一个关键是应同时具备说服力和可信度，另一个是解释而不是重复结果。好的讨论通常以得到的结果和解释的评论开始。讨论部分应该和引言部分密切结合，是讨论在引言中出现的问题，但两部分不应该出现重复。引言的关键是对已有研究的分析和理解，而讨论则是对自己研究的分析和理解。讨论部分应严格按照结果部分数据的顺序，逐一讨论这些问题。需要讨论观测、研究、实验等所有研究中的内容，并解释这些内容。 通过讨论发现一些在其他研究领域至关重要的信息，可以帮助理解自己的数据，或者是由于发现，重新理解别人的研究。讨论部分应重点讨论自己研究和别人研究的相似性和差异性，如何将自己的研究和别人的研究有效结合，从而得出对该问题的更好理解。 讨论部分的写作顺序，可以先得出研究的一般性结论，接着讨论与自己的发现直接相关的另一个人的研究，指出两者之间的关系，清晰分析它们的区别。通过这些考虑，从结果中得出自己的结论。 在讨论中，对于其他人的研究不足之处，可以通过三种方式分析：1）从来没有真正被测试过的假设，你想测试它；2）其他人的研究是一般性，或者是问题的一个方面，你想将该研究拓展到一个新的方面；3）其他人的研究有缺陷，而你需要克服它。 在讨论中，切勿贬低别人的研究，你尊重别人，别人就会尊重你。对于自己研究的不足之处，应该明确提出，不应回避。读者可能从你的不足中能够开展新的研究，这也是读者阅读高水平论文的最大益处。对于研究中的不足之处，解释并给出原因，指出其产生的后果。可以提及另外一个与作者研究类似的不足之处，说明这些缺陷是由于当前知识（理论、模型、技术方法等）无法解决你所遇到的这些问题。 在讨论部分不要简单重述自己的结果。将自己的研究结果和结论与已出版的结果比较，与现有研究和发现比较，清晰比较和对照自己的理解。讨论预测研究的理论性提示和实际应用，在讨论中应给读者留出大量的思考空间。讨论应尽可能清晰地表述自己的发现，使读者一目了然。在讨论的末尾简明陈述结论，从而有效得提高人们对研究的可信度，期待论证的作用。 在讨论部分，尤其要注意时态和人称的使用，为了便于读者区分哪些是自己的研究，哪些是别人的研究，尽可能地使用主动形式表述自己的研究。自己的研究和发现，一定要用第一人称，而别人的发现应用其他人称，要明确区别出哪些是自己的研究，哪些是别人的研究。时态多采用一般现在时、现在完成时、一般过去时。
你好：先不要求论文了，我这里教你怎么写吧，过程如下：1、读写作是一个输出的过程，想要输出自己脑子里就必须有东西，所以就要大量阅读英文文献，有人可能会说那不是废话吗，要是有那么大的阅读量谁还来问这个问题？哈哈~那我就说说怎么看和看什么。看什么：根据你自己的论文内容去针对性的看相似的研究论文。怎么看：你要去看这些论文的逻辑结构，需要哪些实验，试验结果怎么呈现，行文逻辑，还有句式和专业词汇表达，这是在写作中最重要的，你要去看他们的句式，在没有大量练习和积累的情况下，英文写作最快准确率最高的技巧就是套用句式，所以你在看这些文章的时候要时刻留意哪些句式你能用得上然后标记上。2、大纲在写英文之前要列好大纲，这个可以用中文，introduction要写几部分要介绍哪些内容，results要呈现哪些实验数据顺序是怎样的，discussion的逻辑是怎样的，最终要说明的结论是什么。这些东西一定一定要清晰明了，这是你论文的核心，英文写作只不过是一种呈现的方式。3、写根据你的大纲就开始去找已经发表的论文吧~思考一下，论文的写作和一般文章有什么区别？试着回想一下，我们在第一次开始做科研之前我们获得知识的途径是什么？是来源于前人通过实践验证的总结好的经验，我们通过这些被验证过的经验来认识这个世界以及应用在生活中，这些都是已经被验证过的知识，一般来说我们在书本上可以直接信任它们，而书本为了帮助我们理解，非常友好地举例子、打比方、由浅入深来讲解内容。而论文是为了表述新发现，默认读者有相关背景而直接客观陈述理论和发现。也就是说，我们开始做科研，开始写一篇论文的目的是总结新的经验，创造新的知识，而最终表述出来的内容可能就只是客观地详细记录已经经得起推敲的逻辑判断，同时我们用到的内容默认读者都是了解的，如果不了解读者应该也是可以找到该领域的其它文献或书籍去学习的。文章中可以不用友好地去解释本文所需的前置知识（不会循序渐进地讲解所有的内容），文章也不能主观偏题（没有不恰当的打比方、没有通俗的语言，而是力求客观描述和精确说明自己的逻辑和实验）。因此论文的行文风格和以前我们看的书以及网上写的技术分享都是完全不同的。望采纳
据学术堂了解，目前，英文科技论文已经成为国际学术交流的重要载体。对国人而言，尽管此类论文具有一定的写作难度，但在撰写过程中仍有普遍规律可遵循。1.做好论文写作前的准备工作俗语道“磨刀不误砍柴工”，英文科技论文写作也是如此，在写作之前要做好充分的准备工作，最重要的是内容的准备。就科技论文来说，就是要做好实验设计与数据分析，并从中精简出对论文写作有用的数据，再将其制作成相应的图表，并辅以正确的分析、比较和利用。写作时一定要注意，使用数据制作的图表应与论文主题衔接匹配，只有这样，才能让论文更有说服力。在正式写作之前，应对自己所写领域的研究成果有较为充分的了解和掌握。譬如了解专业领域内的专业词汇，既可借助现代化网络方便快捷地查阅相关文献，也可从专业书籍和期刊中寻找。如果在写作前能够了解和知悉自己拟投期刊的风格，就能够较大概率地保证论文顺利通过。同时，还要针对不同的受众群体选择不同的写作素材和写作方法。除了做好以上准备工作，还要注意选择合适的期刊投稿。选择期刊时虽然看重影响因子，但也不能把这当成发表论文的决定因素和唯一指标。不同专业领域期刊的影响因子是不同的，并且大多数时候都没有可比性。一般来说，相对专业的期刊，影响因子比较小，但这不意味着该期刊不重要。在投稿过程中，可尝试着从较低级别的期刊投起，然后再慢慢过渡到等级较高的期刊。此外，较高影响因子期刊的编辑或审稿人会提出比较好的审稿意见或建议，这对于论文的撰写和改进大有裨益，作者也会受益良多。2.英文科技论文写作内容和注意事项 介绍(Introduction)介绍（Introduction）是英文科技论文写作的第一部分。在写作该部分时，应当注意将写作的背景及写作目的陈述清楚。除此之外，还需介绍相关的研究方法、创新之处等，从而呈现出论文的新颖和独到之处。具体来说，论文介绍部分主要包括四方面内容：背景知识、未知的亟待解决的问题、研究的重要目的和研究方法。背景知识主要介绍该专业领域已有的研究成果。既然已有成果在前，为显示自己论文的独特性，就需将写作该论文的目的和意图陈述清楚。这方面内容切忌写得太过宽泛，应根据目标读者的身份有的放矢。紧接着，由背景知识中已知的领域引入到未知领域，这也是科技论文要重点介绍的部分。在此基础上，作者还需提出自己的研究内容，这点尤为重要，因为它可以从侧面体现文章的质量与水准，因此在写作过程中务必重点对待。最后，简单陈述论文所使用的主要研究方法。 方法(Methods)这部分的目的在于向读者讲解论文用了哪些方法，解决了哪些问题。不同领域研究方法林林总总，众多期刊要求也各不相同。写作该部分时，都要求陈述几个方面的内容：首先是实验材料，能证明该实验有很好的操作性、重复度和复制性。其次是具体说明采用的实验方法等。与论文其他部分比较，这部分相对来说比较容易撰写。在撰写时应尽量向读者展现较多的细节，这样能对更多读者和相关科研人员有所帮助，提高文章的可读性，提升文章的下载量和引用率，增加文章的权威性和显示度。另外，由于该部分涉及内容多且繁杂，需要作者在写作时做到内容精准、条理明晰。方法部分的内容，可以体现科技论文的严谨性、数据的可靠性以及统计的准确性。论文所述方法可重复性越高，说明该部分的写作越成功。 结果(Results)在写作结果方面的相关内容时，作者应该铭记，结果是体现研究的结论，结论就要简明扼要一目了然，不能洋洋洒洒长篇累牍，不要再重复赘述前面已出现过的内容，比如方法、意义等，这样既节省篇幅又清新明了。除此之外，作者还要注意，每一个结果的展现形式都应跟前边的方法论述保持一致，不能张冠李戴前后矛盾，所以这部分一定要认真检查，慎重对待，这也能从侧面反映论文写作是否严谨。在化学科技论文的结果展示中，会经常应用到图表，因为图表直观形象，内容高度凝练，方便读者阅读、分析和比较。另外，一定要根据投稿期刊的要求来设计图表，要保证图表数据与前文描述结果相符。在应用英文写作该部分内容时，要尽量使用主动语态，也可以适量地应用第二人称。 讨论(Discussion)讨论部分内容的主要目的是说清楚本研究的重要意义。在讨论部分，作者要对论文的研究结果做简单总结，并阐明自己的研究结果相较该领域其他研究结果的优势和亮点，说明还有哪些不够完善的地方。在讨论部分，尽量使用语言文字简单阐述研究的结论及重要意义，避免使用过多的数据。当与该领域的其他研究对比时，不要遗漏最新的具有较高创新性的研究，比如热点和前沿，力求做到“新而全”。讨论部分最为重要的是总结和概括，不能一味地陈述，不要过分夸大和拔高自身研究的创新性，要实事求是，尽量保证客观公正。讨论中，除了简单论述研究结论及重要意义外，还需要阐述研究的不足之处及该领域研究的展望。从不足之处可以体现研究者自身研究的局限性，研究者能够主动提出来，可以给审稿人较好的印象，审稿人或许还可以给出一些积极中肯的修改意见；展望则是对于该领域研究未来的预期，该部分写作也要尽量与实际相符。