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本科翻译论文开题报告

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告,供参考阅读,希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

开题报告范文例文大全6篇。本科毕业论文开题报告论文题目the Application and Innovation zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载of Gothicism in Wuthering Heights一、选题的意义和研究现状zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1.选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义 zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜, 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的结论, 因而往往是旧谜刚解, 新谜又出, 解谜热潮似永无休止。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。2.与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况 zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事, 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品, 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统( Gothic tradition) 。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响, 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。根据在国际互联网上的搜索, 到2000 年9月为止, 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外, 还至少出版专著达184部, 其中1970 年以后为126 部, 仅90 年代就达59 部, 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展, 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。二、研究方案zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1.研究的基本内容及预期的结果(大纲)zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。预期的结果(大纲):zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1.A Survey of GothiczFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Definition of GothiczFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 the Origin of Gothic NovelszFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Historical ReasonszFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Folklore in Germantic NationalityzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Drama in the RenaissancezFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 the Bible and Legends in ChristianityzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Development of the Novel ItselfzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Challenge of Romanticism to RationalismzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Sublime and BeautifulzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载2. 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Description of Figure Emotion and PsychologyzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载Reference2.拟采用的研究方法zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载研究所需条件:纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料;zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载可能存在的问题:(1)文献不足;zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(2) 由于个人的观点和能力,使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1.研究进度安排zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(1)论文指导第一周(学期第八周):学生完成初稿。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(2)论文指导第二周(学期第九周):指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(3)论文指导第三周(学期第十周):学生交论文第二稿。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(4)论文指导第四周(学期第十一周):指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(5)论文指导第五周(学期第十二周):定稿zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(6)论文指导第六周(学期第十三周):交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(7)论文指导第六周(学期第十三周):本周星期五至论文指导第七周(学期第周)星期五,指导教师和评阅教师写评语,学生做好答辩准备。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(8)论文指导第七周(学期第十四周):星期三至论文指导第八周(学期第十五周)开展答辩工作。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载2. 应收集资料及主要参考文献(不少于8条)zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[1] Bronte, Charlotte. 1907. Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition, Wuthering Heights. London: J. M. Dent Sons Ltd. p. 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[2] Gerin, Winifred. 1971. Emily Bronte [M]. New York: Oxford University 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[3] Marie, Mulvey-Roberts. ed. handbook to gothic literature [A]. New York: New York University Press. p. 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[4] Punter, David. 1980. The Literature of Terror [M]. London: Longman. p. 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[5] 方平. 1993 .希望在人间?论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M]. 上海译文出版社. 第24页.zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[6] 盖斯凯尔夫人. 2000 .夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M]. 张淑荣等译. 北京: 团结出版社. 第11?12页.zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[7] 肖明翰. 2001. 英美文学中的哥特传统[J]. 外国文学评论第3期.zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[8] 鲜于静. 2003. 神秘和怪诞的魅力??福克纳小说《八月之光》的哥特艺术研究[MA]. 中国学位论文全文库. zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载英语论文开题报告范文例文大全6篇。Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

英语毕业论文开题报告本科一般1000-2000字吧,研究生多点。字数不是关键,主要是内容,当时我写了几次都没过,还是学长给介绍的莫文网,高手就是不一般,一次性就通过了经贸英语语篇翻译策略探析旅游景点英语翻译中的跨文化意识探析跨文化交际中的新闻英语翻译实践探讨从功能角度研究商务英语翻译的原则和策略大学英语翻译教学存在的问题及对策浅谈科技英语翻译中的常见错误及应对技巧论国际商务英语翻译的多元化标准英语翻译中笔译要点分析 优先出版大学英语翻译教学的问题与对策研究文化视角下的旅游英语翻译科技英语翻译的省译商务英语翻译教学的探索与思考国际科技交流中科技英语翻译存在的问题及技巧探析语义翻译和交际翻译观下科技英语翻译研究影响法律英语翻译的因素商务英语翻译的文化适应性问题探析国际商务英语翻译中的文化信息等值研究构建任务型商务英语翻译课程教学的研究旅游英语翻译与本土文化对接的思考项目依托式EAP教学实践研究——以《科技英语翻译》教学为例高中阶段英语翻译教学现状的调查研究国际贸易中商务英语翻译的文化差异及应对策略框架语义学视角下的英汉科技翻译研究基于功能翻译理论的高职院校土木工程专业英语翻译与教学研究中国职业男子篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译现状调查和改善对策研究康巴藏区旅游英语翻译现状调查研究商务英语翻译中文化意象的传递高职英语专业英语翻译课教改初探探讨中西文化差异对英语翻译的影响论文化转向对商务英语翻译的启示非英语专业硕士研究生科技英语翻译能力分析航海英语翻译若干问题商务英语翻译教材建构模式探微国内英语翻译现状分析及产业化思考从建构主义观点谈商务英语翻译教学

日语本科翻译论文开题报告

日本文学的发展历史没有中国文学那么久远,在思想上的认识也不是像西方那样前卫。下面是我为大家整理的浅谈日本文学论文开题 报告 ,供大家参考。

《 20世纪日本中国现代文学研究的比较视野 》

摘要:在日本真正具有学术意义和比较视角的中国现代文学研究始于竹内好为代表的中国文学研究会的同人。继竹内好之后,关于中日现代文学关系的研究逐渐增加起来,特别是从20世纪50年代开始越来越多的研究 文章 涉及这一论题,进入八九十年代这一研究取得了长足进展。但是,真正具有一定理论建树和思想深度的研究并不多见。而相比之下,伊藤虎丸的研究以其宏阔的思维视界和独到的理论深度表现出不同的个性特征。

关键词:20世纪日本;中日现代文学研究;比较视野

中图分类号:I0-03文献标志码:A 文章编号:1002-2589(2011)24-0116-02

中国与日本自古以来特殊的 文化 关系和进入20世纪二三十年代后紧张的民族矛盾,使日本人在打量现代中国和中国文学时,就特别关注中日之间的文化、文学关系,比较早的像井东宪的《中华民国的新文艺——与日本文艺的关系》(《都新闻》,)、泽村幸夫的《支那小说家的日本女性观——从张资平的作品谈起》(《东洋》34—)、中村光夫《鲁迅与二叶亭》(《文艺》,,收入《文艺读本·鲁迅》)、山东赋夫在《读卖新闻》(1936年10月22—25日)上发表的《鲁迅与我国文坛》等都显示了关注中国和日本文学关系的新视角。不过,在日本真正具有学术意义和比较视角的中国现代文学研究无疑是始于竹内好为代表的中国文学研究会的同人。

纵观竹内好的鲁迅和中国现代文学研究,始终内含着比较的视角。他从鲁迅那里,竹内好找到了自我反省和批判的契机,并由此展开对亚洲的近代化问题的思考。他说:“我看到,鲁迅以身相拼隐忍着我所感到的恐惧。更准确地说,从鲁迅的抵抗中,我得到了理解自己那种心情的线索。从此,我开始了对抵抗的思考。如果有人问我抵抗是什么,我只能回答说,就是鲁迅所拥有的那种东西。并且,那种东西在日本是不存在的,或者即使存在也很少。”也正是“从这一基本判断入手”,竹内“形成了对日本的近代与中国的近代的比较性思考”。[1]他的目的并不是停留在鲁迅和中国现代文学本身,而是以此为“镜子”,系统地对鲁迅所代表的中国现代文学进行分析,同时解剖与中国同属一个文化范畴的日本民族的文学及思想性,转而对日本的近代主义无情地加以鞭挞和批判。以此思想为基点,构筑了他的独特的思想体系,并以这一发展模式和价值取向从事其研究活动。比如竹内好强调鲁迅以文学启蒙国民精神的思想,肯定他通过“抵抗”,主体性地接受西方先进的思想与文化的“拿来主义”,据之以批判缺乏“抵抗”的“转向型”的日本近代化,实质上是把鲁迅研究纳入日本现实社会的批判之中,以鲁迅为媒介或参照展开自我反省与批判。对于他来说,亚洲,特别是中国的近代化亦即中国革命,使得对于近代日本进行批判成为可能。在他那里,亚洲首先就是中国。竹内经常说中国通过彻底否定传统而再生于现代,也就是通过“回心”而创造出新的自我。在这一意义上,竹内好得出了中国走的是不同于欧洲的近代化之路的结论。并主张通过现代中国这个媒介实现自我否定,这就是鲁迅所说的那种窃得别人的火烧自己的肉的行为,以促成新的文化自我形成。所以,丸山升认为,竹内好的中国论,比起论述中国本身来更倾向于论述和批评日本、日本文化、社会的“近代主义”。他指出:鲁迅之于竹内好,是“体现实现了与日本‘近代’不同性质近代中国之特征的文学家、思想家,他自身便是对日本近代的批判和镜子。竹内塑造的这种鲁迅像,之所以在战后不久的日本具有巨大的影响力,便是因为很多日本人开始回顾给日本带来那场战争的‘近代’究竟是什么,认真思考未能阻止那场战争的一方弱点是什么;而反过来,则对经过那场战争而作为新中国再生的中国抱有惊诧和敬意。竹内的鲁迅像正是抓住了这些日本人的心。”[2]

继竹内好之后,关于中日现代文学关系的研究逐渐增加起来。特别是从20世纪50年代开始越来越多的研究文章涉及这一论题,如武田泰淳的《中国小说与日本小说》(《文学》,第18卷10期,1950年10月),冈崎秀夫《中国作家与日本:关于郁达夫》(《文学》,第21卷9期,1953年8月)、丸山升的《鲁迅与厨川白村》(《鲁迅研究》19期,1957年12月)等。到了70年代上述论题得到了进一步拓展和细化,如今村与志雄的《鲁迅与日本文学》(《鲁迅与传统》日本劲 草书 房,1967年)、斋藤敏雄的《福本主义对李初梨的影响》(《野草》第19期,1975年6月)、小泉让《鲁迅和内山完造》(讲谈社,1979年)等。这些文章和论著都注意到了中国现代作家与日本及日本文学的关系问题,但是,基本上还停留在现象的描述和事实的求证上,像今村与志雄《鲁迅与日本文学》,直接把鲁迅与日本文学联系在一起,由鲁迅的留日经历来推断鲁迅与日本文学的关系。他认为,文学家鲁迅的形成,受到过日本近代文化的影响,也是顺理成章的。但是,他借助从1906年秋季以后就和鲁迅同在日本 留学 ,起居相守,又同是悉心文学的胞弟周作人在鲁迅去世后写的回忆,来证明鲁迅在漱石以外,对于日本文学并无兴趣。但事实上,鲁迅虽然没有对日本文学表示关心,但是,并不意味着鲁迅没有选择日本文学作为思想启蒙和文化批判的手段与工具。鲁迅一生翻译了相当一部分日本作品,据统计大约有六十五篇之多,像武者小路实笃的《一个青年的梦》、有岛武郎的《与幼小者》、夏目漱石的《挂幅》等。然而关于这一点,并没有引起今村与志雄的关注。

进入20世纪八九十年代这一研究取得了长足进展,不仅数量多,而且探讨的问题更加广泛,但是,真正具有一定理论建树和思想深度的研究并不多见。这个时期的研究视野从以下的文章题目中可以显示出来。像冈田英弘的《爱日本的中国人——陶晶孙的生涯和郭沫若》(《中央公论》95卷15期,1980年12月)、福田范正的《周扬和日本普罗文学运动》(《野草》第40期,1987年9月)、新谷秀明的《巴金和石川三四郎》(《野草》第54期,1994年8月)、小谷一郎的《日中近代文学交流史中的田汉—田汉和同时代日本作家的往来》(《中国文化》第55期,1997年)等。除了上述的论文外,1991年日本东方书店出版了由山田敬三和吕元明编著的《十五年战争与文学——日中近代文学的比较研究》,收辑了中日两国学者研究成果,从不同角度探讨了中日战争期间的中日文坛、在华反战文学、沦陷区文学和抗战文学,以及中日文学交流等,显示出强烈的“比较”意识和全面揭示中日现代文学关系的企图。像冈野辰之的《中国现代作家与日本文学》具有一定的代表性。它从和歌、俳句、私小说、文艺科学论和新村运动等几个方面,意欲全面地描述中国现代作家与日本文学的关系。然而,它所作的概述显得过于浅显和简单,并未能将中国现代作家与日本文学的复杂而矛盾的关系深刻地揭示出来。而相比之下,伊藤虎丸的研究以其宏阔的思维视界和独到的理论深度表现出与上述研究不同的个性特征。

伊藤虎丸是日本战败后,经历了民族的历史性深刻反省思潮的洗礼,并在这一思潮最主要的代表人物之一竹内好的深刻影响下,走上了中国现代文学研究之路。伊藤虎丸的研究有一个突出特点,就是注重中日现代文学关系研究,无论是鲁迅研究,还是创造社研究,他都将他们与日本文学联系起来展开思考,从而构成了他的比较视角。诸如《早期鲁迅对尼采的理解与明治文学》(1979年)、《鲁迅与日本人》(1983年)、《在“脱亚论”与“亚洲主义”的中间——日中近代比较文化论序言》(1994年)等,这些论著主要体现了两个特点。

第一,视野宏阔、思想深刻。伊藤虎丸注重在大的历史背景下,以中国现代文学为媒介思考日本近代化和民族命运,就是孙玉石所说的“大文化比较的视角”。孙玉石指出:伊藤“他习惯于从大的历史背景,从整个亚洲国家民族命运的视野,来思考中国现代文学所可能提供的历史的启示”[3]。在他的《鲁迅与终末论》、《鲁迅与日本人》等书中,在他的许多学术论文中,都在大文化比较的视角上,阐发了自己关于日本近代民族命运的思考。伊藤虎丸强调了采取比较的 方法 对于认识各民族的“文化”的意义,他说:“各个民族都有这样的‘文化’。它是只有用‘比较’的方法才能认识到的”[4]。其内在包涵着竹内好的“比较性思考”的精神,不过,相对而言,竹内主要把鲁迅和中国作为内在的否定性的“精神”存在或参照坐标,当然这也是伊藤虎丸的思想基点和最终归宿,但他主要是在同时代的文化选择差异性的思想史的意义上使用了比较的方法。而且,他突破了竹内好否定鲁迅与日本文学关系的论断,在日本明治和大正时期的思想语境中和文化空间里考察鲁迅、创造社同人与日本文学以及西方文化的复杂关系。

第二,方法独特、角度新巧。与上述特点紧密相连,不是一对一地具体考证中日作家或中日文学作品间的相互影响关系或进行平行研究,而是将鲁迅及创造社等留日作家纳入日本近代思想史的语境中,考察和梳理留日作家与西方文化及日本文学关系。一方面从日本思想界变化的历史轨迹中,在与日本的同时代关系中考察和把握鲁迅和创造社作家与日本文学的精神联系,比如考察鲁迅对尼采思想的接受与日本在接受上的差异;在民族主义问题上,把鲁迅与石川啄木、斋藤野人、内村鉴三等人进行同时代性思考;在科学主义方面,将鲁迅与福泽谕吉展开同时代性探讨。另一方面对非同时代的鲁迅和创造社进行“非同时性”的思考,比较和检视处在明治和大正不同时期的中国留日作家与日本文学的精神联系和他们之间的差异。这种在复杂的语境中的“同时代性”和“非同时代性”的多重比较,使日中文学关系的研究充满了深刻的思想张力。

参考文献:

[1][日]竹内好著.李冬木等译.近代的超克[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2005:196.

[2][日]丸山升.鲁迅、革命、历史[M].王俊文,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2005:346-347.

[3][日]伊藤虎丸.鲁迅、创造社与日本文学·序[M].孙猛等,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2005:4.

[4][日]伊藤虎丸.鲁迅、创造社与日本文学[M].孙猛等,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2005:26.

《 日本浪漫主义文学思潮 》

摘 要:浪漫主义文学思潮是18世纪末到19世纪前半期,以英国、法国、德国为中心在欧洲各地而兴起的一股革新思潮。这是欧洲资产阶级企图摆脱封建秩序和封建统治的运动在文学上的具体体现。在其影响之下,日本的浪漫主义文学也在约一个世纪之后兴起了。日本的浪漫主义文学思潮虽不像欧洲浪漫主义那般声势浩大,但也对日本文坛以及日本文学史产生了重大影响。

关键词:日本浪漫主义 背景 理论 作家 评价

欧洲浪漫主义文学思潮产生于18世纪末的英德两国,继而影响法国,席卷欧洲大陆。而这一时期的日本,由于资本主义得到了迅速发展,资产阶级迫切要求彻底摆脱封建主义的束缚。另外受西方文明刺激的影响,人们的自我意识觉醒,开始追求自我确立与自我解放。一批青年作家开始追求与以往的文学所不同的创作风格,使明治时期日本浪漫主义文学一度在日本文坛上占据半壁江山。

一、时代背景

明治维新之后,日本走上了发展资本主义的道路,资产阶级改革运动取得成功,日本社会极力要求摆脱封建主义的束缚。另外在西方浪漫主义和文化的刺激影响之下,日本人开始超越理性,注重关心自己的内心和情感,促进了自我意识的觉醒。于是自由且大胆地表达感情的感想、诗歌、评论等一些文体占据了日本文坛的半壁江山,在这种政治文化背景之下浪漫主义文学在日本也登上了历史舞台。

二、 理论表现

日本浪漫主义文学思潮深受西方浪漫主义的影响,对于人的崇拜代替了对于神的崇拜,开始重视人的力量,将人处于整个社会文化的中心地位, 宣扬人格的平等和自由、主张恢复人性、尊重人权、张扬人性爱。但是, 这种思想的变革, 与根深蒂固的封建保守势力发生激烈的冲突,文化上的开放与保守、民主与专制、 自由与禁锢两种思想的对立大大加剧。正是这种矛盾思想的激烈碰撞才使日本的浪漫主义文学拥有自己独特的理论。即:主张情感至上,追求人的真情实感的自然流露,追求个人自由,推崇人的内部生命。

三、代表作家及作品

根据时间先后可将日本的浪漫主义文学分为3个时期: 第一期是以北村透谷、 岛崎藤村的《文学界》为中心; 第二期是以与谢野铁干、与谢野晶子、薄田泣堇、蒲原有明、泉镜花等人的《明星》为阵地;第三期是北原白秋、吉井勇、永井荷风、谷崎润一郎等人的唯美主义、颓废文学。①

森鸥外是开日本浪漫主义文学之先河的先觉者,他的代表作《舞姬》、《泡沫记》、《信使》构成了他留德的青春爱恋的纪念三部曲。

(一)第一期代表作家及作品

如果说森鸥外开日本浪漫主义文学之先河的话,那么真正成为浪漫主义主导力量的是于1893年1月创刊的《文学界》杂志及其周围的年轻一代。这一时期的典型代表是北村透谷的评论、?口一叶的小说和岛崎藤村的诗歌。

北村透谷主要作品是长诗《楚囚之诗》和《蓬莱曲》等。但是北村透谷更加重要的史学价值体现于文化性评论方面,从1892年起陆续发表《厌世诗家和女性》、《何谓干预人生》、《内部生命论》等文章,其中最为著名的是《厌世诗家与女性》。这是他通过自己的实际感受和体验以伦理化的形式表达出来的结果,文中大胆地提出了“ 恋爱乃人生之妙药”这一具有划时代精神的主张。

岛崎藤村的《嫩菜集》等诗作,打碎了固有形式的桎梏,巧妙地把西方浪漫主义诗歌的表现手法和日本民族的传统表现形式糅合在一起;其内容摆脱了封建思想道德的束缚,热烈追求个性的解放和美好的生活,充满了青春的气息和奔放的浪漫情绪,开拓了前期浪漫主义文学。②

?口一叶是一位慧星一般的才女作家,一叶虽非《文学界》同人作家,却有许多传之后世的名作刊于《文学界》。其代表作品有《大年夜》、《青梅竹马》等。(二)第二期代表作家及作品

这个时期最伟大的天才是与谢野铁干的妻子与谢野晶子。她出版的第一部短歌集《乱发》是一部大胆而直率倾吐感观性与歌颂奔放的本能和主情的爱欲的诗集。反映了诗人对因袭封建旧道德的一种反抗,让人们感受到她是一位与众不同的新时代女性。

在文学史上,泉镜花的小说代表了这一时期的浪漫主义。在他的一生中大约创作了300多篇小说,都具有独特的浪漫主义风格。非常著名的代表作有《高野圣僧》、《照叶狂言》、《妇系图》和《和歌灯》等一系列优秀作品。

这个时期不得不提到的一个人物就是高山樗牛,他是一位著名且受人欢迎的评论家。他的主要作品有《论美的生活》、《 日本民族的特性和文学美术》、《爱情剧是不是梦幻剧》等等。其中,在同时代文学评论中最有影响的是《论美的生活》,从“生命重于身体、身体重于衣物”的立场出发,讽刺了那些汲汲于金钱、权势的人,“以人造之物制自然之物” 的时代弊端,重视“尔等内心的王国”,鼓励人们去大胆追求内心生活的幸福。

(三)第三期新浪漫主义作家作品

新浪漫主义以“牧羊神会”为主流,《昴星》、《屋上庭园》、《三田文学》、《新思潮》等是其主流文学。主要代表人物有北原白秋、木下?太郎、吉井勇、长田秀雄等“牧羊神会”的中心成员,高村光太郎、谷崎润一郎、永井荷风等人在文学思想上与之共鸣。这些作家摆脱了此前浪漫主义的影响,迎合唯美主义的思潮,用华丽的笔墨和丰富的词汇,凭感觉创作出了充满异国情调和肉欲主义的作品。

三、思潮评价

日本浪漫主义虽不像欧洲浪漫主义那般声势浩大,但也在日本产生了重要影响。它一度占据日本文坛的半壁江山,对日本人的思想、日本文学、文化、艺术都做出了不可磨灭的贡献。

首先,它主张恢复人性和尊重人权,将“人”置于整个社会文化的中心地位,并自始至终和封建主义作着斗争,促进了日本社会民众自我意识的觉醒,有利于资本主义的发展。其次,在文学创作上主张把人性和自我尊严作为文学的源泉或出发点,打破了古典主义的清规戒律,是继启蒙运动以来又一次在文学上的解放。再次,日本浪漫主义将日本古典的浪漫主义与西欧浪漫主义加以吸收发展,从而在构建日本的近代文化方面具有深远而伟大的意义。最后,浪漫主义主张个人的自由,赞美恋爱,使人们大胆地追求独特而自由的艺术创作,超越自然,解放艺术,因此在艺术史上都具有深远影响。

但是,日本的浪漫主义文学也具有局限性。表现在三个方面:

(一)软弱性和妥协性

它从一开始发展就面临着重重阻碍,自始至终都不如欧洲浪漫主义那般声势浩大。另一方面,明治维新的不彻底性造成了封建思想在市民社会中的长期残留,极大地阻碍了浪漫主义追求自由主义和个人主义的步伐。

(二)创作主张具有不确定性

日本浪漫主义从一开始就是在与拟古典主义和自然主义斗争中发展起来的,没有自身独立的发展时期。另外,浪漫主义作家内部围绕着文学创作的使命、文学的社会责任、文学的国民性、文学的民族性、文学与国家、文学与个人等问题进行论争,创作主张十分不确定。

(三)理论缺乏系统性

北村透谷、岛崎藤村、与谢野晶子、高山樗牛等人的创作虽然使浪漫主义的主要代表人物具有了开创新文学时代的个性鲜明的批评家、文学思想家的桂冠, 但却没有形成一个观点明确、前后一致、系统而又有说服力的文学理论体系。

注释

① 肖霞.日本浪漫主义文学的发展及特征[J].外国文学,2003(7).

② 叶渭渠,唐月梅.日本文学简史[M].上海:上海外语 教育 出版社,2006:149.

参考文献

[1] 叶渭渠,唐月梅.日本文学简史[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2006:149.

[2] 林洪亮.浪漫主义文学的产生及其代表作家[A]//外国历史大事集?近代部分(第三分册)[M].重庆:重庆出版社,1985.

[3] 王庆生.文艺创作知识辞典[M].武汉:长江文艺出版社,1987.

有关浅谈日本文学论文开题报告推荐:

1. 汉语言文学论文开题报告

2. 日语开题报告范文 日语论文

3. 汉语言文学论文开题报告范文

4. 关于汉语言文学论文开题报告范文

5. 汉语言文学毕业论文开题报告范文

6. 汉语言文学本科毕业论文开题报告

7. 中文系毕业论文开题报告范文

开题报告一般是中文的,只有正文,提纲用日语写,我们学校是这样的。

随着中国经济的迅猛发展和全球化进程的加快,中日两国在政治、经贸、文化、教育等领域的交流日益密切,日语人才急需,掌握日语成了刻不容缓之事。下面是我为大家整理的日语开题报告范文,欢迎阅读。

所选题目名称:

外来语の激増の原因とその影响について

外来语激增的原因及其影响分析

课题研究现状:

外来语是西方国家先进的文化和科学技术成果不断流入日本的证明。而使用外来语是我们学习和使用日语过程中的一种普遍现象。随着社会的进步和人类文明的发展,外来语作为一种社会语言现象和文化现象,促使了日语本身的发展和日本社会文化的进步。同时随着外来语在日语中的泛滥,也出现了不少问题,引起了日语学习和研究者及日本社会的广泛关注。

关于日语外来语,《大辞泉》(小学馆)将其定义为:ほかの言语から借用して、自国语と同様に使用するようになった语。借用语。日本では、広义には,汉语を含まれるが、狭义には主として欧米诸国から入ってきた语を言う。现在では一般に片仮名で表记される。1956年日本国立语言研究所就日语中和语,汉语,外来语,混合语几类构成日语的词汇,对大众化的90种杂志进行调查,得出以下数据:和语 汉语 外来语 混合语。10年后的1966年同一研究所又以《朝日新闻》,《每日新闻》,《读卖新闻》三大报纸一年的日报,晚报为对象,进行了日语词汇构成比的调查,得出以下数据:和语 汉语 外来语 混合语。由此可见,10年岁月的推移,外来语的比例得到一定程度的提高。此外,外来语在日本社会和文化中的作用也引起了广大学者的关注。日本学者荒川物兵卫在《角川外来语辞典》(1969)一书中指出:“一个个单词是民族文化的种子,一个个外来语则是一个民族吸收外来文化的种子。”《实用最新外来语辞典》(1979)的序作者富道勇夫也曾说过:“难于出口的话语用外来语说就容易多了。”

随着中日两国间的不断交流和合作,越来越多的中国人开始学习和研究日语。日语外来语也受到了一些从事社会语言学研究的学者的兴趣。皮细庚在《日语概说》(皮细庚,1996)专门辟章探讨了外来语,是外来语研究历程中的一块里程碑。皮细庚不但讨论了外来语的来源,揭示了外来语的本质,还分析了外来语的特点,着重将外来语和原语进行对比,对其中的“和制英语”作出了详细的解释。此后多年我国外语界的一部分学者深受外来语研究的启发,陆续发表了一些论文和书籍。

特别是进入21世纪后,国内学者对外来语研究的范围更加广泛。郑成在日语学习与研究(2001年第4期)上发表了名为《试析日语外来语与日本的社会心理》的论文。郑成不仅深入研究了外来语的特点,还深刻分析了外来语使用的现状,提出外来语激增的双刃剑作用,更将外来语和日本历史社会的心理联系起来。沈宇澄在其主编的《现代日语词汇学》一书中就外来语的作用、表记、语义展开讨论。朱京伟则在《日语词汇学教程》(2005)中论述了外来语的特征和历史,同时也分析了外来语和原语的区别,特别提出了外来语和在来语的关系。《相识日语》(2005)的作者王冰从外来语词语的移植方式的角度对外来语进行了研究。

综上所述,近年来有很多学者都对外来语进行了探讨和研究,主要集中在外来语的来源、特征、现状、作用及同原语的比较上,并且都已取得重要的研究成果。然而,对外来语近年来激增的原因及其影响的研究略有不足,所以本文将着重研究外来语的激增原因和影响。

课题研究目的:

本文通过对日语外来语激增的原因及其影响分析,旨在加深对外来语的了解,以便为广大的日语学习和研究者带来更多便利,方便其更好地使用外来语。由于外来语在日语中的比例不断增加,所以全面而深入地研究外来语对于我们学好日语,进行中日跨国交流有很大的帮助。外来语不仅是一种语言现象,也可以视作一种社会和文化现象,因此对外来语激增原因及其影响分析对外语教学研究、翻译和实际应用都具有积极地指导意义。

课题研究要点:

1 引言

2 外来语的定义

3 外来语的现状(激增)

4 外来语激增的原因

社会发展的客观需要

日本人的心理原因

日语本身的语言结构特性

5 外来语激增的影响

积极方面

a外来语高雅、新颖

b能委婉地表达事物

c 能精练表示事物的概念与区别

d 有利于日本的国际交流和经济文化的发展

消极方面

a 日语丧失其纯正性

b 造成不同年龄段间的语言交流障碍

c 外来语的泛滥和误用

6 结论

课题进度安排:

10月30日,提交开题报告。

11月3日,参加开题答辩。

1月8日,完成毕业论文初稿(电子稿)。

3月18日,完成毕业论文终稿(纸质稿)。

3月27日,参加毕业论文答辩。

主要参考文献:

1富永道夫.实用最新外来语辞典[M].日本千曲秀出版社,1979(这是日本文献,请用日语表达)

2荒川物兵卫.角川外来语辞典[M].角川书店,1969

3铃木孝夫.闭ざされた言语:日本语の世界[M].东京岩波书店,2000

4皮细庚. 日语概说[M].上海外语教育出版社 ,1996

5沈宇澄.现代日语词汇学[M].上海外语教育出版社,2005

6王冰.相识日语[M].北京语言大学出版社,2005

7郑成 .浅析日语外来语与日本的社会心理[J].日语学习与研究,2001(4)

8朱京伟 .日语词汇学教程[M].外语教学与研究出版社,2005

题目:日本固有のものの中国语訳について

三、题目来源:真实 □、 自拟 ■ (二选一) 简历大全

四、结业方式:设计 □、 论文 ■ (二选一) 开题报告

五、主要内容:

本课题实际上主要研究的是汉语中一些来源于日本的外来词。对这些外来词进行分类研究,并就外来词中翻译的不准确,有异议的地方提出自己的翻译建议。来源于日语的外来词很多,有的是纯粹来源于日本本民族文化的外来词,像“歌舞伎”“寿司”“榻榻米”等。有的是词源来源于西方,经由日本翻译,后被中国采用的外来词,像“民主”,“科学”“大本营”等。如果统统作以分类研究的话,一来工作量繁重,二来枝杈太多,难下定论。作以本课题只就前一种情况,即来源于日本本民族的外来词为研究对象,对其翻译方法以及翻译中涉及的文化因素进行探讨。本文大体上拟分为以下五部分。

第一部分为破题部分,即说明此课题的研究范围和前提。主要是对来源于日语的外来词作以归类,并指明本课题的研究方向。

第二部分是本文的核心部分,从直译和和意译两方面的外来词分别举例分析。总结适用于直译和意译的一些规律。通过具体例子,指明意译中一些翻译不恰当,有歧义的地方,提出自己的改进意见。

第三部分将就翻译中还需要说明和考虑的一些其他问题作以探讨。众所周知,文字是文化的载体,翻译与文化有着密不可分的关系。所以本部分将从三章论述。第一,中日两国对于外来语的不同态度。第二,中日语汇间的复杂关系。第三,外来语的引入对于文化间的交流和对本民族文化的冲击。

第四部分,对一些外来词的进行有趣的比较。如“日本料理”和“日本菜”,“章鱼烧”和“章鱼丸子”,“刺身”和“生鱼片”等。

第五部分为该课题的总结及展望,外来词的吸收不仅需要翻译技术的硬件支持,还需要中日两国人民的相互认识和了解的加深。

PS:任务书就主要内容和参考文献部分需要自己写,其他地方都差不多。

1先行研究

日本国内における研究

书本翻译论文开题报告

下文是为大家精选的翻译在职硕士论文开题报告,希望对大家有帮助!

翻译在职硕士论文开题报告

论文题目:从顺应论的视角看企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构

1、选题意义和背景

随着中国加入世界贸易组织,中国企业的对外联系也日益增多。中国企业要想打入国际市场,提高在国际市场上的知名度,企业网站或宣传册上的企业简介扮演着十分重要的地位。通过阅读企业宣传资料,读者可以看出企业外宣材料既有关于企业的基本信息介绍,也有企业所做的文字上、句法上、结构上的这染来达到推广企业、大市场的目的。汉语企业外宣材料的翻译在英译过程中会涉及到与目的语不同的语言习惯、行文方式以及文化因素、社会政治因素、心理因素和审美因素等,这就需要译者对原文本做出适当调整,从内容和形式上对语篇进行重构,以此实现对交际意图的顺应。根据赖斯的文本类型说,本文有三种类型,分别是“信息型”、“表达型”和“诱导型”.笔者认为,企业外宣翻译属于“信息型”和“诱导型”文本兼而有之,而且更侧重于“诱导型”.因此,外宣翻译要更加注重文本的交际功能,要更多的考虑如何使译文所传递的信息更便于目的语读者理解和接受,并让读者产生共鸣,继而付诸行动,实现译文预期的功能。

比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschuem)提出了顺应论,将语言的使用过程看做语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态选择的过程。因而可以从顺应论的视角研究语言使用。翻译作为一种特殊的交际方式,也可以从顺应论的视角对其进行研究。优秀的企业宣传材料不仅会提高企业的知名度,还会为企业带来不可估量的经济效益,因此任何一个想打入国际市场的企业务必在其外宣材料的翻译上做足功夫。由于中西方文化背景、历史渊源、生活环境的不同,译者在翻译企业外宣材料时为了获取目的语读者的认可并激发他们付诸行动,就要顺应目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯以及心理因素、文化因素等对原文做出形式上和内容上的调整,而这一顺应的过程也是语篇重构的过程。本文突破性的将顺应论与语篇重构结合起来,并结合西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料及其翻译,试图从顺应论的视角分析企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构现象。

2、论文综述/研究基础

1987年维索尔伦(Verschueren)提出顺应论之后,在语用学界引起了很大反响,不久国内学者就将其引进到中国来。国内学者不仅从理论层面对顺应论进行研究和探索,而且将顺应论应用到翻译理论和实践、外语教学、二语习得、文化传播等领域。在这些领域中,成果最大的当属顺应论对翻译理论和其应用的研究。我国真正将顺应论引入翻译研究开始于21世纪初。

1 国外顺应论研究状况。

比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschueren)在《IprA工作文集》(IprA WorkingDocument 1) (1987, 45-48)中发表了一篇名为《作为顺应论的语用学》,标志着顺应论的提出。1995年,他较为详细并系统地在他主编出版的第一本《语用学手册》(handbook of Pragmatics)中对顺应论进行了进一步阐述。他认为,语言的使用过程就是语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态地选择的过程。他将语用学描述为关于语言整体的、功能性综观,并将语用学定义为语言和交际在认知、社会与文化方面的研究。1998年,阿萨卡瑟(AsaKasher)主编的《语用学的关键概念》Pragmatics;: Critical Concepts)论文集中,维索尔伦发表了一篇名为《交际动态过程的语用模式》(v4 Pragmatic model for the dynamatics of communication )的文章,主要研究了顺应论中顺应的动态性。1999年,在他的专着《语用学新解》(Understaning Pragmatics)中,维索尔伦强调了语用学的地位和作用,这本书的出现标志着顺应论走向成熟。该书主张把语用学当作一种研究视角,突破了以往学者将语用学看作语言学的一个核心分支(语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学)的看法,而认为语用学是一种语言功能的视角或纵观,贯穿于语言学研究和使用的方方面面,可以照应到语言的各个层次。运用这一视角,可以研究不同的语言材料。这是一种研究方法上的革命,可以为语言的不同层面进行语用分析,也为语用学的学科性质进行了重新定位。

2 国内顺应论研究状况。

钱冠连是国内第一位将顺应论引入中国进行研究的学者。在他发表在《外语教学与研究》上的《语用学:语言适应理论----Verschueren语用学新论评述》(1991,62-66)的文章中,将维索尔伦对语言适应包括五个方面,即适应的对象、层次、阶段、领悟程度和适应策略进行了分析,并且就语言适应、选择和语言功能综观三者的关系进行了探讨,认真分析对比了维索尔伦的语用学新论和以往的语用学的区别。他还在《外语教学与研究》上发表了一篇《语用学:统一连贯的理论框架〈如何理解语用学〉述评》(2000,230-232),该文章首先解释了语用学综观论的理论源头。维索尔伦从Morris的理论中得出了任何规则里都有语用成分,也能从不同的语言成分中审视到语用视角。其建设性意义体现在将语用学从语言学的并列学科出分割出来,使其不再属于语言资源的语言学,而是加入到语言使用的语言学去,作为是一种语言综观和视角来研究和使用,这不仅仅可以解决语用学问题,还为今后人们从语用学角度解释其他问题提供了一种新的视角。

国内除钱冠连外,2007年何自然主编的《语用三论:关联论顺应论模因论》一书也对维索尔伦的顺应论进行了详细介绍和评述。和以往语言学及语用学着作不同的是,该书紧紧把握住语用学研究与发展的方向,集语用学的三个前沿理论(关联论、顺应论、模因论)为一体来向国内读者进行西方翻译理论的介绍。

关于顺应论的部分,该书介绍了顺应论的理论来源、顺应论的三个核心概念、顺应论的视角观、顺应论的分析维度、顺应论的应用等。本书中理论与实例有效结合,为读者展现了顺应论的完整框架及其应用。该书指出,顺应论是宏观语用学的核心,顺应论为我们提供了一个研究和探讨语用学的全新视角。谭晓晨发表在《外语与外语教学》上的《语境的动态研究一--维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》(2000, 50-52)中介绍了维索尔伦的语境适应论,探讨了语言和语境互为构建的动态关系,指出动态生成的语境观是对传统语境研究及时而必要的补充。孙炬发表在《山东大学学报》上的《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》(2007,51-55)从语言哲学的立场阐释了维索尔伦的顺应论。语言的使用是哲学立场的反映,纵观维索尔伦的语用思想,折射出体现在意义观、心理认知观和语境观三个方面的语言哲学。此外,刘正光、吴志高从哲学、心理学以及语言学的角度论述了顺应论的理论基础,除了对语言顺应论做出肯定,他们还指出“将‘顺应’看成一把万能的朗匙,以解释所有的语言运用,有运用过度之嫌”(李元胜,2007:124)。

中国学者不仅专门对顺应论进行研究,还将其与其他理论结合或者将顺应论应用到不同的领域。在利用顺应论对其他问题进行研究的过程中,顺应论对翻译的研究占据多数。

从理论研究的角度来看,有的学者侧重于顺应论对翻译理论研究的启示,戈玲玲在发表在《外语学刊》上的《顺应论对翻译研究的启示----兼论语用翻译标准》(2000,7-11) -文中,为我们展现了语用翻译理论的发展历程,它超越了以往语言学研究的框架,将翻译看作是一种动态的信息交流活动。文章还指出,根据顺应论,语言和语境之间的顺应是一个相互的过程,两者可以相互影响,同样,翻译作为语言转换的过程,也会涉及到原语和目的语之间的相互顺应,这种顺应应该以满足交际双方的需要为目的,对交际语境、语言的选择和语言结构做出改变。

有的学者从顺应论的角度分析翻译策略和方法,王建国发表于《外语研究》上的《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》(2005,55-59) -文中,针对国内外翻译界对翻译方法和翻译策略的争论,他指出直译、意译、归化、异化只是翻译方法,而不是翻译策略,动态顺应才是翻译策略。同时,他还指出翻译的过程和结果是动态顺应的过程和结果。

顺应论在与翻译结合的过程中,学者们除了从翻译理论研究的角度分析和阐释顺应论对翻译研究的意义外,还将顺应论应用到具体的翻译实践中去,比如文学作品译作分析、应用文本译作分析,同时还有学者将顺应论与语用策略研究、外语教学研究、跨文化交际等方面联系起来。

叶苗在其着作《应用翻译语用观》COn Pragmatics Translation from theperspective of Pragmatics)中,首先对应用翻译进行了定位,然后从语用学的角度研究应用翻译。同时她主张以顺应论为基础来讨论和解释异化,并以《选美中国》为例,结合应用翻译中“异化”和“归化”之争,提出了在对具有中国文化特色的应用文本翻译时,译者可以采取异化策略,担负起传播中国文化的使命,扩大目的语读者的文化语境、认知语境,激发他们对中国文化和传统的兴趣和探索,增强我国软实力。

纵观国内顺应论的研究现状以及顺应论与翻译结合的研究现状,可以看出在顺应论对翻译的结合方面,研究者几乎都是从文学翻译、应用文翻译的角度进行研究,而且很多研究还是局限于维索尔伦顺应论的推介和重申,缺乏创新点,并且对理论的适用范围没有做出明确规定,导致了顺应论在很多领域的误用和滥用。

3、参考文献

Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism, The Potential &上海外语教育出版社,2004.

Verschueren, Jef. Understanding Pragmatics. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press. 2000.

戈玲玲。《顺应论对翻译研究的启示--兼论语用翻译标准》[J].黑龙江,外语学刊。2002 (3) :7-11.

公海燕《顺应论视角下广告翻译研究》。2012.

何自然。Pragmatics and CE/EC Translation [J].北京‘外语教学。1992 (1) ; 19-25.

何自然。《语用三论:关联论顺应论模因论》M.上海,上海教育出版社。2007.

何自然,冉永平。《语用学概论》[M].长沙,湖南教育出版社。2002.

胡芳毅,贾占波。《外宣翻译:意识形态操纵下的改写》[J] ?上海,上海翻译。2010⑴:23-28.

蒋澄生,廖定中。《语用学需要“顺应”潮流--顺应论的几个关键概念述评》[J].广州,广东工业大学学报。2005 (1) : 68-71.

贾文波。《应用翻译功能论(第二版)》[M].北京,中国出版集团公司。2012.

李明。《商务英语翻译(汉译英)》[M]?北京,高等教育出版社。2007.

李元胜《顺应论在中国的研究综述》[J].成都,成都大学学报 2007⑶:123-126.

刘恩祥,刘颖,李哲。《论语言顺应的动态性一基于广告语言的分析》[J].佛山,佛山科学技术学院学报(社会科学版)》。2011 (1) :70-73.

卢立程《企业对外宣传材料翻译中的语篇重构》[J].肇庆,肇庆学院学报。2007⑶:53-56.

钱冠连。《语用学:统一连贯的理论框架--J. Verschueren〈如何理解语用学〉述评》[J].北京,外语教学与研究。2000(3) :230-232.

钱冠连。《语用学:语言适应理论一“Verschueren语用学新论评述》[J] ?北京,外语教学与研究。1991(1):61-66.

孙炬。《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》[J].济南,山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版)。2007 (6) :51-55.

潭晓晨。《语境的动态研究-维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》[J].北京,外语与外语教学。2002 (6):50-52.

王建国。《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》[J].南京,外语研究。2005(4) :55-59.

叶丽萍《顺应论在企业简介汉英翻译中的应用》。2012,叶苗。《应用翻译语用观研究》M.上海,上海交通大学出版社。2009.

张运桥,严敏芬。《语用三观:关联论、顺应论、模因论评介》[J].广州,外语艺术教育研究。2009(3) :36-38.

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

论文的开题 报告 是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料,论文的开题报告的字体以及各式等方面都有一定的要求的。下面是我为大家整理的论文开题报告的字体格式要求的内容,希望能对大家有所帮助。

1.论文(含开题报告和文献翻译)用A4纸单面打印,页面设置:左边距、右边距、下边距均为厘米;上边距为厘米。页眉、页脚均为2厘米。论文(含任务书)及附件装订成一册,一式两份。

2.页眉从正文开始。页眉左端顶格为论文标题,论文标题用宋体五号字。若为开题报告或文献翻译则在标题后面加上“/开题报告或/文献翻译”。右端右对齐为页码,用五号阿拉伯数字。

3.正文(含开题报告和文献翻译)用宋体小四号,应当达到15000个字左右。非汉字均用Times New Roman体。字间距设置为“标准”,段落设置为“单倍行距”,所有段落开头均缩进2个字。数学公式用斜体,按章节编号,如第2章第3个公式为(2-3),并与段落右边线对齐。

4.每一章另起一页,章节采用三级标题,用阿拉伯数字连续编号,(例:1,,)。章名为一级标题,位于一页的首行居中,用黑体小二号,段前距为0磅,与紧接其后的文字或二级标题间距为12磅。二级标题用宋体四号,左对齐,断前距12磅,段后距0磅。三级标题用黑体小四号,左对齐,段前距12磅,段后距0磅。

5.图表要有名称,表名位于表的正上方,用宋体小五号粗体。图名位于图的正下方,用宋体小五号粗体;图表按章节编号。例如:表为第2章第7个图表;图3-1为第3章第1个图。图表不要跨页。凡引用的图表,需在图表名后用相应的中括号〔 〕加以标注,(如:〔1〕)。这里的标注号应与参考文献的序号为同一个号。

6.封面及任务书等由学生到(校图书馆一楼)装订处购买,封面不得复印。并在装订处装订论文。

7.除封面外,第一页是任务书,任务书下达时间是:按申请写作时间。

第二页是中文摘要(至少150字)。“摘要” 两字为黑体小二号,居中,设置段前为102磅,段后为12磅。内容用宋体五号字。 “关键词”三个字用黑体小五号,缩进2个字,后面的内容用宋体五号,一般用3-5个词组即可,中间用逗号分隔,结束时不用标点符号。关键词与摘要相距12磅(即设置段前12磅)。中文摘要用罗马数字编制页码,位于页面下方居中。

第三页是Abstract(至少500印刷字符),“Abstract” (用Times New Roman 粗体小二号),内容用Times New Roman 五号。Keywords用Times New Roman 粗体小五号,后面的内容用Times New Roman五号,与英文摘要内容同样相距12磅。英文摘要顺延“中文摘要”页用罗马数字编制页码,位于页面下方居中。

第四页为目录。“目录” 居中,用黑体小二号,段前设置为0磅,段后设置为12磅。目录页顺延“Abstract”页用罗马数字编制页码,位于页面下方居中。

目录依次为:摘要、Abstract、正文(要求列出一、二级标题,一级标题用黑体四号,二级标题用黑体小四号)、参考文献、致谢、附件1:开题报告、附件2:文献翻译(中、英文)。页码数字用小四号。

说明:中英文摘要和目录并非正文,不要设置页眉!

8.参考文献位于正文后另起一页,与正文连续编页码。“参考文献”居中,用黑体小二号,段前设置为0磅,段后设置为12磅。参考文献主要格式如下:

书籍:[序号]作者名(用逗号分隔).书名.版本号(初版不写).出版社名,出版年,引用页码

提示:结束处不要加句号!

例:〔1〕胡玉明,高级管理会计,厦门大学出版社,2005年,第51页

期刊:[序号]作者名(用逗号分隔).题名.刊名,出版年,卷号:(期号),起始页码~终止页码。

特别提示:凡论文中引用过的参考文献须按照顺序依次在正文引用处进行标注,标注 方法 :位于引用处最后一句话的句号内,具 体操 作:在工具栏打开格式-字体-上标。(例:如〔1〕)。

9.致谢页位于参考文献之后,与正文连续编页码,“致谢”居中,用黑体小二号,段前设置为0磅,段后设置为12磅。内容为宋体小四号字。

10.附件1:开题报告(包括研究背景、文献综述、技术路线、进度安排和参考文献五部分,各部分之间不需另起一页)

开题报告的标题居中,用黑体小二号粗体,段前距和段后距均为0磅。标题下为:专业、(准考证号)、姓名,均为黑体四号并居中。

论文开题报告的字体格式要求说明 :开题报告的标题应为论文题目,而不是开题报告四个字!

论文开题报告的字体格式要求: 开题报告中紧接着是摘要(只需中文)和关键词。“摘要”和“关键词”用黑体小四号,“摘要”内容用宋体小四号,“关键词”包含3至5个词组,中间用逗号分隔,结束时不用标点符号。这里摘要和关键词均不需要开头缩进。然后是正文,正文与关键词之间的距离为12磅。

论文开题报告的字体格式要求: 开题报告和文献翻译中,一级标题不需要另起页,一级标题设置段前、段后均为12磅,其余格式与正文同。

论文开题报告的字体格式应该注意 :开题报告和文献翻译的页码要根据正文的页码进行连续编码。

11.附件2:文献翻译(中、英文)25000个字符左右,先中文(可比照论文格式),标题应为所翻译 文章 的标题,用黑体小二号粗体,居中。这里文献翻译标题下面是原文作者的(英文)姓名,用小三号Times New Roman体加粗,居中。中文译稿结束后空两行注明外文资料来源,文字内容为“外文资料来源:书籍/期刊(按参考文献格式)”,资料来源结束处不要点句号!空2格写:某某译。字体用宋体小四号加粗(非汉字均用Times New Roman体加粗)右对齐。

摘要:音乐是舞蹈的灵魂,同时舞蹈和音乐又很好地统一在一起。优美的音乐可以激发舞蹈者的灵感和想象,同时跳动的音乐节奏又可以提示舞蹈者的动作。而在舞蹈中,舞蹈者的形象也是通过和谐一致的听觉和视觉才引起人们的欣赏美感的。如果没音乐,舞蹈也就失去了生命力。由古至今,音乐是舞蹈的声音,而舞蹈是音乐的表现形式,音乐和舞蹈是紧密相连的不同的艺术,都具有一定的美学价值,而音乐和舞蹈的完美配合,又可以带给人们一场盛大的听觉和视觉盛宴。

关键词:音乐 舞蹈 跳跃 和谐

音乐与舞蹈是紧密联系在一起的,舞蹈者优美的动作和音乐是分不开的。在不同音乐的刺激下,人的听觉通过中枢神经会做出相应的心理反应,从而引起联想。在编排舞蹈时是从音乐开始的,音乐和舞蹈结合在一起,是把舞蹈者的感情突破空间的穿透力而表现出来,让舞者身心交融进而会产生共鸣。因此,在二者的关系中,音乐是舞蹈里不可分割的一个重要部分,音乐以其多样的风格、鲜明轻快的节奏以及优美的旋律而赋予舞蹈更加丰富的艺术表现。舞蹈者在优美的音乐中展开优美的舞蹈动作,不仅可以享受美丽,而且还能够陶冶精神。同时,舞蹈者对伴奏音乐的理解也影响着舞蹈的艺术表现,所以在实际中就需要把舞蹈和音乐和谐的结合在一起,促进二者的共同发展。

一、音乐在舞蹈中的重要地位

(一)音乐可以帮助舞蹈者表达情绪,烘托气氛

音乐的加入可以很好的激发强化舞蹈的表达,如果离开了音乐,舞蹈就不能够充分的表达出感情。由于音乐的一个直接的特点就是渗入人心,因而人们在欣赏时就会经常把音乐中表现出来的感情作为自己的内心感情来体验,而舞蹈在跳舞之前就会先对音乐进行深刻的体验,所以当这种对音乐的理解与感受激发起舞蹈者内心的感情时,这种感情就会通过丰富的舞蹈动作表现出来。这样,音乐的介入,就会首先打动大众观众的感情,也让观众对舞蹈有了更深的理解。另外,音乐的丰富情感也给了舞蹈更加丰富的艺术表现,也拉近了观众和舞蹈的距离。

(二)音乐可以帮助舞蹈者组织动作

音乐和舞蹈具有相同的韵律、节奏以及情感内容,并且在展示时也是同步进行的,因此就要求二者必须做到高度的协调统一。在设计舞蹈动作之前是就必须有音乐的,而不是先有了舞蹈动作之后再配备的音乐。在舞蹈中运用的音乐主要有两种形式,首先可以是为既定的舞蹈情节与主题来创作相关的音乐,其次是可以利用现成的音乐。其中普遍采用的方法是按照音乐来编排舞蹈。例如古典芭蕾就是根据音乐的旋律灵魂来展开的动作技巧,这也称作是舞蹈音乐,主要是利用和谐匀称的音乐来展示舞蹈的动作,但是也要注意,舞蹈并不是仅仅服从于音乐的。这主要表现在,首先如果是为了专门构思的舞蹈来创作音乐,就需要根据舞蹈编导的要求来进行创作。其次舞蹈的配乐也要有选择,因为不是所有的音乐都适合于舞蹈。第三,舞蹈编导在具体编制可以根据舞蹈内容要求对音乐进行相应的修改。

(三)音乐有利于舞蹈的构思创作

由于音乐的丰富性作用,一听到音乐就很容易想起舞蹈,所以舞蹈构想也就产生了。在实际中却还面临着听到的音乐是否可以立即成为伴奏音乐。如果听见音乐就想跳舞,这是对听到的音乐触发的灵感,而这种灵感就推动去创作舞蹈动作。音乐是由时间、感情以及节奏组成的,所以就可以把音乐直接变成舞蹈来应用,所以音乐其实具有伴奏与创作的双重性特征。例如在实际中听到了贝多芬的《命运交响曲》,有人就想创作出和命运有关的舞蹈,于是就产生了《命运》舞蹈。在一定程度上,舞蹈是对音乐的形象化表现,二者是相互依存的,如果没有了音乐,舞蹈就是半成品。同时,所有的曲子都可以自由的跳,这就是根据现成的音乐对舞蹈进行的创作。

二、舞蹈对音乐的升华作用

(一)舞蹈需要音乐的节奏和旋律

音乐是一门单独的艺术形式,但是在舞蹈中的音乐,是舞蹈者对音乐的再创作,舞蹈者在听到音乐之后,根据自己的理解而进行的和音乐一致的肢体动作,就是舞蹈的音乐的诠释、表现。但是这种肢体展示并不是根据音乐中的每个音符用人体来表现出来,而是对音乐精神和情感的展现。另外,音乐与舞蹈的一个共同点就是相同的节奏,而节奏也是舞蹈与音乐相结合的重要基础。在实际中,舞蹈是需要通过音乐来加强动作的展示与情感的渲染的,在表演舞蹈时,也需要有一定的节奏伴奏。在舞蹈中肢体舞动的位移因素就是因为节奏的存在,而任何形式的肢体动作都是在经过节奏加工后才会形成比较优美的肢体动作,而这些是形成舞蹈动作的一个重要前提。音乐的变化比较快,音乐是一门时间艺术,而舞蹈却是空间与时间的艺术,舞蹈不是对音乐中每一个细微的变化做出的机械反映。舞蹈与音乐的另外一个共同点就是抒情。舞蹈与音乐都是对感情的直接表达,但是音乐的表达一般具有抽象性,因而不会对舞蹈具体的感情表达产生干扰或者是矛盾,而是可以和舞蹈有完美结合。由于人具有丰富的情感,任何一种对感情的表现都一个产生到逐渐变化的过程,尤其是把生活中的喜怒哀乐搬到舞台上,就更需要借助一定的表现形式才能把这些情感表达出来。舞蹈中产生的一切肢体动作,都需要围绕人的主体来进行,并根据自然界的规律,对肢体动作进行升华。舞蹈中的任何情绪都是编导者通过对舞蹈作品进行构思之后形成的,然后在进行一定的创编,由舞蹈演员来把握其中的感情,把要表达的情感在舞蹈中呈现、抒发出来。并在此基础上把舞蹈与音乐结合在一起,也把其中的情感结合在一起,因而在选择相应的舞蹈音乐时创作者也需要具备一定的审美能力。

(二)舞蹈中需要音乐的辅助作用

舞蹈艺术是利用肢体的运动形式来表现语言的方式,而对事物事件的发展过程也是通过肢体的移动来实现的,因而运用舞蹈语言也可以把整件事情来表达清楚,但是舞蹈艺术的表现形式却不能够把事件所处的时代背景与发生的环境表现出来。而这一点,却可以通过音乐来弥补。由于音乐具有一定的听觉特征,音乐的表现和创作形式也会留下鲜明的时代情感表现与音乐特征,同时这种时代感也会给欣赏者带来一定的时代感受,比如我们在听到《红星闪闪》、《黄河协奏曲》时就很容易联想到那一代的事情,因此音乐就很好的把舞蹈中表现的事件就做出了交代。在实际中舞蹈艺术是以音乐的节奏和比较夸张的气口来作为肢体动作切入点的。而舞蹈的韵味和感觉都是通过肢体语言来表现的,所以在舞蹈时舞蹈者就会完全释放自己的肢体,另外,舞蹈者还根据音乐的节奏来表现蕴含的情感,而根据明快的节奏舞蹈者在实际舞蹈时也会不停的变换肢体动作,利用强烈的情感张丽给观众一种舞台是空的、舞台上只存在一种情绪的感觉。同时,舞蹈又很好的结合了写意与写实,利用肢体的动态变换过程来传递信息,也通过一定的个性化肢体动作来体现情绪。

(三)舞蹈形象与音乐形象的统一

音乐形象主要是由情绪音乐的形象体育主体音乐的形象相互结合而形成的。在舞蹈的艺术中音乐其实与舞蹈的文学形象具有同样重要的地位,益音乐形象也是舞蹈的一项主心骨,如果舞蹈没有了音乐,舞蹈就会失去色彩和灵魂,所以在舞蹈中离不开音乐的衬托。舞蹈中的舞蹈形象,首先则是舞蹈的主体音乐形象。在一部舞蹈作品里主体音乐形象一般是贯穿始终的一个主要线索,而舞蹈表现的现象也是在以这个线索为中心根据相应的文学形象支配来进行拓展创作的,舞蹈中主体音乐形象是对文学形象的一个很好的诠释,因此舞蹈形象与音乐形象的统一集合就可以让观众通过看和听来欣赏舞蹈艺术,进而陶冶情操,形成美好的精神感受。另外,主体音乐形象与舞蹈音乐形象结合在一起,又可以使舞蹈的形象更加具有个性化与典型化,形成完美统一的舞蹈艺术效果。

三、结语

综上所述,舞蹈动作和音乐是紧密联系在一起的,音乐不仅可以对舞蹈的动作做出提示,还可以给舞蹈者一定的灵感启发。舞蹈中利用听觉与视觉的结合来引起艺术美感的,如果没有了音乐的配合,舞蹈表现也就失去了生命力。因而成功的舞蹈是需要音乐的配合的,有了音乐优美和谐的伴奏,就很容易点燃跳舞者的激情,把舞蹈的内涵完美的呈现出来。

参考文献:

[1]汤晓宁.舞蹈艺术与实践[M].武汉:武汉理工大学出版社,2009.

[2]宋小璐.音乐是舞蹈的灵魂——试论音乐在舞蹈中的重要性[J]. 文化 月刊,2009,(07).

[3]慕羽.当代舞蹈编导类群的价值定位——兼谈舞蹈编导的社会责任问题[J].北京蹈学院学报,2005,(04).

[4]陈佩玲.视觉艺术与听觉艺术-论舞蹈钢琴伴奏教学的特点[J].舞蹈,2009,(04).

[5]张娟.乐者舞之魂一舞蹈钢琴伴奏艺术探微[J].西安音乐学院学报,2010,(04).

1. 论文开题报告字体格式要求

2. 毕业论文开题报告格式字体的要求

3. 毕业论文开题报告格式字体

4. 毕业论文开题报告格式要求格式

5. 论文开题报告的打印格式要求

开题报告论文翻译

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

问题一:开题报告 如何用英语翻译? 开题报告. 英语: 1) Research opening report. 2) Background and development of the project. 问题二:"开题报告"这个词,英文怎么说 开题报告 [词典] Thesis proposal; 问题三:开题报告 英语怎么说 Thesis Report 毕业论文开题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题四:开题报告,英语怎么说 Thesis Report 毕业论文开题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题五:毕业论文开题报告的英文请问怎么翻译 如果图简单的话,就找安太译欣,直接翻译 问题六:论文开题报告用英语怎么表达,opening rep 你好! 论文开题报告 Thesis opening report 问题七:开题报告用英语怎么说? Thesis Report 毕业论文揣题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题八:英语翻译论文论文开题报告怎么写 开题报告,老师一般会给模板,还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告,你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the mon illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not......>> 问题九:英语论文开题报告怎么写 开题报告,老师一般会给模板,还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告,你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the mon illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings.......>> 问题十:开题报告 如何用英语翻译? 开题报告. 英语: 1) Research opening report. 2) Background and development of the project.

综述:opening report可以,用Proposal更正式点。

重点词汇:Proposal

英[prə'pəʊzl]

释义:

n.提议,建议;(计划、建议等的)提出;求婚

[复数:proposals]

短语:

The Proposal假结婚;爱情限时签;求婚的恶魔;弄假成真

词语使用变化:proposal

n.(名词)

1、proposal表示“提议,建议”时,其后可接介词短语或动词不定式作定语,也可接that从句作同位语。

2、proposal所接由that引起的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气。

3、proposal作为名词时,后面通常跟带to的不定式和名词。

翻译类论文新闻翻译开题报告

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告,欢迎阅读。

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

选题的原因、基本内容:

英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富,寓意深刻,具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中,恰当地加以运用,会大大增加语言的表达能力,收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华,是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单,语言精炼,富于形象比喻,充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想,开拓视野,了解英国的历史文化、风土人情,以及英国人民的人生哲理,同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。

本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处,详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。

相关资料收集情况:

陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报,1983。

黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊,1999/2

顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报,1993/2。

张培基,喻云根,李宗杰,彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京:中国外语教育出版社,xx/8

杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。

论文提纲:

thesis statemen:this essay discourse the features and translation of english

idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.

outline

ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.

ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs

a. the characteristics of english idioms

1. simple but rich

2. harmonious phonology

3. vivid metaphor

b. the characteristics of english proverb

1. concise and clear

2. symmetrical sentence pattern

3. rich and varied rhetoric

ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs

a. the theories of translation

1. literal translation

2. free translation

3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb

4. literal translation and free translation

b. the points of translation

1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited

2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style

3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic

4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic

ⅳ. conclusion

指导教师意见:

指导教师签名:

年 月 日

1. 论文的开题报告怎么写 论文的开题报告怎么写 【开题报告怎么写啊?我的论文题目是《运用现代教育技术优化数学 有格式的,由于开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想,因而篇幅不必过大,但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题说清楚,应包含两个部分:总述、提纲.1 总述开题报告的总述部分应首先提出选题,并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、目前相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法、必要的数据等等.2 提纲开题报告包含的论文提纲可以是粗线条的,是一个研究构想的基本框架.可采用整句式或整段式提纲形式.在开题阶段,提纲的目的是让人清楚论文的基本框架,没有必要像论文目录那样详细.3 参考文献开题报告中应包括相关参考文献的目录4 要求开题报告应有封面页,总页数应不少于4页.版面格式应符合以下规定.开 题 报 告 学 生:一、 选题意义 1、 理论意义 2、 现实意义 二、 论文综述 1、 理论的渊源及演进过程 2、 国外有关研究的综述 3、 国内研究的综述 4、 本人对以上综述的评价 三、论文提纲 前言、 一、1、2、3、··· ···二、1、2、3、··· ···三、1、2、3、结论 四、论文写作进度安排 毕业论文开题报告提纲一、开题报告封面:论文题目、系别、专业、年级、姓名、导师二、目的意义和国内外研究概况三、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容四、研究条件和可能存在的问题五、预期的结果六、进度安排。 论文开题报告怎么写? 说实在的 现在我刚好也遇到这个问题 一、如何选择问题 我一直萦绕于怀的,是在写博士论文开题报告的一年多时间里,导师薛澜教授反复追问的一个问题:“你的 puzzle 是什么?”多少次我不假思索地回答“我的问题就是,中国的半导体产业为什么发展不起来。” 薛老师问题以其特有的储蓄,笑而不答。我在心中既恼火又懊丧:这么简单的道理,这么明显的答案,到底哪儿不对了?! 奥妙就在于提出问题的“层次”。不同于政策研究报告,学术文章聚集理论层面、解决理论问题。理论是由一系列前设和术语构造的逻辑体系。 特定领域的理论有其特定的概念、范畴和研究范式。只有在相同的概念、视角和范式下,理论才能够对话;只有通过对话,理论才能够发展。 极少有硕博论文是创造新理论的,能这样当然最好,但难度很大。我们多数是在既有理论的基础上加以发展,因此,在提出问题时,要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。 审视我最初提出的问题“中国半导体产业为什么发展不起来”,这仅仅是对现象的探询,而非有待求证的理论命题。我的理论命题是:“中国产业政策过程是精英主导的共识过程吗?”在这个命题中,“政策过程”、“精英政治”、“共识诉求”三个术语勾勒出研究的理论大体范围和视角。 简历下载 其次,选择问题是一个“剥笋”的过程。理论问题总是深深地隐藏在纷繁复杂的现实背后,而发现理论问题,则需要运用理论思维的能力。 理论思维的训练是一个长期积累的过程。不过初学者也不必望而却步,大体上可以分“三步走”:第一步,先划定一个“兴趣范围”,如半导体产业、信息产业、农村医疗、高等教育体制等,广泛浏览相关的媒体报道、 *** 文献和学术文章,找到其中的“症结”或“热点”。 第二步,总结以往的研究者大体从哪些理论视角来分析“症结”或“热点”、运用了哪些理论工具,如公共财政的视角、社会冲突范式等。第三步,考察问题的可研究性,也就是我们自己的研究空间和研究的可行性。 例如,西方的理论是否无法解释中国的问题?或者同一个问题能否用不同的理论来解释?或者理论本身的前提假设、逻辑推演是否存在缺陷?通过回答这些问题,我们找到自己研究的立足点。不过还要注意我们研究在规定的一到两年时间内,是否可能完成?资料获取是否可行?等等。 最后,如何陈述问题?陈述问题实质上就是凝练核心观点的过程。观点应当来自对现实问题的思考和总结,而不是为了套理论而“削足适”。 中国的政治、经济和社会发展充满动态的、丰富的景象,如何才能用恰当的术语、准确的逻辑表述出来呢?雄心勃勃的初学者往往提出宏伟的概念或框架,但我的建议是尽可能缩小研究范围、明确研究对象,从而理清对象的内存逻辑,保证能在有限的时间内完成规范的? 简历吧 术论文。如“中国半导体产业政策研究”就是一个非常含糊的陈述,我们可以从几个方面来收缩话题:( 1 )时间:从 1980 年到 2000 年;( 2 )对象: *** 的叛乱者和决策行为,而不是市场、企业、治理结构等;( 3 )视角:政治和 *** 理论中的精英研究;( 4 )案例: 908 工程、 909 工程、 13 号文件和《电子振兴》,这是发生在 1980 - 2000 年间半导体政策领域的两个重大工程和两个重要文件。 通过这样的明确界定,我们将目光集中在“政策过程”、“精英”、“共识”几个显而易见的概念上,问题也就水落石出了。同时,问题清楚了,我们在筛选信息和资料时也就有了明确的标准,在这个“信息冗余”的时代,能够大大提高研究效率。 二、 如何做文献综述 首先需要将“文献综述( Literature Review) ”与“背景描述 (Backupground Description) ”区分开来。我们在选择研究问题的时候,需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉,如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外 *** 发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等,这些内容属于“背景描述”,关注的是现实层面的问题,严格讲不是“文献综述”,关注的是现实层面问题,严格讲不是“文献综述”。 “文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。其次,文献综述是评论性的( Review 就是“评论”的意思),因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光 (critical thinking) 来归纳和评论文献,而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。 评论的主线,要按照问题展开,也就是说,别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的,他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷?要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题,那就没有重复研究的必要了。 简历 清楚了文献综述的意涵,现来说说怎么做文献综述。 虽说,尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度,但如果缺乏标准,就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。 技巧一:瞄准主流。 主流文献,如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等,是做文献综述的“必修课”。而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论,虽然多少有点价值,但时间精力所限,可以从简。 怎样摸清该领域的主流呢?建议从以下几条途径入手:一是图书馆的中外学术期刊,找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”,留意它们的参考文献。 论文的开题报告怎么写啊? 开题报告主要包括以下几个方面: (一)论文名称 论文名称就是课题的名字 第一,名称要准确、规范。 准确就是论文的名称要把论文研究的问题是什么,研究的对象是什么交待清楚,论文的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致,不能太大,也不能太小,要准确地把你研究的对象、问题概括出来。 第二,名称要简洁,不能太长。 不管是论文或者课题,名称都不能太长,能不要的字就尽量不要,一般不要超过20个字。 (二) 论文研究的目的、意义 研究的目的、意义也就是为什么要研究、研究它有什么价值。 这一般可以先从现实需要方面去论述,指出现实当中存在这个问题,需要去研究,去解决,本论文的研究有什么实际作用,然后,再写论文的理论和学术价值。这些都要写得具体一点,有针对性一点,不能漫无边际地空喊口号。 主要内容包括:⑴ 研究的有关背景(课题的提出): 即根据什么、受什么启发而搞这项研究。 ⑵ 通过分析本地(校) 的教育教学实际,指出为什么要研究该课题,研究的价值,要解决的问题。 (三) 本论文国内外研究的历史和现状(文献综述)。 规范些应该有,如果是小课题可以省略。 一般包括:掌握其研究的广度、深度、已取得的成果;寻找有待进一步研究的问题,从而确定本课题研究的平台(起点)、研究的特色或突破点。 (四)论文研究的指导思想 指导思想就是在宏观上应坚持什么方向,符合什么要求等,这个方向或要求可以是哲学、政治理论,也可以是 *** 的教育发展规划,也可以是有关研究问题的指导性意见等。 (五) 论文写作的目标 论文写作的目标也就是课题最后要达到的具体目的,要解决哪些具体问题,也就是本论文研究要达到的预定目标:即本论文写作的目标定位,确定目标时要紧扣课题,用词要准确、精练、明了。 常见存在问题是:不写研究目标;目标扣题不紧;目标用词不准确; 目标定得过高, 对预定的目标没有进行研究或无法进行研究。 确定论文写作目标时,一方面要考虑课题本身的要求,另一方面要考率实际的工作条件与工作水平。 (六)论文的基本内容 研究内容要更具体、明确。 并且一个目标可能要通过几方面的研究内容来实现,他们不一定是一一对应的关系。大家在确定研究内容的时候,往往考虑的不是很具体,写出来的研究内容特别笼统、模糊,把写作的目的、意义当作研究内容。 基本内容一般包括:⑴对论文名称的界说。应尽可能明确三点:研究的对象、研究的问题、研究的方法。 ⑵本论文写作有关的理论、名词、术语、概念的界说。 (七)论文写作的方法 具体的写作方法可从下面选定: 观察法、调查法、实验法、经验总结法、 个案法、比较研究法、文献资料法等。 (八)论文写作的步骤 论文写作的步骤,也就是论文写作在时间和顺序上的安排。论文写作的步骤要充分考虑研究内容的相互关系和难易程度,一般情况下,都是从基础问题开始,分阶段进行,每个阶段从什么时间开始,至什么时间结束都要有规定。 课题研究的主要步骤和时间安排包括:整个研究拟分为哪几个阶段;各阶段的起止时间。 毕业论文开题报告怎样写?范文! 一、如何选择问题 我一起萦绕于怀的,是在写博士论文开题报告的一年多时间里,导师薛澜教授反复追问的一个问题:“你的 puzzle 是什么?”多少次我不假思索地回答“我的问题就是,中国的半导体产业为什么发展不起来。” 薛老师问题以其特有的储蓄,笑而不答。我在心中既恼火又懊丧:这么简单的道理,这么明显的答案,到底哪儿不对了?!奥妙就在于提出问题的“层次”。 不同于政策研究报告,学术文章聚集理论层面、解决理论问题。理论是由一系列前设和术语构造的逻辑体系。 特定领域的理论有其特定的概念、范畴和研究范式。只有在相同的概念、视角和范式下,理论才能够对话;只有通过对话,理论才能够发展。 极少有硕博论文是创造新理论的,能这样当然最好,但难度很大。我们多数是在既有理论的基础上加以发展,因此,在提出问题时,要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。 审视我最初提出的问题“中国半导体产业为什么发展不起来”,这仅仅是对现象的探询,而非有待求证的理论命题。我的理论命题是:“中国产业政策过程是精英主导的共识过程吗?”在这个命题中,“政策过程”、“精英政治”、“共识诉求”三个术语勾勒出研究的理论大体范围和视角。 其次,选择问题是一个“剥笋”的过程。理论问题总是深深地隐藏在纷繁复杂的现实背后,而发现理论问题,则需要运用理论思维的能力。 理论思维的训练是一个长期积累的过程。不过初学者也不必望而却步,大体上可以分“三步走”:第一步,先划定一个“兴趣范围”,如半导体产业、信息产业、农村医疗、高等教育体制等,广泛浏览相关的媒体报道、 *** 文献和学术文章,找到其中的“症结”或“热点”。 第二步,总结以往的研究者大体从哪些理论视角来分析“症结”或“热点”、运用了哪些理论工具,如公共财政的视角、社会冲突范式等。第三步,考察问题的可研究性,也就是我们自己的研究空间和研究的可行性。 例如,西方的理论是否无法解释中国的问题?或者同一个问题能否用不同的理论来解释?或者理论本身的前提假设、逻辑推演是否存在缺陷?通过回答这些问题,我们找到自己研究的立足点。不过还要注意我们研究在规定的一到两年时间内,是否可能完成?资料获取是否可行?等等。 最后,如何陈述问题?陈述问题实质上就是凝练核心观点的过程。观点应当来自对现实问题的思考和总结,而不是为了套理论而“削足适履”。 中国的政治、经济和社会发展充满动态的、丰富的景象,如何才能用恰当的术语、准确的逻辑表述出来呢?雄心勃勃的初学者往往提出宏伟的概念或框架,但我的建议是尽可能缩小研究范围、明确研究对象,从而理清对象的内存逻辑,保证能在有限的时间内完成规范的学 术论文。如“中国半导体产业政策研究”就是一个非常含糊的陈述,我们可以从几个方面来收缩话题:( 1 )时间:从 1980 年到 2000 年;( 2 )对象: *** 的叛乱者和决策行为,而不是市场、企业、治理结构等;( 3 )视角:政治和 *** 理论中的精英研究;( 4 )案例: 908 工程、 909 工程、 13 号文件和《电子振兴》,这是发生在 1980 - 2000 年间半导体政策领域的两个重大工程和两个重要文件。 通过这样的明确界定,我们将目光集中在“政策过程”、“精英”、“共识”几个显而易见的概念上,问题也就水落石出了。同时,问题清楚了,我们在筛选信息和资料时也就有了明确的标准,在这个“信息冗余”的时代,能够大大提高研究效率。 二、 如何做文献综述 首先需要将“文献综述( Literature Review) ”与“背景描述 (Backupground Description) ”区分开来。我们在选择研究问题的时候,需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉,如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外 *** 发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等,这些内容属于“背景描述”,关注的是现实层面的问题,严格讲不是“文献综述”,关注的是现实层面问题,严格讲不是“文献综述”。 “文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。其次,文献综述是评论性的( Review 就是“评论”的意思),因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光 (critical thinking) 来归纳和评论文献,而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。 评论的主线,要按照问题展开,也就是说,别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的,他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷?要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题,那就没有重复研究的必要了。清楚了文献综述的意涵,现来说说怎么做文献综述。 虽说,尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度,但如果缺乏标准,就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。技巧一:瞄准主流。 主流文献,如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等,是做文献综述的“必修课”。而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论,虽然多少有点价值,但时间精力所限,可以从简。 怎样摸清该领域的主流呢?建议从以下几条途径入手:一是图书馆的中外学术期刊,找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”,留意它们的参考文献。质量较高的学术文章,通常是不会忽略该领域的主流、经典。

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