通信英文翻译论文参考文献

基于WIN CE的ADSL线路参数研究ADSL line parameters research based on WIN CE CE (also known officially as Windows Embedded CE since version [2][3], and sometimes abbreviated WinCE) is a variation of Microsoft's Windows operating system for minimalistic computers and embedded systems. Windows CE is a distinctly different kernel, rather than a trimmed-down version of desktop Windows. It is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded which is NT-based. It is supported on Intel x86 and compatibles, MIPS, ARM, and Hitachi SuperH CE is optimized for devices that have minimal storage—a Windows CE kernel may run in under a megabyte of memory. Devices are often configured without disk storage, and may be configured as a “closed” system that does not allow for end-user extension (for instance, it can be burned into ROM). Windows CE conforms to the definition of a real-time operating system, with a deterministic interrupt latency. It supports 256 priority levels and uses priority inheritance for dealing with priority inversion. The fundamental unit of execution is the thread. This helps to simplify the interface and improve execution has stated that the ‘CE’ is not an intentional initialism, but many people believe CE stands for ‘Consumer Electronics’ or ‘Compact Edition’; users often disparagingly called it “Wince”.[4] Microsoft says it implies a number of Windows CE design precepts, including “Compact, Connectable, Compatible, Companion, and Efficient.”[5] The first version, known during development under the codename “Pegasus”, featured a Windows-like GUI and a number of Microsoft's popular applications, all trimmed down for smaller storage, memory, and speed of the palmtops of the then, Windows CE has evolved into a component-based, embedded, real-time operating system. It is no longer targeted solely at hand-held computers. Many platforms have been based on the core Windows CE operating system, including Microsoft's AutoPC, Pocket PC 2000, Pocket PC 2002, Windows Mobile 2003, Windows Mobile 2003 SE, Windows Mobile , Windows Mobile 6, Smartphone 2002, Smartphone 2003 and many industrial devices and embedded systems. Windows CE even powered select games for the Sega Dreamcast, was the operating system of the controversial Gizmondo handheld, and can partially run on modified Microsoft Xbox game distinctive feature of Windows CE compared to other Microsoft operating systems is that large parts of it are offered in source code form. First, source code was offered to several vendors, so they could adjust it to their hardware. Then products like Platform Builder (an integrated environment for Windows CE OS image creation and integration, or customized operating system designs based on CE) offered several components in source code form to the general public. However, a number of core components that do not need adaptation to specific hardware environments (other than the CPU family) are still distributed in binary form toolsVisual StudioLate versions of Microsoft Visual Studio support projects for Windows CE / Windows Mobile, producing executable programs and platform images either as an emulator or attached by cable to an actual mobile device. A mobile device is not necessary to develop a CE program. The .NET Compact Framework supports a subset of the .NET Framework with projects in C# and , but not Managed C++.Platform BuilderThis programming tool is used for building the platform (BSP + Kernel), device drivers (shared source or custom made) and also the application. This is a one step environment to get the system up and running. One can also use Platform Builder to export an SDK (standard development kit) for the target microprocessor (SuperH, x86, MIPS, ARM etc.) to be used with another associated tool set named Visual C++ (eVC)The Embedded Visual C++ tool is for development of embedded application for Windows CE based devices. This tool can be used standalone using the SDK exported from Platform Builder or using the Platform Builder using the Platform Manager connectivity to Windows Mobile, Pocket PC, and SmartPhoneOften Windows CE, Windows Mobile, and Pocket PC are used interchangeably. This practice is not entirely accurate. Windows CE is a modular/componentized operating system that serves as the foundation of several classes of devices. Some of these modules provide subsets of other components' features (. varying levels of windowing support; DCOM vs COM), others which are mutually exclusive (Bitmap or TrueType font support), and others which add additional features to another component. One can buy a kit (the Platform Builder) which contains all these components and the tools with which to develop a custom platform. Applications such as Excel Mobile/Pocket Excel are not part of this kit. The older Handheld PC version of Pocket Word and several other older applications are included as samples, Mobile is best described as a subset of platforms based on a Windows CE underpinning. Currently, Pocket PC (now called Windows Mobile Classic), SmartPhone (Windows Mobile Standard), and PocketPC Phone Edition (Windows Mobile Professional) are the three main platforms under the Windows Mobile umbrella. Each platform utilizes different components of Windows CE, as well as supplemental features and applications suited for their respective PC and Windows Mobile is a Microsoft-defined custom platform for general PDA use, and consists of a Microsoft-defined set of minimum profiles (Professional Edition, Premium Edition) of software and hardware that is supported. The rules for manufacturing a Pocket PC device are stricter than those for producing a custom Windows CE-based platform. The defining characteristics of the Pocket PC are the digitizer as the primary Human Interface Device and its extremely portable SmartPhone platform is a feature rich OS and interface for cellular phone handsets. SmartPhone offers productivity features to business users, such as email, as well as multimedia capabilities for consumers. The SmartPhone interface relies heavily on joystick navigation and PhonePad input. Devices running SmartPhone do not include a touchscreen interface. SmartPhone devices generally resemble other cellular handset form factors, whereas most Phone Edition devices use a PDA form factor with a larger Mobile 5 supports USB and new devices running this OS will also conform to the USB Mass Storage Class, meaning the storage on PPC can be accessed from any USB-equipped PC, without requiring any extra software, except requiring a compliant host. In other words, you can use it as a flash productsCompetitors to consumer CE based PDA platforms like Pocket PC – the main application of Windows CE – are Java, Symbian OS, Palm OS, iPhone OS and Linux based packages like Qtopia Embedded Linux environment from Trolltech, Convergent Linux Platform from a La Mobile, and Access Linux Platform from Orange and secondary usage of CE is in devices in need of graphical user interfaces, (point of sale terminals, media centers, web tablets, thin clients) as the main selling point CE is the look and feel being similar to desktop Windows. The competition is Windows XP, Linux and graphical packages for simpler embedded operating an RTOS, Windows CE is also theoretically a competitor to any realtime operating system in the embedded space, like VxWorks, ITRON or eCos. The dominating method, however, of mixing Windows look and feel with realtime on the same hardware, is to run double operating systems using some virtualization technology, like TRANGO Hypervisor from TRANGO Virtual Processors or Intime from TenAsys in the case of Windows, and OS Ware from VirtualLogix, Padded Cell from Green Hills Software, OKL4 from Open Kernel Labs, TRANGO Hypervisor from TRANGO Virtual Processors, RTS Hypervisor from Real-Time Systems or PikeOS from Sysgo, in case of the Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. It does this by utilizing frequencies that are not used by a voice telephone call. A splitter - or microfilter - allows a single telephone connection to be used for both ADSL service and voice calls at the same time. Because phone lines vary in quality and were not originally engineered with DSL in mind, it can generally only be used over short distances, typically less than 3mi ( km) [William Stallings' book].At the telephone exchange the line generally terminates at a DSLAM where another frequency splitter separates the voice band signal for the conventional phone network. Data carried by the ADSL is typically routed over the telephone company's data network and eventually reaches a conventional internet network. In the UK under British Telecom the data network in question is its ATM network which in turn sends it to its IP network IP distinguishing characteristic of ADSL over other forms of DSL is that the volume of data flow is greater in one direction than the other, . it is asymmetric. Providers usually market ADSL as a service for consumers to connect to the Internet in a relatively passive mode: able to use the higher speed direction for the "download" from the Internet but not needing to run servers that would require high speed in the other are both technical and marketing reasons why ADSL is in many places the most common type offered to home users. On the technical side, there is likely to be more crosstalk from other circuits at the DSLAM end (where the wires from many local loops are close to each other) than at the customer premises. Thus the upload signal is weakest at the noisiest part of the local loop, while the download signal is strongest at the noisiest part of the local loop. It therefore makes technical sense to have the DSLAM transmit at a higher bit rate than does the modem on the customer end. Since the typical home user in fact does prefer a higher download speed, the telephone companies chose to make a virtue out of necessity, hence ADSL. On the marketing side, limiting upload speeds limits the attractiveness of this service to business customers, often causing them to purchase higher cost Digital Signal 1 services instead. In this fashion, it segments the digital communications market between business and home usersHow ADSL worksOn the wireCurrently, most ADSL communication is full duplex. Full duplex ADSL communication is usually achieved on a wire pair by either frequency division duplex (FDD), echo canceling duplex (ECD), or time division duplexing (TDD). FDM uses two separate frequency bands, referred to as the upstream and downstream bands. The upstream band is used for communication from the end user to the telephone central office. The downstream band is used for communicating from the central office to the end user. With standard ADSL (annex A), the band from kHz to 138 kHz is used for upstream communication, while 138 kHz – 1104 kHz is used for downstream communication. Each of these is further divided into smaller frequency channels of kHz. During initial training, the ADSL modem tests which of the available channels have an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio. The distance from the telephone exchange, noise on the copper wire, or interference from AM radio stations may introduce errors on some frequencies. By keeping the channels small, a high error rate on one frequency thus need not render the line unusable: the channel will not be used, merely resulting in reduced throughput on an otherwise functional ADSL may support usage of higher frequencies as a proprietary extension to the standard. However, this requires matching vendor-supplied equipment on both ends of the line, and will likely result in crosstalk issues that affect other lines in the same is a direct relationship between the number of channels available and the throughput capacity of the ADSL connection. The exact data capacity per channel depends on the modulation method used.[edit] ModulationADSL initially existed in two flavours (similar to VDSL), namely CAP and DMT. CAP was the de facto standard for ADSL deployments up until 1996, deployed in 90 percent of ADSL installs at the time. However, DMT was chosen for the first ITU-T ADSL standards, and (also called and respectively). Therefore all modern installations of ADSL are based on the DMT modulation J and M shift the upstream/downstream frequency split up to 276 kHz (from 138 kHz used in the commonly deployed annex A) in order to boost upstream rates. Additionally, the "all-digital-loop" variants of ADSL2 and ADSL2+ (annexes I and J) support an extra 256 kbit/s of upstream if the bandwidth normally used for POTS voice calls is allocated for ADSL the ADSL access utilizes the MHz band, ADSL2+ utilizes the MHz downstream and upstream rates displayed are theoretical maxima. Note also that because Digital subscriber line access multiplexers and ADSL modems may have been implemented based on differing or incomplete standards some manufacturers may advertise different speeds. For example, Ericsson has several devices that support non-standard upstream speeds of up to 2 Mbit/s in ADSL2 and ADSL2+.[edit] Installation issuesDue to the way it uses the frequency spectrum, ADSL deployment presents some issues. It is necessary to install appropriate frequency filters at the customer's premises, to avoid interferences with the voice service, while at the same time taking care to keep a clean signal level for the ADSL the early days of DSL, installation required a technician to visit the premises. A splitter was installed near the demarcation point, from which a dedicated data line was installed. This way, the DSL signal is separated earlier and is not attenuated inside the customer premises. However, this procedure is costly, and also caused problems with customers complaining about having to wait for the technician to perform the installation. As a result, many DSL vendors started offering a self-install option, in which they ship equipment and instructions to the customer. Instead of separating the DSL signal at the demarcation point, the opposite is done: the DSL signal is "filtered off" at each phone outlet by use of a low pass filter, also known as microfilter. This method does not require any rewiring inside the customer side effect of the move to the self-install model is that the DSL signal can be degraded, especially if more than 5 voiceband devices are connected to the line. The DSL signal is now present on all telephone wiring in the building, causing attenuation and echo. A way to circumvent this is to go back to the original model, and install one filter upstream from all telephone jacks in the building, except for the jack to which the DSL modem will be connected. Since this requires wiring changes by the customer and may not work on some household telephone wiring, it is rarely done. It is usually much easier to install filters at each telephone jack that is in use.

空间遥感方法对压场 方向性估计。 一，导言 为外地的方向性品种的估计技术 研究文献[1] - [5]。因此，理论分析 之间的水听器阵列输出的关系 噪声场中[1]进行 - [5]。发达国家技术 是基于阵列波束输出或crossspectral 数组元素之间的产出[4] - [5矩阵]。那个 问题是在海洋领域的方向性估计使用， 水平线拖曳阵还讨论了文献[5] - [8]。最近，到达方向和领域的方向性问题 提出传感器阵列估计吸引了 新的兴趣[9] - [12]。结果表明，数组的议案 数组可以提高性能假设时间相干性 连续样本[10] - [11]。在[12]，波场 抽样方法，利用了线性关系 现场的噪音和多波束形成产出集合 各阵列方向提出。结果表明： 波场抽样（是）方法优于其他测试 方法。该算法通过实施递归 估算方法及其收敛性的独特的解决方案 是许诺的方针和一系列具体规定 波束研究方向。然而，一个正确的方法 阵列波束的方向和研究方向序列 选择仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。 该油田的方向性估计质量是决定 的角分辨率。较高的角分辨率 是，在远场的来源更准确的估计， 和更好的检测性能可以实现的。其中 在阵列信号处理的基本关系是： 的角分辨率是成正比的数目 数组的元素[13]。这种关系的愿望激励 更长的阵列，可以实现更高的分辨率。不幸地， 违反规定的实施和 安装限制，激励短阵列。而且， 较长的数组执行机动平台 如无人（无人潜航器），水下机器人，甚至可以 不可能的[14]。这些矛盾的追求激励 替代阵列信号处理方法。 通常，外地方向性被建模为有限集合 强远场窄带源和各向同性低功率 噪音[1]。在这项工作中，该字段的方向性模型 采用以下方式。首先，轴承角 空间均匀取样到大量的离散 角度。其次，假定醚的高能量 对应于远场强来源或低能量 对应于各向同性噪声的传感器接收 阵列从这些离散方位角每个。

英文论文参考文献格式如下：

一、学术论文英文参考文献标注格式

按照现行规定，学术期刊中论文参考文献的标注采用顺序编码制，即在文内的引文处按引用文献在论文中出现的先后顺序以阿拉伯数字连续编码，序号置于方括号内。同一文献在一文中被反复引用者，用同一序号标示。

这一规定使得所列文献简洁明了，应该引起论文作者注意。英文参考文献和中文参考文献一样，按在文中出现的先后顺序与中文文献混合连续编码著录;英文文献用印刷体；英文书名、期刊名和报纸名等用斜体；所列项目及次序与中文文献相同，但文献类型可不标出；忌用中文叙述英文。其格式为：

专著、论文集、学位论文、报告主要责任者。文献题名。出版地：出版者，出版年。起止页码。示例：Day,C.,Veen, Walraven,G. Children and youth at risk and urban education. Research, policy and prac-tice. Leuven/Apeldoorn:Garant. 1997.

期刊文章：主要责任者。文献题名。刊名，年，卷(期)：起止页码。示例：Driessen,G.,& Van der Grinten,M. Home language proficiency in the Netherland:The evaluation of Turkish andMoroccan bilingual programmes- A critical review, Studies in Educational Evaluation,1994, 20(3)：365- 386.

论文集中的析出文献析出文献主要责任者。析出文献题名。原文献主要责任者(任选)。原文献题名。出版地：出版者，出版年。析出文献起止页码。

示例：Driessen,G.,Mulder,L.,& Jungbluth,P. Structural and cultural determinants of educational opportunities in theNetherlands. In (Ed.)，Root and migration in global perspective. Jerusalem:Magnes . 104.

二、关于英文人名的标注

现行编排规范对英文人名如何标注未作明确要求，英文人名的标注较为混乱，有标注全名的，有标注时将名缩写、姓不缩写、保持原来顺序的，还有在姓、名之间加圆点的，后者是我国翻译作品中，中文书写外国人名经常采用的一种方式。

其实，标注英文人名是有章可循的，在国外学术著作的参考文献中，关于人名的标注已约定俗成为一种统一的格式，即英文参考文献标注作者姓名时，要求姓在前、名在后，姓与名之间用逗号隔开，姓的词首字母大写，其余字母不大写;名用词首大写字母表示，后加缩写符号圆点，缩写符号不可省略。由于欧美国家人的姓名排列一般是名在前、姓在后，在标注时必须加以调整。如Georg Paghet Thomson，前面两个词是名，最后一个词是姓，应标注为Thomson,G. P为什么要如此标注呢？

1. 在应用计算机等信息工具进行英文文献检索时，以英文作者姓名中的姓作为依据之一，即以姓作为检索目标之一。

2. 在欧美人姓名表达含义里，姓比名的重要性更强、更正式。用姓而不是名来代表作者，还有尊重、礼貌的意味。名缩写后加缩写符号圆点，也含有正式、尊重和礼貌的意味，缩写符号不可省略。

3. 表示与平常书写姓名的不同，体现学术论文重要性、简约性和准确性的要求，符合科研论文文体风格。这种标注在英文学术著作、科技文献中已广泛采用，也容易被广大读者、作者理解、接受。

对于复姓情况，如Jory Albores-Saavedra等，在引用标注时，应将复姓全部写出，即Albores-Saavedra, J对于姓前带有冠词或介词的情况，如带有Mac,Le,Von,Van den等，标注时不能省略，应同姓一起提到前面标注，如Mac Donald,La Fontaina,Von Eschenbach,Van den Bery等。

一个参考文献有两位或两位以上作者时，标注时除按上述要求将每位作者的姓提前书写外，作者与作者之间用逗号分开，最后一位作者前加&符号，如示例[1],也可仅保留前三位作者，之后加etc.表示。

参考文献的引用应当实事求是、科学合理，不可以为了凑数随便引用。下文是我为大家整理的关于翻译论文英文参考文献的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!

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2. 邵志洪. 《翻译理论、实践与评析》. 上海：华东理工大学出版社, 2003.

3. 邵志洪. 《英汉语研究与对比》. 上海：华东理工大学出版社, 1997.

4. 申丹. 《文学文体学与小说翻译》. 北京：北京大学出版社. 1995.

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9. 申雨平(编). 《西方翻译理论精选》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002.

10. 沈少华. 《英语趣味修辞格》. 北京：语文出版社, 1999.

11. 思果. 《译道探微》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2002.

12. 孙全洲. 《现代汉语学习词典》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1996.

13. 孙晓丽. 《广告英语与实例》. 北京：中国广播电视出版社, 1995.

14. 孙致礼. 《1949-1966：我国英美文学翻译概论》. 南京：译林出版社. 1996.

15. 谭载喜. 《翻译学》. 武汉：湖北教育出版社. 2000.

16. 谭载喜. 《新编奈达论翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1999.

17. 倜西、董乐山等(编). 《英汉翻译手册》. 北京：商务印书馆国际有限公司. 2002.

1. 王德春. 《语言学通论》. 南京：江苏教育出版社, 1990.

2. 王逢鑫. 《英汉比较语义学》. 北京：外文出版社, 2001.

3. 王还(主编). 《汉英对比论文集》. 北京：北京语言学院出版社. 1993.

4. 王季思. 《中国十大古典喜剧集》. 上海：上海文艺出版社, 1982.

5. 王克非. 《翻译文化史论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 1997.

6. 王令坤(主编). 《英汉翻译技巧》. 上海：上海交通大学出版社. 1998.

7. 王希杰. 《汉语修辞学》. 北京：北京出版社, 1983.

8. 王希杰. 《修辞学导论》. 杭州：浙江教育出版社, 2000.

9. 王佐良、丁往道. 《英语文体学引论》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1990.

10. 王佐良. 《翻译：思考与试笔》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989.

11. 魏志成. 《英汉语比较导论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2003.

12. 魏志成. 《英汉语比较导论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2003.

13. 翁显良. 《意态由来画不成?》 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983.

1. 陈保亚 20 世纪中国语言学方法论 济南：山东教育出版社，1999

2. 丁言仁 英语语言学纲要 上海：上海外语出版社，2001

3. 费尔迪南 德 索绪尔 普通语言学教程 长沙：湖南教育出版社，2001

4. 冯翠华 英语修辞大全 北京：商务印书馆，1996

5. 桂诗春，宁春言主编 语言学方法论 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998

6. 桂诗春 应用语言学长沙：湖南教育出版社，1998

7. 何兆熊 新编语用学概要 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000

8. 何自然 语用学与英语学习 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997

9. 侯维瑞 英语语体 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1988

10. 胡壮麟 语言学教程(修订版)北京：北京大学出版社，2001

11. 黄国文 语篇与语言的功能 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002

12. 黄国文 语篇分析概要长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988