商业银行论文范文文献

这里有无数的银行营销类的文章

金融学 方面的论文在 轻风论文网 很多的哦，之前我就找上面的老师帮忙指导的。相对于网上很多个人和小机构要好很多，我之前找的 轻风论文 王老师咨询的，非常专业的说这里还有些 资料，你看看中外商业银行核心竞 争力的比较研究核心竞争力存在于一切 以战略优势取胜的组织，商业银行 亦不例外。以往研究商业银行竞争的诸多文献只是停留在竞争的表象，未能深入探究 商业银行竞争的本质——核心竞争力的较量。把商业银行的竞争上升到核心竞争力的高度 是本文的理论创新，基于银行价值链的核心竞争力的构建成为本 文的理论纵深。 文章仔细剖析了中外 商业银行的竞争优势与劣势，在此基础上比较了双方的核心竞争力。文章认为 ，国外商业很行的核心竞争 力来源于价值链整合 层面的能力势差，而我国商业银行的核心竞争力则来 源于价值链资源层面的能力势差，即所 谓的本土优势。然而，我国商业银行的这种核心优 势还具有某些局限性，因此，作者通过改进后 的银行价值链重新构建了其核心竞争力的培育 模式，以迎接外资商业银行的挑战，并就我国商业银行培育核心竞争力提出了相应的 战略措施。不懂的你上 轻风论文网 自己看吧

贷前风险管理是银行业务的核心。目前,我国商业银行不良资产的比例普遍偏高,信贷风险是我国商业银行面临的主要金融风险。下面是我为大家整理的银行信贷风险论文，供大家参考。

摘要：本文从对商业银行信贷风险的概述入手，分析国有商业银行现代风险产生的原因，当前信贷风险管理中存在的问题的基础上，通过对国有商业银行信贷风险管理制度的探讨，进而提出防范信贷风险的对策。

关键词：商业银行信贷风险信贷风险管理制度

一、商业银行信贷风险概述

信贷资产是商业银行的主要金融业务，商业银行的信贷风险主要是指在商业银行经营信贷业务的风险总和，即商业银行在经营货币和信用业务过程中，由于各种不利因素引起货币资金不能按时回流，不能保值的可能性。

二、商业银行信贷风险形成的原因并进行分析

信贷风险产生的原因纷繁复杂，从其产生来源可将信贷风险看作商业银行自身原因，借款企业原因和外部环境的原因。

***一***商业银行自身的原因

从银行自身来看，是否能够有效防范风险，主要取决于商业银行化改革能否完善。自银行商业化改革以来，围绕建立现代银行制度，各商业银行都进行了积极的探索，特别是在控制和防范风险的发生上。都相应制定了一系列严格的规章制度，但由于这些改革没有从根本上触及产权制度，没有真正解决责、权、利问题，因此造成银行自身管理监督体系不科学，在不同程度上失去了降低不良贷款的时机。

***二***借款企业的原因

从巨集观经济角度来看，是否能够有效防范风险，主要取决于企业改革是否顺利完成。目前我国商业银行的信贷资产中70%以上集中于原国有企业和集体企业，它们改革成功与否和经营状况是否好转是信贷资产质量提高的基础。

***三***外部环境的原因

首先。社会信用环境缺失。由于我国当前经济正处于转轨时期，社会信用体系没有建立，社会上坑蒙拐，欠债不还，金融欺诈的失信现象时有发生。其次，法制不健全。一系列与信贷密切相关的法律法规尚未出台，而且出台的这些法律本身内容过于简单，缺乏可操作性，有些甚至与国家政策相悖。 三、商业银行信贷管理中的问题

1.基础管理工作薄弱，信贷档案资料漏缺严重。主要表现为借款人和保证人的财务资料，贷款抵押凭证，贷后检查报告，催收通知书等资料的漏缺。信贷档案是银行发放、管理、收回贷款这一完整过程的记录，它的漏缺，尤其是有些法律档案不全，不仅对贷款的风险分析造成困难，也构成了依法收贷的障碍。

2.没有严格执行贷款审贷分离制度。主要表现在：审贷分离机构设定迟缓;审贷分离机构流于形式，如信贷人员常常在贷款审批欠已填好贷款合同、借据等法律档案和放款凭证，出现合同签订日期和贷款借据日期早于贷款审批日期，贷款金额和期限与审批金额和期限不同等现象。

3.贷款“三查”制度不落实。主要表现为：一是贷前调查流于形式;二是贷中审查报送不严;三是贷后检查对贷款人贷款使用情况跟踪表面化，忽视对借款人贷后资信情况、抵押物、质押物的变化情况以及保证人经营情况和负债的变化进行跟踪调查。

4.贷款经办人员法律知识薄弱，法律意识不强，贷款失去法律保护。主要有以下几个方面的问题;***1***保证人主体资格不符合法律规定的要求;***2***一些商业银行未对抵押物、质押物的合法性，有效性进行认真审查;***3***按照《担保法》规定必须办理抵押登记的，未按法律规定办理抵押登记，造成抵押行为无效;***4***变更主合同主要条款，延长主债务的履行期限或者加重主债务人债务数额，未征得保证人同意，致使保证合同无效和部分无效;***5***不能充分利用法律有关诉讼时效中断或中止得规定，维护银行得依法收贷权。

5.内部监督机制不健全，信贷管理制度存在漏洞，忽视对管理者的管理。主要表现在：***1***一些基层行长权力过大，监督约束机制没有真正起到作用，造成一些基层行长乱批贷款、乱投资、乱担保等;***2***贷款责任无法落实，最终导致无人负责，不了了。***3***行长经营目标考核办法不科学，助长了行长经营上的短期行为。为了完成指标任务，不得不采取违规的做法。

6.违规帐外经营严重。违规帐外经营是目前商业银行信贷管理中的一个重要问题。其违规经营主要采取私设帐外帐，乱用科目，调整帐表和绕规模贷款等形式，并主要投向房地产公司或其他高风险受益领域。由于帐外经营是在隐蔽情况下进行的，这部分资产没有处于有效的监督之下，甚至参与了违法犯罪活动，因而这部分信贷资产处于巨大的风险中。

四、商业银行信贷管理对策

信贷资产质量的好坏，不仅直接决定着银行自身以至金融业能否生存发展，而且对整个经济的发展和社会的稳定有着重要的影响。因此，如何防范信贷风险，是一个具有现实意义的重要课题。立足于标本兼治，我们应借鉴国际银行业先进风险管理经验，对国有商业银行进行信贷风险管理。

首先要加快金融改革步伐。首先四大国有商业银行要加快商业化程序，彻底地改革信贷管理体制，科学地制定贷款授权授信制度，不能简单“一刀切”，靠牺牲基层活力单纯求安全。其次要加强银行内部管理。为了保证银行信贷资产质量的稳定提高，应从注意银行内部管理入手，坚持稳健的经营方针。还要优化我国商业银行的外部经营环境，比如加快利率市场化，发展资本市场，以及尽快完善贷款风险补偿机制。此外还要提高员工素质，培育全员的风险控制氛围。对于一个企业，能否生存和发展，人才是关键，商业银行也不例外。

解决我国商业银行信贷风险过高的问题是一项长期而又艰钜的任务。目前我们应努力做好加快金融改革步伐，加强银行内部管理和优化我国商业银行的外部经营环境的工作，逐步解决我国商业银行信贷风险过高问题。

参考文献：

[1]阎庆民，《中国银行业评估及预警系统研究》.中国金融出版社，2004年

[2]田永强，《系统论在银行风险管理中的问题》，金融时报，2003年

[3]杨军，《银行信用风险——理论、模型和实证分析》，2004年

[摘要]商业银行作为经营货币的金融中介组织，自有资本占比低这一特点决定了其本身具有较强的内在风险特性，而银行贷款质量的优劣，信贷资产所面临风险的大小，对银行的经营成果乃至生存发展有着至关重要的影响。目前中国商业银行信贷风险管理中存在着一定的问题和缺陷，这使得中国的商业银行在参与国际金融市场的竞争中处于不利的地位。

[关键词]商业银行;信贷风险;对策

目前，中国商业银行信贷资产风险高是金融领域面临的突出问题，银行业经营风险因此增大，为金融危机的发生留下隐患，影响中国经济的长期稳定。因此，强化信贷风险管理，提高信贷资产质量，降低不良贷款比例已成为国有商业银行当前面临的紧迫而又繁重的任务。认真分析中国商业银行信贷风险成因，解决中国商行业银行信贷风险高的问题，对于保证中国金融体系稳健高效执行，提高中国商业银行竞争力，实现经济的可持续发展，具有十分重要的理论和现实意义。

一、商业银行信贷风险成因分析

当前商业银行的信贷风险主要来自借款人造成的风险和银行管理不善造成的风险两个方面。

***一***借款人方面的信贷风险

1.借款人的收入波动和道德风险。贷款发放后，一些借款人由于收入大幅下降或暂时失业等市场原因，无法按期还款，有的虽然具备还款能力，但迟迟拖延还款，使银行信贷风险大大增加。而中国目前尚未建立起一套完备的个人信用体系，银行缺乏征询和调查借款人资信的有效手段，加之个人收入的不透明和个人征税机制的不完善，银行难以对借款人的财产、个人收入的完整性、稳定性和还款意愿等资信状况作出正确判断。

2.借款人蓄意***贷款。借款人以非法占有为目的，编造引进资金、专案等虚假理由、使用虚假的经济合同、使用虚假的证明档案、使用虚假的产权证明作担保、超出抵押物价值重复担保或者以其他方法，***银行贷款。他们得手后大多携款潜逃、挥霍或改变贷款用途，将贷款用于高风险的经济活动，造成重大经济损失，致使贷款无法偿还。

3.借款人多头贷款或透支，导致信贷风险上升。目前，国内许多银行管理不规范，各部门之间缺乏整体协调和互通机制。—些借款人抓住这一可乘之机，报送不完整的个人资讯资料，在同一银行各个部门里多头借款或进行透支，增加了银行贷款风险。

4.抵押物难以变现，贷款担保形同虚设。一旦贷款发生风险，银行通常会把贷款的抵押物作为第二还款来源，而抵押物能否顺利、足额、合法地变现，就成为银行化解信贷风险的重要环节。由于中国消费品二级市场尚处于起步阶段，交易秩序尚不规范，交易法规也不完善，各种手续十分繁琐，交易费用偏高，导致银行难以将抵押物变现，贷款抵押形同虚设。

***二***银行经营管理方面的信贷风险

1.基础工作薄弱，信贷档案资料缺漏严重。信贷档案是银行发放、管理、收回贷款这一完整过程的文字记录，而目前有些商业银行管理工作混乱，大量存在借款人和保证人的财务资料、贷款抵押凭证、贷后检查报告、催收通知书等资料的缺漏。这些重要档案的漏缺，不仅对贷款的风险分析造成困难，同时也构成了依法收贷的障碍。

2.贷款“三查”制度执行不力。“三查”工作做得不深不细，这是信贷风险产生的主要原因。一是贷前调查往往流于形式。贷前调查作为风险控制的关键环节，需要调查人员深入企业查账，核实相关资料，了解企业的产品、生产经营及管理等各种情况，通过大量的资料资料进行综合的分析研究，形成客观、公正、有决策价值的结论，但有些信贷人员只是根据企业提供的相关文字材料进行摘录、整合，做表面文章，根据这样的贷前调查报告做出的结论已经使贷款失去了安全性。二是贷中审查不严。在贷款发放过程中，信贷人员对借款人、担保人、抵押物、质押物等审查不严，造成潜在的信贷风险。如信贷人员未发现担保人主体资格不符合法律规定的要求;一些商业银行未对抵押物、质押物的合法性、有效性进行认真审查;按照《担保法》规定必须办理抵押登记的，未按法律规定办理抵押登记等等。三是贷后检查表面化。贷后检查作为风险控制的重点环节，需要信贷人员深入企业监控其经济活动和资金流向、认真分析其贷款风险变化情况。可是，信贷人员对不少贷款企业的后续管理却放松了，这是造成贷款预警机制失灵的主要原因。

3.银行管理缺乏系统性，致使潜在风险增大。现在，国内商业银行管理水平不高，各部门之间缺乏系统性的资讯互通机制，对同一个借款人的信用资讯资料分散在各个业务部门，而且相当一部分资料尚未上机进行联网管理，从而难以实现资源共享。通常，仅凭借款人身份证明、个人收入证明等比较原始的征询材料进行判断和决策，对个人的信用调查基本上依赖于借款人的自报及其就职单位的证明，对借款人的资产负债状况、社会活动及表现，有无违法纪录、有无失信情况等缺乏正常程式和有效渠道进行了解征询，导致银行和借款人之间的资讯不对称。

4.内部监督机制不健全，忽视对管理者的管理。主要表现在：***1***一些基层行长权力过大，监督约束机制没有真正起到作用，造成一些基层行长乱批贷款、乱投资、乱担保等;***2***贷款责任无法落实，最终导致无人负责，不了了之;***3***行长经营目标考核办法不科学，助长了行长经营上的短期行为，为了完成指标任务，不得不采取违规的做法。

5.违规账外经营严重。违规账外经营是目前商业银行信贷管理中的一个重要问题。其违规经营主要采取私设外账、乱用科目、调整账表和绕规模贷款等形式，并主要投向房地产公司或其他高风险收益领域。由于账外经营是在隐蔽情况下进行的，这部分资产没有处于有效的监督之下，甚至参与了违法犯罪活动，因而这部分信贷资产处于巨大的风险之中。

二、商业银行防范信贷风险的对策

综合上述风险的来源，造成商业银行信贷风险问题的根本原因在于：信贷管理机制不健全。健全的信贷管理机制应包括三个方面：信贷管理制度、信贷管理机构以及激励和约束系统。信贷管理制度主要包括授权授信规定、信贷工作程式、信贷工作每一程式的内容和目标;信贷管理机构主要解决信贷工作中的权力分工，从机构这个角度确保信贷工作中的权力受到其他部门的制约，分清信贷工作各个部门的职责，并保证各部门之间相互监督和制约;激励和约束系统致力于发挥每一位信贷工作人员的主观能动性，同时，通过明确信贷工作人员的职责分工，加大对信贷工作人员的纪律约束。因此，商业银行要建立起一套防范信贷风险的综合管理体系，具体应从以下几方面人手：

***一***充实完善各项信贷管理制度

首先，要制定完善的信贷档案管理制度，明确规定信贷档案的收集、保管、交接、检查等工作程式，并指派专人负责，定期检查、考核执行情况。其次，进一步完善以贷款风险管理为核心的授权授信、审贷分离、分级审批、集体审批、贷款“三查”等风险控制制度，同时，上级行要加强对下级行各项制度执行情况的检查，确保各项制度落到实处。

***二***建立健全信贷专门管理机构

首先要真正落实审贷分离制度，将贷款的审查权和批准权分别落实到不同的职能部门，明确贷款审查部门的工作范围、工作职责和工作目标，规范贷款审批部门的工作制度、审批内容、审批许可权、审批程式和审批责任。其次，建立专门的贷款管理委员会，针对大额贷款和疑难问题贷款进行审批决策。第三，由一个独立部门承担贷款风险评估职责。贷款风险定期评估需要独立、科学、客观地对每一笔贷款存续期间的风险状况作出量化评估，为了保证贷款风险评估的客观性、科学性、时效性，这项工作需要一个独立于信贷业务部门的其他部门来独立完成。总之，建立健全信贷专门管理机构，是为了防止信贷权力的过分集中，实行信贷决策民主化、科学化。

***三***建立科学的个人信用评价体系

随着社会个人信用制度和信用档案的建立，各银行还应根据自身业务特点和发展战略制定具体的个人信用评价体系，以此作为发放贷款的基本标准，使之从源头上发挥防范信贷风险的作用。信用评价体系可采用积分制，根据积分多少评定个人信用等级。商业银行可以通过在系统内交流“不良借款人黑名单”的形式，禁止其分支机构向不良借款人发放新的贷款，并采取有效措施及时收回旧贷款。

***四***建立可靠的贷款风险资讯系统

该系统是一个综合资讯系统，至少应包括三个部分：一是环境监测资讯系统，主要包括巨集观经济环境资讯、区域经济环境资讯、产业结构现状及未来预测资讯、同业竞争市场资讯。二是客户资讯系统，主要包括客户财务资讯、账户资讯、与客户相关的其他非财务资讯。三是信贷风险监控资讯系统，可与个人信用评价体系相结合，主要包括信贷违规性资讯、财务指标异常变化资讯、不良贷款资讯、客户监管资讯。

***五***进一步完善贷款担保制度

在现有的《担保法》基础上，要尽快健全抵押担保制度，具体应注意以下几个方面：首先，要培育规范的抵押品二级市场，使各种贷款抵押物能够及时、顺利地变现。其次，可考虑由 *** 出面组建信贷担保公司，为长期、大额信贷提供担保，这也是一些西方国家发展银行信贷的成功经验。第三，国家应规定一定金额以上的贷款必须设定担保，银行可视各个贷款品种的不同及申请人资信状况，要求提供合适的担保方式，并对担保程式进行严格审查。

***六***把贷款与保险结合起来

借款者的个人健康状况和偿还能力的变化，往往是贷款无法偿还的一个重要因素。因此，我们可以将贷款与保险公司的有关险种、产品组合起来运作。如银行在发放某些贷款时，可以要求借款人必须购买某种特定保险。一旦借款人发生意外，不能偿还贷款时，保险公司即要向保险受益人支付一定金额的保险赔偿金，而这笔赔偿金又足以偿还银行贷款本息。这样，一方面可化解银行的经营风险，实现信贷风险的合理有效转换，另一方面也有助于保险业的发展。

***七***改善信贷风险控制考核激励机制

在传统的信贷风险考核激励机制下，发放贷款给予一定奖励，清收不良贷款也给予重奖，造成了贷款发放数量越大、质量越差则奖励越多，而质量越好却奖励越少的异常机制。因此，要优化信贷风险控制奖励机制，在贷款营销考核时，要重点考核贷款投向和投量的合理性、合规性、潜在风险性，淡出对贷款发放量的考核奖励;对信贷风险控制的考核奖励，应当改为质量优良的给予重奖，对完成清收不良贷款目标的不奖不罚，超额完成清收目标的给予适当奖励，完不成清收目标的给予重罚，从而更有效地促进信贷业务安全、健康发展。

[参考文献]

[1]李德等.中国防范和化解金融风险的中长期策略***金融热点问题***[M]北京：经济科学出版社，1999.

[2]冯彦明.商业银行业务管理[M].北京：经济管理出版社，2000

Too-big-to-fail: Bank failure and banking policy in Jamaica J. Daleya, , , K. Matthewsb and K. Whitfieldb aDepartment of Management Studies, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica bCardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Colum Drive, Cardiff, CF10 3EU Wales, UK Received 7 October 2005; accepted 16 December 2006. Available online 22 December 2006. Abstract Research on the causes of bank failure has focused on developed countries, particularly the United States of America. Relatively little empirical work has examined developing countries. We examine the total population of banks in Jamaica between 1992 and 1998 and find that real GDP growth, size, and managerial efficiency were the most significant factors contributing to the failure of banks. Bank failure is defined to include bailout and regulator-induced or supervised merger. Our results suggest that there were implicit ‘too-big-to-fail’ policies during this period. Keywords: Bank failures; Too-big-to-fail; Developing economies; Jamaica JEL classification codes: G21; G28 Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Bank failure in Jamaica 3. Bank failure literature 4. Data and methodology 5. The likelihood of failure 6. Failure and bail-out 7. Conclusion Acknowledgements Appendix A. Pool of variables References 1. Introduction The last decade of the 20th century was unprecedented in Jamaica's financial history. Of a population of 37 banks, 21 were classified as failed, with 14 being so classified in 1 year—1998. However, few outright closures occurred. Most problem banks were merged with other banks, or continued to operate through financial support from the government. More than a half of domestic banks received some kind of financial support from the government, initiated voluntary bankruptcy proceedings or surrendered their licences. Explanations for such banking problems vary. Empirical research on bank failures separates the causal factors into bank-specific, industry-specific, macroeconomic and other. However, much of the debate on developing countries has neglected banks at the individual level, and has focused on the problems faced at the sector or industry level. Moreover, the (often conflicting) results of existing studies do not offer inferences about the factors that are particularly significant in developing countries, or to those that are significant to the failure of individual banks, or to the fate of problem banks. This paper addresses the following questions: what factors were significant in the banking crisis in Jamaica? What factors influenced how the crisis was handled and was there an implicit too-big-to-fail (TBtF) policy? What are the lessons for bank regulators in developing economies that can assist in better preparedness for the future? To address these questions, the within-sample performance of a panel of Jamaican banks is examined. Some of the factors identified as contributing to failure include deterioration in the macroeconomic environment, rapid expansion and weakness in a range of bank-specific factors: capital, management, and liquidity. The size results are particularly significant and point to the operation of implicit ‘TBtF’ policies. Larger banks are more likely to fail, but are also more likely to be bailed out rather than closed. The next section discusses the banking crisis in Jamaica. Section 3 reviews the literature on bank failures. Section 4 discusses data and methodology. Sections Sections 5 and 6 present the results, and Section 7 concludes. 2. Bank failure in Jamaica The term ‘bank failure’ has been interpreted varyingly. The more precise definitions have focused on accounting factors (for example, [Martin, 1977] and [Benston and Kaufman, 1995]), economic factors ([Bell et al., 1990] and [González-Hermosillo et al., 1997]), or legal factors (Meyer and Pifer, 1970). Conversely, more general definitions have attempted to be all-inclusive and have applied a ‘catch-all’ combination of specific definitions (for example, Thomson, 1992). Using a general definition of ‘bank failure’ embracing closure, bankruptcy, supervised merger, or direct government assistance, we assess the population of banks in Jamaica over the period 1992– Table 1 shows a comparative profile of the Jamaican banking sector before and after the crisis. Table 1. Banking system profile: pre- and post-banking crisis Jamaican banking sector

Interest rate marketability and our country State-owned Commercial bank countermeasureInterest rate marketability connotationThe so-called interest rate marketability, is refers to the money market fund supply and demand both sides independent determination interest rate level interest rate decision mechanism vicissitude process 。Says specifically, the interest rate marketability is refers to the Central Bank to need to regulate the datum interest rate according to the monetary policy, various commercial bank saves the loan interest rate according to the fund market supply and demand change independent adjustment, Finally forms take Central Bank datum interest rate as the guidance, multi-level, can manifest fund supply and demand condition and the reflection Central Bank monetary policy intention interest rate operational mechanism fully。The interest rate marketability emphasis interest rate really reflected the fund cost and the supply-demand relation, effectively display its economical leverage nimbly。一. Our country interest rate marketability reform existence questionIs opposite says in the Chinese economic reform and the opening to the outside world overall step, the interest rate marketability reform progresses slowly. Looked on the present situation that, our country not yet completely realizes the interest rate marketability, the interest rate control creates the interest rate this important price release lever to receive the serious restraint in the resources disposition aspect function, the interest rate structure distortion. Our country interest rate system marketability degree quite is also low, mainly displays in following several aspects:1. The interest rate control degree is high, the interest rate level and the structure are incompatible, and the bank independency is restricted. The current our country interest rate policy movement environment controls the interest rate primarily, the interest rate level decision, the difference interest rate policy making and so on the related interest rate each aspect policy all by the government strict control, displays the high planning and . The interest rate level determination has certain subjective blindness; the rate adjustment flexibility is insufficient. At present our country interest rate level decision is makes by the monetary policy committee, the interest rate decision-making power high degree of concentration in the central authorities, the interest rate formulation and the adjustment has the serious time lag . Lacks the effective market datum interest rate. On November 1, 2003, the NAP Standing Committee Cheng Sewer, vice chairman of the Forum, said: "The market-oriented interest rates, the key is to set the benchmark interest rate. The benchmark interest rate is determined, in order to determine the interest rate structure, risk structure. No established the benchmark rate, the interest rate market is a empty sentences. "Benchmark rate in the entire interest rate system has played a core role and prevents other interest rates, in a sense, the benchmark interest rate options and determine the interest rate market is the core of the reform steps.二．Implements the interest rate marketability state-owned commercial bank significanceFirst, is advantageous to the expansion state-owned commercial bank right of autonomous management, the enhancement competitive power. After the interest rate lets loose, the bank had the independent fixed price power, may use this kind of right to independence and its flexible full display fully. The various countries' reform experience indicated that, after the interest rate marketability, the deposit real interest rate all has the different scope raise. The real interest rate rise will have the positive influence to the deposit, the attraction fund from bank systems and so on the stock market, black market accepts the human bank system, the enhancement commercial bank's competitive power. Next, is advantageous in raises the state-owned commercial bank management level. The interest rate marketability causes the fund price to let loose truly. Price competition between the banks presents the new ball game from this. But the price competition must rise take the low cost fund as the backing. In order to gain the low cost capital source, various bank in the financial product, the marketing strategy, service method general unfolds manager respectively, this will intensify inevitably the competition intense degree, will urge the bank change management way, who will grasp is initiative who to be able to obtain market (In the new situation, the commercial bank guild cared about the interest rate market change situation and the international interest rate undulation tendency, and according to own situation, determines the cost scientifically, formulates the price reasonably, the enhancement economic accounting, strengthens its profit ability. It can be said that, the interest rate marketability reform, the interest rate production mechanism transformation, is to a commercial bank management and operation from inside to outside comprehensive forging. Is once more advantageous in creates a relatively fair competition environment. The interest rate marketability and the money market consummation is a process which complements one another. The developed money market is the interest rate marketability reliable guarantee. Because in the developed consummation money market, the financial tool type is rich, financial main body multi-dimensional, the financing way is diverse, the competition is full, the interest rate can reflect fully the fund price, can guide the resources reasonable disposition, enhances the resources use efficiency. Otherwise, the interest rate marketability can promote the money market development consummation; The money market is the interest rate marketability advancement beginning, also will be carries on the risk management to the interest rate the place, the interest rate system change promotes the money market development. Finally, is advantageous in speeds up the microscopic main body the property right reform, interest rate marketability important condition is the state-owned enterprise and the state-owned commercial bank's property right must be clear. The property right is not clear, is not strong to the interest intrinsic budget restraint, exceeds the time limit the risk responsibility to attenuate, and cannot be keen to the interest rate reflection. At present, our country State-owned Commercial bank and very big part of state-owned enterprise's property right slurred, the interest rate market changed into its reform to provide the power, on objective impelled their property right reform.三．The interest rate marketability causes the state-owned commercial bank faced with to challenge sternlyThe interest rate marketability, is the historical stage which our country Commercial bank must pass through, can impel our country State-owned Commercial bank enormously the reform. But after the interest rate marketability, the interest rate level change does not decide, Our country Commercial bank which survives under the control possibly can develop the new financial tool for a long time to dodge the interest rate risk without enough time, will certainly to face the stern challenge, this displays in:1．Has enlarged the bank rate risk. After the interest rate marketability, the interest rate level ascension and the irregular undulation enlarge, intensified the bank vulnerability, ha have enlarged the bank rate risk. After the interest rate marketability, the interest rate level ascension and the irregular undulation enlarge, intensified the bank vulnerability, have the possibility to cause the bank crisis extremely the occurrence. As a result of our country long-term interest rate control, the interest rate by artificial force down, after the interest rate is let loose, the interest rate level can elevate inevitably. The analysis indicated that, in the credit activity, along with the real interest rate enhancement, the risk borrower more will become the bank by chance the customer, But loathes the risk originally the enterprise borrowers also favor in change oneself project the nature, enable it to have a higher risk and the income level. The cause property average horizontal drop in quality, the credit risk , from looked for a long time that, the interest rate change the fund supply and demand real-time influence, can undulate frequently, but the interest rate undulation namely meant risk existence. How forecast accurately the interest rate change tendency, the reasonable determination has the competitive advantage price water; how assigns scientifically saves, the loan deadline layout, maintains the best advantage bad level;How forecast accurately the interest rate change tendency, the reasonable determination has the competitive advantage price water � How assigns scientifically saves, the loan deadline layout, maintains the best advantage bad level; How adjusts the property debt structure nimbly,Enhances prepares pays the level, the active control interest rate forms fluid wind �? How will supervise perfectly restricts the mechanism, prevented has human sentiment interest rate risk and so on, these will all cause the commercial bank faced with the stern ．Leads the service to the commercial bank to have the huge impact. Along with the interest rate marketability, various bank launches the intense contention superiority customer to save the loan war inevitably, the keen competition will cause to save the loan advantage difference large scale deflation. At the same time, the interest rate marketability impetus money market development, the massive enterprise temporary fund no longer rises in value through the deposit form, but is in the capital market, the money market puts in obtains the short-term to receive；Whether there is does the inhabitant also no longer excessively regard as important only contains the risk value deposit interest rate, pays attention contains the risk value the money market to receive �? The bank leadership service will be under the huge can be said, after interest rate marketability, bank true competition magic weapon instead outside interest rate method. Because the monetary fund is highly the homogeneity commodity, the grade of service is more important, highly effective, the low cost manages finances the service enable the customer to have a higher income, has the attraction to the ．Proposed the challenge to the bank management and interest rate control system, regardless of is the interest rate level or counts the rest method all to have the country to decide, regardless of how the country does adjust saves the loan interest rate, all fully considered commercial bank actual situation, maintains the reasonable advantage bad level throughout. Commercial bank's interest rate management is extremely simple, so long as gives according to the People's Bank the fluctuation scope carries out the national interest rate level then, the interest rate change is limited, the interest rate risk is controllable. In such situation, the bank management is inevitably passive. But in under the interest rate marketability condition, the intense market competition forces the bank either to use the price method, through raises the deposit interest rate, reduces the loan interest rate to attract the customer; Either depends upon the high quality service, through the function innovation, the product innovation, the technological innovation satisfies the customer. But this request commercial bank changes present the management, the method and the organization ．Proposed the challenge to the commercial bank staff quality. Along with interest rate marketability reform advancement quickening, the interest rate risk enlarge, will strengthen to the future interest rate trend analyzes and forecast oneself will be very urgent. The state-owned commercial bank seeks the financial professional who needs one batch of this aspect high quality, not only these people must have the deep theory foundation of basic skills, but also must have the rich commercial bank practice experience, Both must thoroughly understand the domestic interest rate change the undulation condition, and must be skilled in the forecast interest rate change tendency. But the present state-owned bank lacks generally can promptly effectively the control and the circumvention interest rate risk tool and the interest rate risk management professional, to the interest rate trend development forecast, the risk recognition and control is weak.四．The state-owned commercial bank should to strategyAlong with the interest rate marketability advancement, the interest rate is more and more big to the state-owned commercial bank's influence, in this situation, the state-owned commercial bank should seek positively should to the ．Establishment finance product fixed price system. In the interest rate marketability situation, whether does the commercial bank draw up a science reasonable fixed price system, has the nimble effective quoted price ability, the realization risk �? Between 20 income balances,Is key which whether it does develop continually. In this process, must establish the effective comprehensive income reckoning system, the overall evaluation customer comprehensive income which brings to the commercial bank，The customer credit risk size, the loan deadline length is the interest rate risk size, as well as commercial bank's collection fund cost and the operation cost share and so on the aspect questions。2．Increases the middle service product development ability, the adjustment profit structure. After the interest rate marketability, the bank saves, the loan favorable difference reduces, the profit level reduces, and this request state-owned commercial bank must develop the middle service vigorously. The bank may while develop positively receives on another's behalf, pays on another's behalf and so on service, uses the commercial bank market main body qualifications fully, positively provides the proxy for other financial organ to distribute the bond, the silver card account transfer, the proxy insures, the fund trust, the broker manages finances, The property management, financial consultant, the investment consultation and so on, enhances the middle service to buy a girl child, on own initiative develops the low risk, the high income middle service new variety positively, promotes the bank large scale by this profit ability, promotes the bank sustainable ．Establishes nimbly, the highly effective interest rate management organization, trains the interest rate managerial talent vigorously. According to the Bethel bank supervising and managing committee about the bank effective supervising and managing core principle request, under the interest rate marketability environment, various commercial bank must set up the specialized interest rate risk management department, manages and instructs the entire good interest rate work, Coordinates and coordinates inside and outside the bank to be connected the work. The interest rate control section's most important task is carries on the comprehensive interest rate sensitive tube on the bank asset debt level ; Exterior determination, internal advantage � The definite general headquarters to branch office's interest rate authorization, are responsible for staff interest rate risk management training and so on. In addition, but also should establish the high interest rate information communication channel, after the interest rate marketability, the commercial bank interior enhances greatly about the interest rate information transmission effectiveness, guarantees can transmit promptly general headquarters formulation each interest rate to commercial bank's any business mesh point, guarantees the commercial bank interest rate policy the ．Speeds up the state-owned commercial bank the property right reform. Stipulated according to "Law of corporation" that, the commercial bank belongs to the competitive profession, does not need to adopt the state-owned sole ownership property right, and does not have the legal barrier to its joint stock system transformation. To the state-owned commercial bank's property right reform, its concrete transformation form establishes the joint stock system commercial bank. The reality in China, in accordance with international practice, and gradually achieve solely by the state to transform the state-owned holding company, and ultimately joint-stock limited companies, and establish corporate system of corporate governance institutions, the establishment of the right to operate, ownership and the right to supervise the separation of the framework, China's commercial banks to become real significance of commercial banks, do business operations.字太多，发布下，你再见个问题吧，我回答。率市场化与我国国有商业银行对策利率市场化的内涵所谓利率市场化，是指金融市场资金供求双方自主确定利率水平的利率决定机制的变迁过程。具体讲，利率市场化是指中央银行根据货币政策的需要调控基准利率，各商业银行根据资金市场的供求变化自主调节存贷款利率，最终形成以中央银行基准利率为引导，多层次、能够充分体现资金供求状况和反映中央银行货币政策意图的利率运行机制。利率市场化强调利率真实地反映资金成本与供求关系，灵活有效地发挥其经济杠杆作用.