光催化论文文献

第一作者：Jingrun Ran, Hongping Zhang, Sijia Fu

通讯作者： 乔世璋

通讯单位：澳大利亚阿德莱德大学

论文DOI：

全文速览

高性能、低成本的光催化剂是实现大规模太阳能制氢的关键。本文报告了一种液体剥离方法来制备 NiPS3 超薄纳米片。该纳米片可作为一种多功能平台，能够极大地改善各种光催化剂（包括 TiO2、CdS、In2ZnS4 和 C3N4）上的光催化产氢性能。与纯 CdS 相比，NiPS3/CdS 异质结具有最高的改进因子（~1,667%），实现了极高的可见光诱导制氢速率（13,600 μmol h-1g-1）。这种更好的性能归因于强关联的 NiPS3/CdS 界面确保了有效的电子-空穴解离/传输；以及 NiPS3超薄纳米片上丰富的原子级边缘 P/S 位点和活化的S 位点，促进了氢的析出。这些发现通过最先进的表征和理论计算来证明。该工作首次证明了金属磷硫属化物可作为一个通用平台的巨大潜力，能极大地提高不同光催化剂的性能。

背景介绍

不可再生化石燃料的大量消耗导致全球能源短缺、环境污染和气候变化。因此，寻找可再生、清洁和无碳的能源至关重要。太阳能光催化水分解产氢 (H2) 被认为是一种有前途、廉价且环境友好的技术，其可利用阳光生产绿色 H2 燃料。然而，迄今为止开发的光催化剂效率低、稳定性差、价格高，严重制约了光催化工艺的大规模应用。因此，寻找高活性、稳定和廉价的光催化剂对于实现工业规模的太阳能制氢具有重要意义。高性能光催化剂的合理设计和制备，不仅需要从原子级尺度理解结构/组成-活性关系，还需要精确而深刻地理解光催化剂中的光生电子-空穴的动力学和热力学。结合原子分辨率像差校正扫描透射电子显微镜 (AC-STEM) 和理论计算，研究人员可以提供关于光催化剂的结构/组成-活性关系的原子级阐释。特别是，通过上述方法可以准确地揭示光催化剂中存在的各种原子级反应位点，例如单原子、边缘位点和缺陷。另一方面，光生电子和空穴的分离/迁移在确定整体光催化性能方面起着关键作用。因此，必须采用各种先进的表征，例如超快瞬态吸收光谱 (TAS)、瞬态表面光电压 (SPV) 光谱、瞬态光致发光 (PL) 光谱和原位 X 射线光电子能谱 (XPS)，对光生电子/空穴的动力学和热力学进行时间分辨研究，特别是在光催化剂表面。此外，将上述两种策略结合起来，同时评估光催化剂的原子级结构/组成-性能关系和时间分辨电荷载流子分离/转移机制，是具有重要意义的。

图文解析

图1. NiPS3 UNS的理论预测、表征和应用。a NiPS3 单层 (100) 边缘的 HER 活性 P、S2 和 S3 位点。b NiPS3单层 (010) 边缘的 HER 活性 S 位点。c 在 NiPS3单层的 (1-30) 边缘处的 HER 活性 P1、S2、S3 和 S8 位点。d 在 NiPS3单层的 (100) 边缘、(010) 边缘或 (1-30) 边缘的活性位点上，遵循 Volmer-Heyrovsky 路径的 HER 吉布斯自由能图。e 在NiPS3 单层的 (100) 或(1-30) 边缘的活性位点上，遵循 Volmer-Tafel 路径的 HER 吉布斯自由能图。NiPS3 UNS 的 f 基面和 g 边缘的原子分辨率HAADF-STEM 图像。h NiPS3 UNS 的（基于同步加速器的）Ni L2,3-edge XANES。i TiO2、NiPS3/TiO2、CdS、NiPS3/CdS、In2ZnS4、NiPS3/In2ZnS4、C3N4和 NiPS3/C3N4在约 vol% 三乙醇胺水溶液中的光催化产氢速率。

图 2. 的形貌、微观结构和化学成分。a TEM 图像和 b HRTEM 图像。在 N 中，c NiPS3 UNSs 和 d CdS NPs的原子分辨率 HAADF-STEM 图像。e 的EDX 光谱。f 的 Ni L2,3-edge EELS 光谱。g 的 HAADF-STEM 图像，和 中 h Cd、i S、j Ni 和 k P 元素的相应元素mapping图像。注意：将不同体积的 NiPS3 UNSs 乙醇溶液（、、 和  ml）分别添加到研钵中，在室温下通过机械研磨与 50 mg CdS NPs 复合。所得的光催化剂分别标记为 、、 和 。纯 CdS NPs 表示为。

图 3. NiPS3/CdS 系统中的强电子相互作用。a NiPS3UNS、 和 的高分辨率Ni 2p XPS 光谱。、 和 的基于同步加速器的S L-edge XANES。c NiPS3 UNS 和 的 Ni L2,3-edge EELS 光谱。d CdS（200）晶面和e NiPS3（002）晶面沿z轴方向的平均电位分布。f NiPS3/CdS系统的微分电荷密度图。金色和青色等值面分别表示净电子积累和耗尽区域。考虑到在 17 vol% 三乙醇胺水溶液中的溶剂化效应，计算了功函数和微分电荷密度图。

图 4. NiPS3/CdS体系的光催化产氢活性和载流子动力学。a 在~ vol% 三乙醇胺水溶液中使用可见光照射（λ > 400 nm）的、、、、 和 NiPS3UNSs 的光催化产氢速率。 和 的b稳态和 c 瞬态 PL 光谱。c 插图显示了 和 的拟合电荷寿命。用 400 nm 激光脉冲激发后，乙醇溶液中 d 和 e 的二维伪彩色 TA 光谱。f 和 g 在不同泵-探针延迟时间下的 TA 光谱。h 和 的归一化衰减动力学和拟合线，基于约 516 和约 514 nm 处的GSB 峰。i 和 的归一化衰减动力学和拟合线，基于 ~480 和 ~474nm 处的ESA 峰。

图 5. NiPS3/CdS 系统中的电荷载流子动力学。 和 的a瞬态和 b 稳态 SPV 光谱。c 在黑暗和光照下进行的 的 CPD 测试。NiPS3UNSs 的高分辨率 d Ni 2p、e P 2p 和 f S 2p XPS 光谱，分别在光照打开和关闭的情况下测量。的高分辨率g Ni 2p、h Cd 3d 和 i S 2p XPS光谱，分别在光照打开和关闭的情况下测量。

图 6. NiPS3/CdS体系的表面催化反应和光吸收。a  M KOH 水溶液中，、、NiPS3UNSs 和 20 wt% Pt/C 的电化学 HER 活性。b NiPS3/CdS 的俯视原子结构，显示了 Ni、P 和 S 位点。c 在 NiPS3/CdS 体系中的NiPS3 基面的 Ni、P 和 S 位点上，遵循 Volmer-Heyrovsky 路径计算的 HER 自由能图。d 在NiPS3/CdS体系中的NiPS3 基面的Ni、P和S位点上，遵循 Volmer-Tafel途径计算的HER自由能图。e 、、、 和 的 UV-Vis 漫反射光谱。f 分别在氙灯照射 (λ > 400 nm) 和630-nm LED 下，在约 vol% 三乙醇胺水溶液中测量 的光催化产氢速率。考虑到 17 vol% 三乙醇胺水溶液中的溶剂化效应，进行了所有的Gibbs 自由能计算。

图 7. NiPS3/CdS体系中的光催化产氢机理示意图。在NiPS3/CdS体系中，可见光激发（λ > 400 nm）、光生电子和空穴的分离/迁移、以及表面催化反应的示意图。

总结与展望

基于上述结果，本文首次报道了一种简便的液体剥离技术，来合成具有超薄厚度（~ nm）的2D NiPS3。合成后的 NiPS3 UNS 可作为通用平台，用于提高各种光催化剂（包括TiO2, CdS, In2ZnS4 和 C3N4）的光驱动产氢性能。与原始 CdS相比，所制备的 NiPS3/CdS 复合物显示出最高的光催化产氢 (H2) 活性（13,600 μmol h-1 g-1），最大增强因子约为 1667%。NiPS3/CdS 的性能大幅提升有两个原因：（1）NiPS3 UNS 和 CdS NPs 之间的电子耦合界面明显促进了电荷载流子的分离/传输。特别是，光生空穴向 CdS NPs 表面的传输显著增强，这是由牺牲电子供体三乙醇胺收集的。因此，CdS NPs 上剩余的光生电子可以有效地迁移到 NiPS3 UNSs 以产生 H2；(2) 在NiPS3 UNSs中，大量的原子级P/S边缘位点和活化的S位点极大地促进了H2的析出反应。这些发现得到了理论计算和高级表征的支持，例如原子分辨率 AC-STEM、瞬态 PL 光谱、瞬态SPV 光谱、超快 TAS 和原位 XPS。该研究不仅展示了 MPCx 家族作为一个通用平台的巨大潜力，可用于极大地提高各种半导体光催化剂的光催化产氢活性，更重要的是，通过了解光催化中的原子级结构/组成-活性相关性和电子-空穴动力学/热力学，实现了光催化剂的合理设计/制备。

photocatalysis and related surface phenomena(二氧化钛光催化及相关表面现象)作者: Fujishima, Akira; Zhang, Xintong; Tryk, Donald SCIENCE REPORTS 卷: 63 期: 12 页: 515-582 出版年: DEC 15 photocatalysis of naproxen: Effect of the water matrix, anions and diclofenac on degradation rates.(萘普生的TiO2光催化：水基质的作用，对阴离子和双氯芬酸的降解率)作者: Kanakaraju, Devagi; Motti, Cherie A; Glass, Beverley D; 等.Chemosphere 卷: 139 页: 579-88 出版年: 2015-Nov (Epub 2015 Sep 01) photocatalysis: A historical overview and future prospects.(二氧化钛光催化：一个历史的概述和未来前景)作者: Hashimoto, K; Irie, H; Fujishima, AJAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS & REVIEW PAPERS 卷: 44 期: 12 页: 8269-8285 出版年: DEC surface science perspective on TiO2 photocatalysis(二氧化钛光催化的表面科学研究)作者: Henderson, Michael SCIENCE REPORTS 卷: 66 期: 6-7 页: 185-297 出版年: JUN 15 2011

发1篇 氮氟掺杂二氧化钛光催化微囊藻毒素 （如有需要可以帮翻译一部分 此类文章在线翻译一般不准) 还有部分无法发出，把邮箱留下，我发给你。题目：Visible light-activated N-F-codoped TiO2 nanoparticles for the photocatalytic degradation of microcystin-LR in water正文：1. IntroductionThe development of nanotechnology for the synthesis ofnanomaterials is providing unprecedented opportunities to dealwith emerging environmental problems associated with watercontamination along with worldwide energy-related concerns [1].Currently, advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) and nanotechnologies(AONs) have been extensively investigated for thedestruction of toxic and recalcitrant organic compounds andinactivation of microorganisms in water and air [2–12]. Titaniumdioxide (TiO2), a well-known semiconductor with photocatalyticproperties, is a widely used AON for water and air remediation [6–10]. It has proven to be highly effective in the nonselectivedegradation of organic contaminants due to high decompositionand mineralization rates. However, conventional TiO2 requiresultraviolet (UV) radiation (l < 400 nm) to overcome its wide bandgap energy ( eV for anatase phase) for photocatalyticactivation [4,11]. This is a technological limitation when aimingat implementation of large scale sustainable technologies withrenewable energy sources such as solar light, since UV radiationaccounts only for 5% of the total solar spectrum compared to thevisible region (45%) [12,13]. Several attempts have been directedtowards the development of modified TiO2 with visible lightresponse by dye sensitization, metal (Fe, Co, Ag) [14,15] andnonmental (N, F, C, S) [4,16–23] doping of the catalyst to reduceTiO2 band gab energy requirements for photocatalytic some metal doping approaches, the resulting visible lightphotocatalytic activity has some drawbacks including increase inthe carrier-recombination centers (electron–hole pair speciesgenerated after photo-excitation of the catalyst) and low thermalstability of the modified material [14]. Moreover, metal leachingand possible toxicity diminish the potential of employing metaldopedTiO2 for drinking and wastewater treatment applications. Amore successful approach involves nonmetal doping of doping of TiO2 for visible-light driven photocatalysisrevealed band gap narrowing from the mixing of nitrogen 2pstates with oxygen 2p states on the top of the valence band atsubstitutional lattice sites in the form of nitride (Ti–N) oroxynitride (Ti–O–N). A different arrangement is the formation ofoxyanion species at the interstitial lattice sites creating localizedintergap states [24]. Both configurations make it possible to shiftthe optical absorption towards visible light, thus, allowingphotocatalytic activity in the visible region [11,22,23]. Fluorinedoping is also effective to induce modifications of the electronicstructure of TiO2 by the creation of surface oxygen vacancies due tocharge compensation between F and Ti4+ but without producing asignificant change in the optical absorption of TiO2 [21]. Moreover,codoping of TiO2 with nitrogen and fluorine has demonstrated highphotocatalytic activity in the visible region with beneficial effectsinduced by both dopants [25–27]. Huang et al. confirmed strongvisible-light absorption and high photocatalytic activity of N-FTiO2for p-chlorophenol and Rhodamine B degradation undervisible light irradiation [26]. Xie et al. effectively decomposedmethyl orange with visible light-induced N-F-TiO2 photocatalyst[27]. Both attributed their findings to the synergistic effect ofnitrogen and fluorine addition to nonmetal doping, structural properties of TiO2 areof significant importance to enhance its physicochemical propertiesand photocatalytic response. For instance, the use of self-assemblysurfactant-based sol–gel methods has been reported as an effectiveapproach to tailor-design the structural properties of TiO2 nanoparticlesand films from molecular precursors [6,8–10]. Thehydrocarbon surfactant is used as pore directing agent and tocontrol the hydrolysis and condensation rates of the titaniumprecursor in the sol formulation. This method has the capacity toyieldtailor-designedTiO2withhighsurface area,highporosity, smallcrystal size with narrow pore size distribution and high photocatalyticactivity under UV [8–10] and visible light irradiation [4].One of the aims of this work is to develop highly efficient N-FcodopedTiO2 nanoparticles with enhanced structural propertiesand high photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiationusing a novel sol–gel route employing a nonionic fluorosurfactantas pore directing agent and fluorine dopant and ethylenediamineas nitrogen source. Fluorosurfactants or fluorinated surfactants,have been used mainly as antistatic, antifogging and wettingagents, and paint coating additives [28]. Only recent studies havefocused on the use of fluorinated surfactants as pore template formesoporous silica materials [29–32], signifying a great potentialfor novel ceramic second aim of this work is to focus on the application ofsuch nanoparticles in engineered water treatment processes forthe destruction of environmental contaminants of worldwideconcern. Drinking water treatment plants are facing moreprevalent occurrence of cyanobacterial harmful algae blooms(Cyano-HABs) and the release of their toxins in their water toxins are considered a serious health risk due to their highsolubility in water, toxicity (., hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, andcarcinogenicity) and chemical stability. Among them, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is one of the most commonly found cyanotoxins inCyano-HABs and the most toxic derivative of the group ofmicrocystins [33]. Conventional TiO2 has been proven to beeffective in the treatment of MC-LR under UV radiation [34,35].Recent work demonstrated high degradation rates of MC-LR withnitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles [4]. In this study, we presentresults on the destruction of MC-LR with N-F-TiO2 nanoparticlesunder visible light . . Synthesis of visible light-activated TiO2 nanoparticlesTo prepare the modified sol–gel solution, a nonionic fluorosurfactant(Zonyl FS-300 (FS), 50% solids in H2O, RfCH2CH2O(CH2CH2O)xH; Rf = F(CF2CF2)y where x = 14 and y = 3, Fluka), acting asboth pore directing agent and fluorine source, dissolved inisopropanol (i-PrOH), was used. Acetic acid (Fisher) was addedto maintain a low pH (). Before adding the titania precursor,anhydrous ethylenediamine (EDA, Fisher) was added in thesolution as nitrogen source. Then, titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TTIP,97%, Aldrich) was added dropwise under vigorous stirring andmore acetic acid was added for peptidization. The final sol obtainedwas transparent, homogeneous and stable after stirred overnightat room temperature. Afterwards, the sol was dried at roomtemperature for 24 h and then calcined in a multi-segmentprogrammable furnace (Paragon HT-22-D, Thermcraft) wherethe temperature was increased at a ramp rate of 60 8C/h to 100 8Cand maintained for 1 h. Then it was increased up to 400 8C underthe same ramp rate, maintained for 2 h and cooled down naturallyto finally obtain a yellowish powder. The FS:i-PrOH:aceticacid:EDA:TTIP molar ratio employed in the sol–gel for thepreparation of the denoted Particle 1 was , the i-PrOH/EDA molar ratio was and 14 forParticles 2, and 3, respectively. Nitrogen-doped TiO2 (Particle 4)and fluorine-doped TiO2 (Particle 5) where synthesized without FSand EDA, respectively, maintaining the same final volume by theaddition of more isopropanol. Reference TiO2 was synthesizedusing the same procedure but without the addition of nitrogen andfluorine sources. The synthesized nanoparticles were comparedwith Kronos vlp 7000, a commercially available visible lightactivatedTiO2 photocatalyst (Kronos International Inc., D-51373).. Characterization of synthesized TiO2An X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed with aKristalloflex D500 diffractometer (Siemens) using Cu Ka(l = ˚ ) radiation, to study the crystal structure andcrystallinity of the TiO2 nanoparticles. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, pore volume, porosity, Barret–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) pore size and distribution (based on nitrogenadsorption and desorption isotherms) were determined by Tristar300 (Micromeritics) porosimeter analyzer. The samples werepurged with nitrogen gas for 2 h at 150 8C using Flow prep 060(Micromeritics). A high resolution-transmission electron microscope(HR-TEM) with field emission gun at 200 kV was employedto obtain crystal size and crystal structure at the nanoscale. Thesamples in ethanol were dispersed using an ultrasonicator (2510RDH,Bransonic) for 15 min and fixed on a carbon-coated copper grid(LC200-Cu, EMS). The particle morphology was characterized by anenvironmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM, Philips XL 30ESEM-FEG) at an accelerating voltage of 30 kV. The point of zerocharge (PZC) was measured using a Zetasizer (Malvern Instruments).The fine elemental composition and electronic structurewas determined with an X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS,PerkinElmer Model 5300) with Mg Ka X-rays at a takeoff angle of458 and vacuum pressure of 108 to 109 Torr. The bindingenergies were calibrated with respect to C1s core level peak eV. To investigate the optical band gap of the synthesizedTiO2 nanoparticles, the UV–vis absorption spectra were obtainedwith a UV–vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu 2501 PC) mountedwith an integrating sphere accessory (ISR1200) using BaSO4 asreference . Photocatalytic evaluation with microcystin-LR under visible lightThe photocatalytic activity of the synthesized TiO2 nanoparticleswas evaluated for the degradation of MC-LR. A borosilicatevessel (. cm) was employed as photocatalytic reactor. Anaqueous solution, previously adjusted at the desired pH withH2SO4 or NaOH without any buffer, was spiked with an aliquot ofMC-LR standard (Calbiochem Cat #. 475815) to achieve an initialconcentration of mg/L. A solution with TiO2 nanoparticleswas dispersed using an ultrasonicator (2510R-DH, Bransonic) for 24 hand transferred to the reactor containing MC-LR for a final volumesolution of 10 ml. The reactor was completely sealed and mixed tominimize mass transfer limitations. Two 15W fluorescent lamps(Cole-Parmer) mounted with UV block filter (UV420, Opticology) toeliminate spectral range below 420 nm were employed to irradiatethe reactors. The intensity of the radiation was below the detectionlimit when employing an IL 1700 radiometer (International Light)with a 365 nm sensor. The light intensity was determined using abroadband radiant power meter (Newport Corporation) for a totalvisible light intensity of 105Wcm2. During irradiation, a fanwas positioned near the reactor to cool it down. Sampling was done atspecific periods of time and the samples were quenched withmethanol to stop any further reaction, filtered (L815, Whatman) toremove the suspended nanoparticles, transferred to ml glassinserts and placed in sample vials. MC-LR samples were analyzed byliquid chromatography (LC, Agilent Series 1100) equipped with aphotodiode array detector set at 238 nm under isocratic conditions:60% (v/v) of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in MilliQ water and 40%(v/v) of TFA in acetonitrile with a flow rate of 1 ml/ column employed was a C18 Discovery (Supelco) column( mm 150 mm, 3 mm particle size) kept at 40 8C with aninjection volume of 50 ml [7]. The handling of the toxin must bedone with extreme care since it is highly toxic and irritant if , all the experiments were conducted in an AdvanceSterilchemgard III Class II biological safety cabinet (Baker Company,Sanford, ME) with full exhaust.