英语文学论文摘要150字模板

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Abstract

Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.

According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.

Abstract

A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。

Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.

Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.

Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.

Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < )，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.

Abstract

The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?

This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.

The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.

Abstract

Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.

This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.

To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.

There are three hypotheses:

1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?

Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.

Abstract

In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.

Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.

Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.

Abstract

Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.

With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.

The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.

Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.

英美文学是英国人民和美国人民长期以来创造性地使用英语语言的产物,是对时代生活的审美表现。下文是我为大家整理的关于英美文学类论文 范文 的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考! 英美文学类论文范文篇1 从英美经典电影分析英美文学女性形象 [摘要]很多英美经典电影，都是以英美文学为蓝本进行改编的。将文字转换为银幕上的画面，这样的变化，更有利于观众对原作中角色的定位。女性角色，是文学作品中不可或缺的元素，是文学话题制造的永恒话题。在诸多英美文学作品中，女性角色随着时代的变迁、社会背景的变化，也变换着不同的色彩。本文以一些经典的英美电影，对比那些英美文学作品中的女性形象进行了分析，包括对爱情的执著、自我价值的追求、悲剧色彩和独立自主的方面。 [关键词]英美电影;英美文学;女性形象 一、引 言 女性角色，是文学作品中不可或缺的元素，是文学话题制造的永恒话题。在诸多英美文学作品中，女性角色随着时代的变迁、社会背景的变化，也变换着不同的色彩。从莎士比亚时期开始，直到19世纪末20世纪初，以英国、法国、美国等作家的文学作品为例，英美文学作品中的女性角色，开始展现出不一样的活跃程度，特别是随着电影产业的兴起，将文学作品改编为电影，更加有利于对原作中女性形象的深刻展示。在这一点上，以好莱坞电影为代表的英美电影，以更加丰富的形式，诠释了电影视角下的女性角色新特点，其中对于女性主义的形象表现极为突出。 二、女性对于爱情的执著 爱情，是英美文学作品中一直延续的格调。无论是辉煌的史诗巨制，还是社会小人物的刻画写实，其中都有着爱情的主题。在爱情面前，电影，或者说原作中的这些女性角色们，敢于为了爱情反抗传统，反抗那些看似坚不可摧的世俗。改编自美国作家罗伯特的小说《廊桥遗梦》的电影中，弗朗西斯卡与罗伯特之间的爱情，突破了家庭与婚姻的禁制，两人的爱情在当时是一种被唾弃的行为，是对婚姻的背叛，对伦理道德的挑战。 在电影中，弗朗西斯卡在意大利长大，嫁人后随丈夫来到了美国。源于意大利的浪漫，弗朗西斯卡在美国乡村的生活无聊至极，在她与罗伯特的爱情中，尽情洋溢着自身的浪漫风情，这是冲破了世俗枷锁的爱情。弗朗西斯卡的爱情让观众落泪，是因为她没有因为爱而放弃自己的家庭，她仍旧记得自己身为母亲的责任，但却为了爱希望自己死后能与罗伯特在一起。 在原著中，弗朗西斯卡这一角色，对其爱情的描写文字较多，而在电影中，人们通过女演员眉宇间的那抹思念，很直接地理解了她对罗伯特执著的爱以及对家的责任感。爱情与女性之间，似乎是文学作品中必然保留的桥段，以英美文学作品改编而成的英美电影中，爱情的主旋律，不仅是对这些文学作品的一种致敬，更符合潮流下的电影要求。 又如在《简?爱》中，简?爱对罗切斯特的爱，是一种纯粹的爱，而无其他杂糅的情感。当简?爱拒绝了圣?约翰的求婚，虽然罗切斯特的豪宅已经被他那个疯子般的妻子烧毁，虽然罗切斯特因此而失明，但是简?爱按照心中对于爱的执著，认为这样的罗切斯特仍旧是自己的最爱。简?爱因为自己的爱而成为罗切斯特的天使，罗切斯特的余生因为简?爱而精彩。 在电影《傲慢与偏见》中，在尊重英国女性作家奥斯汀原著的基础上，小说中的人物伊丽莎白与达西之间的爱情，一直被人们所谈论。伊丽莎白的爱情观中，没有金钱财富，没有地位差距，有的是彼此之间的了解，是两人之间的彼此相爱。通过电影中，达西的傲慢与伊丽莎白的渴望平等，不难让观众理解原著中的那个对爱情很执著的伊丽莎白。虽然爱着达西，但是伊丽莎白的爱是建立在平等的基础上的，不需要无聊的高姿态和耍酷态度。 伊丽莎白这样的爱情观，也正是原著作者奥斯汀的爱情观。我们在看这些英美电影时，对于银幕中的女性形象有着更加直观的理解，而爱情这种在银幕上独特表现的情感，更容易让我们通过电影了解原著中女性的爱情世界，那是一个执著的感情观。 但是这样的爱情在英美文学作品中，很难有一个完美的结局，女性的爱情执著观，带来的往往是爱情悲剧。在电影《茶花女》中，玛格丽特对于爱情也是固执的，哪怕被自己的爱人阿尔芒误会，她仍旧默默地承担着因为爱情而带来的伤害。不管爱情的结果怎样，对于爱情，这些女性仍旧是那么执著与肯定。 三、追求自我价值的女权主义 在众多的英美电影中，都很好地再现了原著中反抗男权的思想，即强烈的女权主义。英美文学作品中的女权主义是女性主义最为显著的表现点。目前，改编的英美电影中，多以20世纪初期的英美文学作品作为蓝本，而这些文学作品中，开始阐述女权主义，反对男权。这种现象并不是这一时期文学作品所独有的。在当时的社会背景下，有很多的女性实际上开始走出家门，进入了竞争激烈的社会中。而这些女性正是反抗男权的代表，她们的身上少了些浪漫的气息，但是却多了一些职业性的元素。她们更加关注社会、政治等话题，这些女性角色，追求的是自我价值和社会价值，很多的英美电影中都有所体现。 例如，在美国女作家米切尔的小说《飘》中，女性角色斯嘉丽就是这样的一个女子。而在以《飘》改编的电影《乱世佳人》中，观众对于那个富家大小姐斯嘉丽印象深刻。影片以南北战争为背景，战争夺取了斯嘉丽家庭的一切，而斯嘉丽在重重困难中，从一个对国家大事漠不关心的大小姐，成长为一个智慧的现代女性。 斯嘉丽这个女性形象在原著中，属于写实人物，米切尔对于这个人物没有泾渭分明的描述，而是做了真实的叙述。在电影中，这种感觉更加直观一些，斯嘉丽似乎是一个追求自我价值的女性。所以，很多的英美文学作品中，女性不再是一个独立于外的弱势群体，导演与作者都在强调女性角色的社会地位和社会价值，她们有着自我价值。在电影《名利场》中，那个为了跻身上层社会的蓓基，按照现代的评判观点来看，用“女强人”来形容蓓基更加合适。 她为了能够过上更好的生活，不惜卖弄自己的学识、自己的歌声，甚至自己的肉体，蓓基一直在展示着自己的价值所在。无论是勾引好友艾米利亚的哥哥乔斯，还是对克劳莱家族继承人的罗登，蓓基都成功地将自己的价值融入计谋当中。 这些女性形象，在追求自我价值的同时，也是对男权的一种反抗，女权思想在电影或小说中都毫无掩饰。在电影《茶花女》中，玛格丽特本是巴黎的一个名妓，但是她爱上了阿尔芒，并与之在乡下同居。 阿尔芒的父亲认为是玛格丽特葬送了儿子的前程，胁迫玛格丽特移情别恋，而阿尔芒信以为真，愤怒下当众羞辱玛格丽特。玛格丽特终因病而亡，而阿尔芒事后知道了缘由后，悔恨不已。玛格丽特的死，是爱情悲剧的表现，更是对男权世界一种无声的反抗。同样地，在电影《傲慢与偏见》中，伊丽莎白与达西的爱情，一开始，伊丽莎白因为达西的高傲而没有接受他的表白。 我们通过电影，再去原著中寻找伊丽莎白与达西的爱情，会发现奥斯汀花费了大量的笔墨，来描写伊丽莎白与达西那奇妙的爱情。直到达西改掉了自己的“臭毛病”，伊丽莎白才真正地接受了达西。伊丽莎白虽然爱着达西，但是对于达西的那种大男子主义很厌恶，她故意地对达西冷漠，也正是对男权的一种反抗。在哈代的《无名的裘德》改编成电影后，苏的“新女性”形象更加凸显，她敢于追求自我的价值而反抗学校的规定，敢于直面对裘德的爱。 四、悲剧色彩浓重的女性形象 以英美文学作品改编的英美电影中，很多女性形象都是悲剧性的。这些女性形象虽不至于占据英美文学作品的大半，但是在我们观看的很多英美电影中，这样的悲剧色彩，似乎更受到导演和编剧的欢迎，也更能够引起观众的情感共鸣。从电影中，我们可以看出这些充满悲剧色彩的女性，更多是与作品创作背景下的大多数女性有着明显的思想和行为区别。正是因为这些女性角色“前卫”的行为，造成了她们悲剧的产生。这些悲剧多体现在女性的爱情上，还有社会阶级的残酷压榨上。 例如，在雨果的《悲惨世界》中，芳汀这个角色，被赶出了工厂，死在了医院里。她本有一个美好的爱情，但是却被情人抛弃，独自带着女儿珂赛特。在改编的音乐剧《悲惨世界》中，芳汀被迫去那个她永不想涉足的地方，卖了自己的头发、牙齿，甚至是身体。当I Dreamed a Dream响起时，芳汀的悲剧终究发生了。对于芳汀的死，是悲剧的结局，也是她的解脱。 又如，在《哈姆雷特》中，奥菲利亚这个角色，是莎士比亚在17世纪塑造的形象，而那个时期的英国女性，和中国的传统女性一样，对父亲和兄长十分尊敬，甚至达到了盲从的地步。然而奥菲利亚深爱着哈姆雷特，哈姆雷特对她的表白，被奥菲利亚的父亲否决。当奥菲利亚的父亲被哈姆雷特杀死后，奥菲利亚崩溃了。她一直在无声地承受着一切，但悲剧的脚步没有因为她停止。一个纤弱的女子，一个温柔的女子，一个性格柔弱的女子，在那个年代注定了她的悲剧色彩。 在英美文学中，女性的悲剧色彩是一个重要组成部分，特别是在电影改编后，这种女性悲剧更加真实。她们与周围生活的格格不入，导致了悲剧的发生，除去《哈姆雷特》中奥菲利亚这种被社会压到无法喘息的女性外，还有爱情带来的悲剧。例如在《廊桥遗梦》中，弗朗西斯卡的爱情就是一个悲剧，她有着自己的家庭，却爱上了罗伯特。 这样的爱情就是一个悲剧，在道德的束缚下，在伦理的谴责下，弗朗西斯卡的爱情只能以悲剧结束，四天深入骨髓的爱情，折磨了弗朗西斯卡的后半生，这样的悲剧让观众更加心痛。同样地，在《呼啸山庄》中，女主人公凯瑟琳，也是一个女性悲剧形象的代表。凯瑟琳对于爱情的渴望极其矛盾，她希望自己的爱情是不受世俗影响的纯净的爱，还期望能够找到身世好、家境富裕的白马王子。凯瑟琳同希斯克利夫之间的爱情，是纯净的，为此不惜打破社会的道德枷锁。而凯瑟琳还是放不下对财富的向往，她嫁给一个不认识的人，成为山庄的女主人。这是世俗中“美好”的婚姻，但她对爱情的矛盾，让她无法割舍爱情，最后为之付出了生命。 五、独立自主的女性形象 无论是对爱情的执著，还是对自我价值的追求，抑或是悲剧性的色彩，通过电影中的女性角色表达，我们可以看到一个英美文学作品中独立自主的女性形象，这也是女性主义在文字上的宣泄，在银幕上的爆发。在19世纪，简?奥斯汀、勃朗特等一大批女作家走向英美文学的高处，她们反对男权，发扬女性主义。例如，在勃朗特的《简?爱》中，女主人公简?爱就是一个独立自主的女性形象，她积极向上，以自己的聪明才智征服了男主人公罗彻斯特。 在简?爱与罗彻斯特的爱情中，简?爱一直保持着克制和清醒，她嘲笑那些可笑的权贵，她向往平等。简?爱是一个独立自主的女性角色，简?爱对于爱情的追求，一直保持着独立。她知道了罗彻斯特有妻子后，不愿贬低自己的地位价值，选择离去。而当她认识到自己对罗彻斯特的情感后，不顾罗彻斯特的失明和一无所有，仍旧回到罗彻斯特的身边。简?爱的容貌也许并不出众，但是她有一个高贵的灵魂，她追求独立和自主，她有更加吸引男性的自我修养和精神追求，特别是简?爱对于经济独立的认识。这都是独立自主女性形象的表现。无论是电影还是原著中，简?爱都让我们感叹不已，这是一个什么样的女性，这是一个多么伟大的女性!同样的女性特质，我们在《名利场》中的蓓基身上也能看到一些，蓓基的“女强人”特点，正是她独立自主的一些体现，虽然她一直想傍上一个富翁。 六、结 语 女性形象，在英美文学作品中扮演着重要的角色，无论是在爱情还是自我价值，抑或是悲剧色彩和独立自主方面，都有着吸引人的地方。通过电影的展示，小说中的女性形象似乎活了过来，以电影来分析小说中的女性形象，更加耐人寻味，也更容易被大众所接受。闲来无事，可以走进影院，去回顾一下这些英美经典。 [参考文献] [1]辛淑兰.超越傲慢与偏见：从女性视角看《傲慢与偏见》中的幸福婚姻[D].天津：天津师范大学，2006. [2]黄治康.《呼啸山庄》的女性意识研究[J].重庆交通学院学报(社会科学版)，2004(03). [3]王盈盈.从女性视角解读美国电影《廊桥遗梦》[J].电影文学，2013(08). [4]陶曦，李雯倩.西方女性主义电影理论[J].电影文学，2010(12). 英美文学类论文范文篇2 浅析英美文学与我国文学二者关系 摘 要:通过英美文学作品与我国文学作品的主题分析发现,英美文学主题,把人和自然的关系定位为回归自然与征服自然;而我国文学作品人和自然的关系为相互统一,二者是不可分割的整体。 关键词:英美文学;作品主题;人和自然 英美文学与我国文学在“人和自然”的主题方面存在差异,是我们从宏观上把握和研究英美文学与我国文学作品的重要线索。 一、英美文学发展的分析 英美文学是英国人民和美国人民长期以来创造性地使用英语语言的产物,是对时代生活的审美表现。英国文学经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。英国与美国语言因为同属于一个英语体系,长久以来认为美国文学是英国文学的一个分支。两国文学在发展过程中,由于受到各种现实的、历史的、政治的、 文化 的等外在力量的影响,以及遵循文学内部自身规律,其文学发展历经了古英语与中古英语、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、维多利亚、现代主义等不同的历史阶段,战后则大致呈现从写实到实验和多元的走势。中古英语时期的文学较以前在扩展主题、丰富类型等方面有了很大的进展,而且深受到__的影响,传奇小说及诗歌逐步流行。 二、英美文学中人和自然的主题分析 尽管英美文学在发展过程中都存在多元化,但社会的存在无外乎人和自然,世界上好多文学作品都是反映“人和自然”这一主题的,当然英美文学也不例外。 英美文学作家在作品中力图揭示在特定条件下主宰人的行为的两种力量:一方面是遗传,是人内在的力量,具体来说是描写人对其生物本能的依赖,即人追求爱情、金钱和享受的不可压抑、无法阻挡的欲望。另一方面是社会环境,是外在的力量,是作家对人所生存的社会的研究,具体来说,是描写高度文明的社会给人造成的威胁与围困。民族传统依据每个民族生活的社会条件和自然地理条件形成于特定的历史时期,民族传统一经形成便具有较大的稳定性,能长久地在民族成员中保留下去。 自然,既是人类的母亲和摇篮,又是人类的敌人和战场。这种矛盾的关系,体现在人类的自然观念中,便是两种对立的心态:回归自然与征服自然。这种对立一直贯穿英美思想、文学传统的始终。就文学家个体而言,他们的思想观念及其创作中所表现出来的“人与自然”显示出一种深刻的复杂性,甚至是矛盾性和变动性。有的礼赞、崇拜自然,有的在对抗、征服自然的过程中突显人的尊严和价值,有的聚焦于特殊的人化了的自然环境,有的呈现出一种回归自然与征服自然的交融,有的显示出超时代的远见卓识。 三、我国文学作品中人和自然的分析 我国神话中盘古开天辟地的 故事 含有丰富的泛神论思想:自然界的一切都神圣不可毁坏,因为一切都是从一个叫“盘古”的巨人身体长出来的———他嘴里呼出的气变成了春风和天空的云雾;声音变成了天空的雷霆;盘古的左眼变成太阳,照耀大地;右眼变成浩洁的月亮,给夜晚带来光明;千万缕头发变成颗颗星星,点缀美丽的夜空;鲜血变成江河湖海,奔腾不息;肌肉变成千里沃野,供万物生存;骨骼变成树木花草,供人们欣赏;筋脉变成了道路;牙齿变成石头和金属,供人们使用;精髓变成明亮的珍珠,供人们 收藏 ;汗水变成雨露,滋润禾苗;呼出的空气变成轻风和白云,汇成美丽的人间风光;盘古倒下时,他的头化作了东岳泰山,他的脚化作了西岳华山,他的左臂化作南岳衡山,他的右臂化作北岳恒山,他的腹部化作了中岳嵩山。 传说 盘古的精灵魂魄也在他死后变成了人类。所以,都说人类是世上的万物之灵,人类应该爱护自然和其他一切生命。 四、英美文学与我国文学中“人和自然”对比分析 在探讨英美文学中的“人与自然”时,实际上是包含着比较与借鉴的意图的。通过通读惠特曼、梭罗等人的作品,我们了解到他们都是受到过我国宗教和哲学的影响。越来越多的西方学者认识到,我国文学作品中包含的天人统一的思想具有非常重要的现代价值。事实上,现代西方某些哲学、伦理学在理论建构之际,就已经吸收了一些我国文化传统中的天人统一的智慧。德国学者格罗伊从东西方“人与自然”关系的基本对立特征,阐述了自己的观点。他认为,以印度佛教和我国道教为代表的东方传统“人与自然”与英美作品中反映的“人和自然”具有以下一些特征。 遗憾的是我国在进入现代社会以后,急于改变贫穷落后的面貌,大量引进以英美为代表的西方思想文化和科学技术,忽略对本国文化传统的建设与更新,如今已面临比西方国家更为严峻的自然问题。目前我国在大力倡导人与社会和谐、人与自然和谐,在这样一个思潮巨变的历史时刻,一方面,作家们应该大力弘扬我们祖先倡导的人与自然和谐的思想,大力推出优良作品;另一方面我们每一个炎黄子孙都要有责任感,要注重社会的我和自然的我的统一。 参考文献: [1]杨健红.论英美文学教学的道德关联性[J].市场周刊(理论研究), 2009(11).

英文摘要格式如下：

1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。

2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。

3、英文字体与行间距：统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，倍行间距。

4、英文题目：使用三号字加粗。

5、英文摘要：“Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。

6、英文关键词：“Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。每个关键词使用四号字。

论文摘要应包含以下内容：

（1）从事这一研究的目的和重要性。

（2）研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作。

（3）获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解。

（4）结论或结果的意义。

以上内容参考：百度百科-摘要

以上内容参考：百度百科-论文摘要