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由于随着科技和社会的发展，人们的生活水平不断提高，当代人把身体健康看得越来越重，对自己的饮食习惯，药物的使用与滥用和急救知识等格外关注。下面是我带来的医学科普 文章 ，欢迎阅读!
医学科普文章英文版1
为什么总是睡不好?十大常见睡眠错误
Most of us have struggled at some point with sleep. Whether it’s not getting enough sleepor struggling to get up in the morning, it can be difficult to get the balance just right.
大多数人都遇到过一些睡眠问题。有可能是睡得不够，又或者是早晨起不来，很难达到平衡睡得舒服。
However, sleep is essential if we want to be productive in life. It provides us with theenergy we need to get stuff done!
然而为了保证精力充沛，睡眠是十分必要的。我们需要睡足了才有精力干活!
Here are the 10 most common sleep mistakes people make and a few tips for avoidingthem!
下面列出了常见的十大睡眠错误以及纠正小贴士。
1. The snooze button
闹钟止闹按钮
Don’t EVER hit the snoozebutton. It really is much more beneficial to just get up on yourfirst alarm. Think about it – the snooze button gives you an extra 10 minutes or so sleep. Inthe grand scheme of your day this really won’t provide you with any more energy. In-fact itdoes the opposite. Research has shown that ‘interrupted sleep’ can cause us to feel moretired.
千万不要按止闹按钮，其实在闹铃一响时就起来对身体更好。想想看，止闹按钮可以让你多睡10分钟或者更长一点时间。但相比于一整天满满的计划，这多睡的10分钟根本无法为你多添几份活力。事实上恰恰相反，研究表明受干扰的睡眠会让人更加疲倦。
2. Disorganized sleeping habits
不规律的睡眠习惯
It’s much easier to get to sleep each night (and wake up feeling refreshed) if we have aregular routine. This means going to bed at roughly the same time each night and getting upat roughly the same time each morning. If you’re disorganized with your sleeping routine, youend up interrupting your natural sleeping rhythms, which can cause insomnia and fatigue.
如果每天的作息时间规律，每晚会更加容易入眠(醒来时也会感到神清气爽)。也就是说每晚在相对固定的时间睡觉，每天早上在相对固定的时间起床。如果你睡觉的时间不规律，就会打乱你的生物钟，导致失眠和疲劳感。
3. Long naps
小睡时间过长
Long naps can disrupt your sleeping rhythms so if you’re desperate for a nap then keep itunder the 30 minute mark (and before 4pm). Short naps after lunch can help to restore energylevels (just make sure you don’t sleep in).
小睡时间过长会打乱人的生物钟，所以如果你真的很想打个盹儿的话，请把时间控制在30分钟以内(而且要在下午四点前睡)。在午餐后小睡一会儿有助于恢复体力(只是不要睡过头了)。
4. Caffeine/stimulants
咖啡因/兴奋剂
Don’t drink any caffeinated drinks after mid-day. Caffeine stimulatesyour body for up to 12hours after consumption so it’s important to restrict your intake later in the day. Be aware ofsupposed ‘herbal’ drinks such as green tea, which can have a high dose of caffeine. Alwayscheck the label.
请不要在中午之后饮用含咖啡因的饮料。咖啡因会持续的影响人体12个小时，所以要控制自己不要在中午以后摄取咖啡因。小心一些“草本”饮料，例如绿茶含有很高的咖啡因。每次喝饮料之前都要看一下成份标签。
5. Stress &negative thinking
压力和消极想法
Stress is a large reason why many people find it difficult to sleep. One of the worse thingsyou can do is be stressed before bed. Stress produces chemicals that physically stop us fromsleeping. Try and clear your mind before bed time and make an effort to think positive thoughtsthat aid sleep.
压力是造成人难以入眠的重要原因。在上床睡觉前带着太大压力就更加糟糕了。压力会使人分泌出某些从生理上阻止睡眠的化学物质。尝试在睡前清空所思所想，努力朝有助于睡眠的积极方面想吧。
6. Too much light
光线太亮
Our bodies depend on ‘sleep signals’ to fall asleep and one of those signals is darkness.Make sure your room is as dark as possible before trying to get to sleep. Even a thin stream oflight coming in through your window can disrupt your pinealgland’s production of sleephormones and therefore disturb your sleep rhythms, so make sure your blinds are closed!
我们的身体依靠“睡眠信号”来入睡，其中一个信号就是黑暗。所以在睡觉前要确保房间光线尽可能暗。即便是透过玻璃窗射进来的一小束光线也可能会干扰人的松果体分泌睡眠荷尔蒙，从而干扰睡眠生物钟。因此要保证关上百叶窗!
7. Sugar before bedtime
睡前摄取糖分
Sugary snacks before bedtime are a really bad idea. The sugar can disrupt the chemicals inyour body causing you to wake up during the night. Limit all late night sweet treats – if you’rehungry go for a protein based snack instead.
睡前吃含糖的零食真的是个坏主意。糖会破坏人体体内的化学物质，导致人在夜间醒来。因此要控制晚间吃甜食的量，如果你饿了，去吃一些蛋白质为主的零食吧。
8. Alcohol before bedtime
睡前喝酒
Alcohol is a sedativeand therefore people get fooled into thinking it will help them get agood nights sleep. The reality is that it may initially induce sleep, however it usually drasticallyimpairs sleep during the second half of the night which leads to interrupted sleep patterns thatwill leave you feeling fatigued in the morning (not to mention the hangover!)
酒精有镇定作用，因此人们会误以为酒精能帮助睡眠。实际上酒精可能会在一开始促进人睡眠，但是它也常会在后半夜严重影响人的睡眠，打乱人的睡眠模式，让你在早上觉得很疲乏(更不用说还有宿醉了)。
9. TV in the bedroom
卧室里摆放电视
It can be easy to fall asleep on the couch in front of the TV. It’s important we don’t try andreplicatethis strategy in the bedroom though. The bedroom must only be associated withsleep. When you start to introduce mental stimulation such as a TV this can severely disruptyour sleep patterns.
坐在电视机前的沙发上很容易睡着，但重要的是我们不能在卧室里尝试这一 方法 。卧室应当只与睡眠有关，把电视机之类刺激神经的东西放进卧室会严重打乱你的睡眠模式。
10. Worrying about sleep
担心睡眠
If you’ve had a few bad nights sleep, then the worst thing you can do is worry too muchabout it. When we place too much focus on sleeping this can cause anxiety and only make theproblem worse. Try to go with the flow and let your body naturally get into a healthy sleeppattern.
当你几天都睡不好后，最糟糕的事情就是你还总是担心自己的睡眠。当我们把注意力过多放在睡眠上时，就会导致焦虑，而焦虑只会让睡眠问题变得更严重。试着顺其自然地让身体进入健康的睡眠模式吧。
医学科普文章英文版2
5个有害健康的常见生活习惯
Everyday health hazard 1: Lying
日常健康危害之1：撒谎
Whether you’re complimenting your best friend’s unflattering hairdo or “improvising”on thecost of your new designer shoes, we all tell the odd fibfrom time to time. However, accordingto research, those little white lies could be more harmful than you think. Lying can generatefeelings of stress which are damaging to your health, and a study by researchers at theUniversity of Notre Dame found that when people reduced the amount of lies they told theysuffered from less headaches, sore throats and anxiety.
无论你是在恭维你最好朋友那不讨喜的发型，或临时冲动购物买下最新名牌鞋，在这时候我们通常会撒一些古怪的小谎。但是最新的研究显示，即便是那些无害纯洁的小谎言也会带来意想不到的危害。撒谎会产生压力，而压力会损害你的健康。一项来自圣母大学的研究发现，当人们减少说谎话的次数时，他们就会减少头疼、咽喉疼痛和焦虑的患病次数。
Everyday health hazard 2: Eating at your desk
日常健康危害之2：办公桌上吃饭
If you’re having a busy day in work, it can be tempting to skip your lunch break and eat atyour desk. However, missing out on breaks is not only bad for your stress levels, eating whiledistracted may also mean you are more likely to overeat. Furthermore, spending your lunchhour at your desk can lengthen the time you are physically inactive and also expose you toharmful bacteria. According to a study by the University of Arizona, your work station containsnearly 400 times more germs than the average toilet seat, making it a less than ideal place fordining.
如果你工作忙绿，你的午餐休息时间可能没了，就不得不在办公桌上吃午饭。然而错过了休息不仅会让你感到压力紧张，而且心烦意乱的你在这时候吃饭会导致你进食过量。此外，在办公桌上吃饭，你的身体不活动的时间就会增加，还会让你暴露在有害的细菌环境中。亚利桑那大学的研究 报告 显示，办公环境细菌量是马桶座圈平均量的400倍，你还想在这样的地方进餐吗?
Everyday health hazard 3: Housework
日常健康危害之3：家务
Need an excuse to put your feet up? Well, good news: research suggests that leaving thehousework for another day could give your health a boost! Research results published in theJournal of Family Psychology revealed that doing housework when you get home from workprevents levels of cortisol (the stress hormone) from lowering and reduces recovery fromstress. However, stress levels for both men and women were lowered by housework beingcompleted – just so long as they weren’t the ones doing it. Look after your health by takingturns to do the housework with other members of your household if possible, and take timeout to relax afterwards.
想找个理由不做家务?那有好消息了：研究显示，人们把 家务活 留到第二天做，身体会更棒!《家庭心理学》刊登了这篇研究报告，报告结果显示，当你下班回家后做家务活，皮质醇(压力荷尔蒙)的释放会被抑制。皮质醇能降低压力，还能缩短受压后的恢复时间。但是当家务被完成后，男性和女性的压力水平都会降低——只要做家务的不仅仅只有他或她。可以的话，你可以和家人分担家务，这样能让自己保持健康，还有家务过后记得要抽时间休息啊。
Everyday health hazard 4: Using cash machines
日常健康危害之4：使用自动提款机
Withdrawing money from ATM machines is a common habit for most of us. However,cleanliness tests in Britain have revealed that cash machines are just as dirty as public toilets,and many of us are failing to wash our hands after using them. Experts assessed swabs fromthe key pads on cash machines and also from nearby public toilets and found that they bothcontained the same types of bacteria known to cause sickness. To look after your health, usean antibacterialhand gel once you have made your withdrawaland after handling money.
从自动提款机中提起现金是大多数人的日常习惯。然而一项英国的洁净测试显示，提款机和公厕一样脏，而且，大多数人在使用后都不会去洗手。专家们在自动提款机的键盘和附近的公厕中提取了样品，发现两者均含有同样致病菌。为了您的健康，请在提款和处理钱款后使用抗菌洗手液清洗。
Everyday health hazard 5: Cancelling plans
日常健康危害之5：取消计划
Find yourself frequently cancelling plans and bailing out on social events to have a bit oftime to yourself? Then it may be time to pay some attention to your social life. While a bit of‘me time’ is essential to good mental and physical health, too much time on your own canactually be bad for you. Research suggests that having strong social bonds promotes brainhealth, reduces feelings of depression and stress and encourages you to look after yourhealth. In fact, a study found that having few friends affects your longevityas much as smoking15 cigarettes a day.
发现自己频繁取消计划，还想摆脱社交活动，只为挤出属于自己的空闲时间?那么现在是时候在自己的社交生活中多多用心。拥有少量属于自己的时间，对于精神和身体方面是非常有益处的，但是太多属于自己的时间，反而有可能会害了你。研究显示，较强的社交联系有益于大脑的健康，同时能避免抑郁、降低压力，还能鼓励自己多关注自身的健康。事实上一项研究发现，没有朋友也会减少你的寿命，效果相当于1天抽15根烟。
医学科普文章英文版3
睡前玩iPad会影响睡眠质量
Using tablet computers like Apple’s iPad and Samsung’s Galaxy Note just before bed can lead toa poor night’s sleep, according to research.
More and more people are taking their tablets to bed with them to surf the web, checkFacebook or email before switching off the light.
But researchers are warning that the blueish light their screens emit can stop users getting agood night’s sleep.
That is because this type of light mimics daylight, convincing the brain that it is still daytime.
Blue light suppresses production of a brain chemical called melatonin, which helps us fall sleep.This is because our brains have evolved to be wakeful during daylight hours.
By contrast, light which is more orange or red in tone does not suppress melatoninproduction, perhaps because our brains recognize it as a cue that the day is ending.
Neurologists have known for years that staring at screens late in the evening can disrupt sleep- be they television screens, computer screens or mobile phone screens.
However, because mobiles and tablets are by nature portable - not to say addictive - morepeople are taking them into the bedroom.
Users also tend to hold them much closer to their eyes than a computer or television screen.
Researchers at the Lighting Research Centre, at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in NewYork, are warning that looking at tablet displays for more than two hours “leads to asuppression of our natural melatonin levels as the devices emit optical radiation at shortwavelengths” - in other words, they emit bluer light.
They say: “Although turning off devices at night is the ultimate solution, it is recommendedthat if these devices are used at night displays are dimmed as much as possible and that thetime spent on them before bed should be limited.”
They drew their conclusions after measuring melatonin levels in 13 volunteers, after they hadspent time viewing iPads at full brightness at a distance of 10 inches, for two hours.
Melatonin levels were significantly lower after they had done this, than they were after thevolunteers had viewed their iPads for the same time, but while wearing orange glass goggles,which cut out the blue light.
They wrote in the journal Applied Ergonomics that tablet makers could "tune the spectral powerdistribution of self-luminous devices" so that they disrupted the sleep patterns of users less.
It is not just a good night’s sleep that could be jeopardized by too much late night screentime.
Researchers know that persistent disruption to sleep patterns can lead to an increased risk ofobesity, and even breast cancer.
However, these studies tend to be comparisons of those with chronic sleep disruption, suchas long term shift workers, with those who have normal sleep patterns.
糖尿病作为一种代谢性疾病，其患病率随经济的发展呈逐年增加趋势。糖尿病对人体的危害主要是造成各种器官功能障碍和衰竭。下面是我带来的关于糖尿病的英文 文章 ，欢迎阅读!
关于糖尿病的英文文章1
糖尿病英文简介-What is diabetes
Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects over 150 million people in the world today.
The precentage of people suffering from diabetes is increasing rapidly, to the point where many medical authorities are referring to it as an epidemic.
So what is diabetes?
Diabetes prevents your body from turning your food into energy. Instead glucose stays in your bloodstream, and left untreated can result in a range of complications.
If you have recently been diagnosed as diabetic, don't worry. With proper treatment and care, you will lead a normal and happy life. You may need to make a few changes in your lifestyle - but then, if you are like me, you probably had plans to do that anyway and just never got round to it.
Now is the time to kick yourself into action. You cannot leave this up to your doctor alone - it needs you to take responsibility for your own treatment, and that starts with understanding what you are dealing with.
There are three types of Diabetes:
Type 1 Diabetes, (sometimes called Juvenile Diabetes) is usually found in young children and teenagers, but can also occur later in life.
In Type 1 Diabetes, your body is not producing insulin, a hormone needed to convert blood sugar into energy. Normally this hormone is produced by cells in your pancreas, but for some reason this is not happening as it should.
As the glucose in your blood can't be converted into energy and absorbed by your cells, it builds up causing high blood sugar.
Left untreated, high blood sugar can cause serious long-term health problems.
The normal treatment for people with type 1 diabetes is daily injections of insulin which keeps the blood sugar level within normal ranges.
Finding out you have diabetes can be upsetting, but it should not prevent you from living a long and happy life.
If you think this condition will prevent you leading an active life, consider Sir Steve Redgrave, one of the World's greatest Olympic athletes.
Sir Steve battled type 1 diabetes to win his record-breaking fifth Olympic Gold medal at the Sydney games in the coxless fours rowing event!
Type 2 diabetes (sometimes called mature onset diabetes) is the most common form of diabetes.
As with Type 1 Diabetes, the problem is related to insulin, a hormone needed to convert sugar into energy.
With Type 2 diabetes your body might be producing too little insulin, or it might not be reacting to the insulin correctly. Either way, the end result is that glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. Left untreated, high blood sugar can cause serious long-term health problems.
Type 2 diabetes usually appears later in life, often between the ages of 35-45 years. As it often develops slowly, many people may not recognise the symptoms, and may have diabetes without knowing it.
If you have recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, you are one of the lucky ones. Many people have diabetes without knowing it, and are at much greater risk of long term medical complications.
Finding out you have diabetes can be upsetting, but it should not prevent you from living a long and happy life. You may need to make a few changes in your lifestyle, but these changes are also good advice for non-diabetics, so probably a good idea anyway.
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes, that is only suffered by pregnant women.
In Gestational diabetes, a woman’s blood sugar is higher than normal because of the other hormones pridcued during preganancy interfere with the insulin that is produced naturally.
Gestational diabetes usually becomes apparent during the 24th to 28th weeks of pregnancy, and, in most cases, disappears of its own accord once the baby is born.
Women with gestational diabetes usually do NOT have an increased risk of having a baby with birth defects.
Generally, sufferers of gestational diabetes have normal blood sugar levels during the critical first stages of the preganancy.
Whilst there can be complications caused by gestational diabetes, these can usually be managed by careful attention to nutrition and blood sugar levels.
Approximately 3 to 5 percent of all pregnant women in the developed world suffer from gestational diabetes.
关于糖尿病的英文文章2
医学英语 糖尿病专业词汇
A1C –Hemoglobin A1c 醣化血色素
A-II receptor antagonist/blockers-ARA [ARB]血管张力素II 接受体拮抗剂/阻断剂
A chain,insulin, 胰岛素α链
Acanthosis nigrans, 皮肤棘状黑色素瘤
Acarbose，一种α-葡萄苷酶抑制剂 ,Acarbose [Glucobay-Bayer]
Accountability measures 质量改善度评量
ACCU-Check Compact-Roche Diabetes Monitoring Kit 一种携带型血糖机
Accupril --Quinapril [Acupril-Parke Davis]之商品名
ACEI=ACE inhibitor 血管张力素转化酶抑制剂 [ACEI 非正式名词]
ACE inhibitors 血管张力素转化酶抑制剂
ACE-K煮甜甜--Acesulfame Potassium [煮甜甜—益富]一种Sweatener 甜味矫味剂
Aceon--Perindopril [Aceon-Solvay] [Acertil-Servier]一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂
Acertil--Perindopril [Aceon-Solvay] [Acertil-Servier]一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂
Acesulfame Potassium =ACE-K [煮甜甜—益富]- 一种Sweatener 甜味矫味剂,
Adalat--Nifedipine [Adalat-Bayer] [Adalat OROS-Bayer] 一种钙离子径路阻断剂
Adalat OROS--Nifedipine[Adalat OROS-Bayer]一种钙离子径路阻断剂 长效型
Adhesion molecule 黏着分子 与动脉硬化形成有关，可被HDL抑制
Acertil --Perinodopril [Acertil-Servier]商品名,属于ACE inhibitor用于糖尿肾病变
Acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸盐 乙酰醋酸
Acetohexamide 口服降糖药物 Acetohexamide [Dymelor-Lilly]
Acetone 丙酮
Acetylsalicylic acid: [Aspirin-Bayer],乙酰水杨酸,阿司匹林
Acidosis 酸血症
Acipimox [Olbetam-Pharmacia] 烟碱酸类降脂剂
Acromegaly肢端肥大症
Action--Insulin 胰岛素之作用
Actos –Pioglitazone,Insulin sensitizer胰岛素敏感度反应性增强剂 新降血糖药物
Actrapid Human Insulin-Novo Regular, Human insulin快速作用型 人体胰岛素
Acute myocardial infarction急性心肌梗塞
ADA=American Diabetes Association 美国糖尿病学会
Additive--Insulin胰岛素制剂之添加剂
ADDQOL=Adult of Diabetes Dependent QOL成人糖尿病相应生活质量
Adhesion--Insulin 胰岛素沾粘性
Adrenergic blockers交感神经阻断剂
Aducut--Delapril [Adecut-武田] 一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂
Adult of Diabetes Dependent QOL=ADDQOL成人糖尿病相应生活质量
Adult Treatment Panel III , National Cholesterol education Program =NCEP ATP III
AER Albumin excretion rate尿液白蛋白排出率
1、学会跳读。如果我们一个个单词都去阅读，不但耗费时间，而且没有效果也不理想。实际上，跳读也能很好的把握文章的主旨大意和中心思想。 2、学会猜测生单词和词组含义。对于有了多年英语学习经验的人来说，可以不需要通过边阅读边查单词的方式来理解词语的意义。我们可以通过阅读上下文之间的联系来解决。在欧美人语言表达习惯中，同义定义的情况很多。 3、熟悉英语文章的特点。英语文章一般来说，有时候会采取语序颠倒的方式而不是正常的语序。很多时候，作者会把谓语动词提前或者用形式主语的形式来设置句子。我们需要掌握一些基本的英语文章的特点。 4、对于语法的熟悉程度。看懂一篇难度不大英语文章，不仅仅是词汇量的问题，更重要的是熟悉英语语法。欧美人比起母语为汉语的人来说更加喜欢用长且复杂的句型来表达他们的观点，限制性定语从句使用比较广泛。 5、掌握英语翻译的特点。在欧美人中普遍喜欢意译的方式，因为这种翻译方法更能灵活且忠实的表达出原作的意义。逐字翻译尽管有不少优点，毕竟在英语文章翻译中不完全适合。我们需要掌握翻译的三原则“信、“达”、”雅“。
精读一篇高考难度的英语阅读，那么首先，跟我们去看普通的中文文章是一样的。了解英文文章的段落分类。提取里面重要的单词量。再根据题目的要求去重点阅读英语文章当中的段落。其实英语的阅读，并不难，最主要是是在把自己原本课堂上的知识学好以后，多增加一些额外的英语阅读量词汇量。
上了大学以后，发现高考难度的英语阅读并不是特别的难，其中的词汇并没有多少，只要自己的单词量过关，想要精读一篇英语阅读，是非常简单的。打一个比方，本来是一个有包装的产品，结果被你把包装都卸了，全部成中文了，那你还看不懂其中的意思吗？想要精读一篇英语文章，你只需要把你的单词量过关，能够读通顺这个课文，能够把它一整篇的翻译过来，那就算是精读了。
词汇是阅读得以顺利进行的前提。所以要边增加词汇，边加大阅读。而且一篇文章需要反复去读，一周精读一篇即可，查出所有生词，理解每句话背后的意思。我们来举个例子吧：Men emerged half-naked in streets as the mercury rose to the record high. 这句话里的mercury是水银，整句话的意思是，气温创下历史新高，街上的男人们都开始光膀子了。如果你只知道mercury是水银，不知道它是温度计的水银柱可以隐喻气温，那就是还没有真正弄懂，类似的例子还有很多。可见阅读是需要温故知新的，需要天天进行，精读泛读和词汇同步，逐步提高难度。
把学习过程划分为 Pre-learning, While-learning, Post-learning 三个阶段，这就是 PWP 教学过程。
Pre-learning （学习前）阶段是教师进行教学准备、学生自我准备、教师激活学生学习新的语言知识、形成新的语言运用能力所需的知识、能力的阶段，其目的是为新语言内容的学习进行准备。这一阶段包括是课堂教学之前的一切准备活动，也包括课堂教学中开始学习新的语言内容之前的导入、启动、复习、激活等活动。
While-learning （学习中）阶段当然就是学习新语言的阶段，一般是在课堂进行，但也可以是学习在课堂之外的自我学习活动。在这一阶段，教师进行知识呈现、讲解，引导学生进行训练，学生通过学习掌握语言内容，形成运用能力。
Post-learning （学习后）阶段是学习新语言之后的评价、运用阶段，这一阶段应该是课堂之外的运用活动阶段，因为课堂内的活动本质上都属于学习阶段的活动，即使是课堂内的运用活动也是促进学习的运用活动。
与传统的写作教学法相比，过程教学法明显地显示出自己的优越性：
（一） 渗透到整个写作过程教师的作文教学不再是读范文和给评语，而是贯穿到写作过程的每一个阶段，将整个写作过程当做了教学重点，使学生得到了全面的指导和帮助。
（二） 开阔了学生的思路通过老师的启发、同学的指正和范文的引导，学生们扩展了思路，将写作的重点放在了表达完整的思想内容上，使他们的作文更真实，更具有说服力。
（三） 培养了学生的积极性学生受到了老师的关怀和尊重，从老师的批注中得到鼓舞和勉力，激发了他们对作文的兴趣，提高了写作的积极性。
（四） 拓展了自由的空间老师不再将批改的重点放在语法、词条和句子结构等条条框框上，使学生免去许多束缚，得以源源不断地发挥意识深处所要表达的思想内容。
参考资料百度百科——PWP
英语新新课标从培养学生综合语言能力到培养学生学科核心素养，关注点发生了变化，更加注重学生能力和品格的培养。核心素养的提出意味着我国的英语基础教育进入了以学生为中心，以学科育人为导向，以核心素养发展为目标的新时代。 英语阅读教学一般都采用PWP的基本教学模式 1.Pre-reading 目的:激发学生的阅读兴趣、激活他们的背景知识、导入话题 阅读前 活动:1.以旧带新;2.头脑风暴;3.背景介绍;4.任务驱动 目的:了解文本大意，获取信息，训练阅读技巧 2.阅读中 While-reading 活动:阅读并了解语育大意:将阅读文本的插图打乱师序，让学生 排序:根据文章内容判断正误、回答问题或完成句子等;根据文章 内容进行信息转换，如填表、填空、连线、标图、配对或排序等:给阅读材料加标题:猜测词义，了解重点细节等 目的:训练学生对文本信息的输出能力，提升人文素养 3.Post-reading 阅读后 活动:1.复述;2.角色扮演;3.仿写/续写/改写;4.拓展阅读核心素养背景下英语阅读教学 核心素养背景下英语阅读所要遵循的原则 1足够量的、适当的、多种文体的阅读素材 2创设积极的阅读动机和环境提供积极的阅读体验 3力求课内外阅读相结合培养学生主动学习的习惯 4“为理解而培养”策略 5引导读者在文本意义、作者态度、语篇结构、语言特点与修辞 6修辞的手法鉴赏 7铺垫语言知识，促进新知识增长优化认知结构 8围绕阅读语篇来设计听、说、读、写、看相结合的活动 9持续观察和反馈学生的阅读行为重视其努力的程度 10实践体现个体差异的阅读教学方式
PWP 教学过程当我们关注学习过程时，我们可以把学习过程划分为 Pre-learning, While-learning, Post-learning 三个阶段，这就是 PWP 教学过程。Pre-learning （学习前）阶段是教师进行教学准备、学生自我准备、教师激活学生学习新的语言知识、形成新的语言运用能力所需的知识、能力的阶段，其目的是为新语言内容的学习进行准备。这一阶段包括是课堂教学之前的一切准备活动，也包括课堂教学中开始学习新的语言内容之前的导入、启动、复习、激活等活动。While-learning （学习中）阶段当然就是学习新语言的阶段，一般是在课堂进行，但也可以是学习在课堂之外的自我学习活动。在这一阶段，教师进行知识呈现、讲解，引导学生进行训练，学生通过学习掌握语言内容，形成运用能力。Post-learning （学习后）阶段是学习新语言之后的评价、运用阶段，这一阶段应该是课堂之外的运用活动阶段，因为课堂内的活动本质上都属于学习阶段的活动，即使是课堂内的运用活动也是促进学习的运用活动。PWP 教学过程可以用于英语教学的每一项具体语言教学内容，在技能教学中表现为不同的具体形式，如听力中的 Pre-listening, while-listening 和 post-listening ，口语中的 Pre-speaking, while-speaking 和 post-speaking ，阅读中的 Pre-reading, while-reading 和 post-reading ，写作中的 Pre-writing, while-writing 和 post-writing 。
一、教学过程不同：
PWP= pre reading, while reading, post reading
PPP= presentation, practice, production
二、用法不同：
通常好像ppp用于低年级教学比较多，且pwp要依托于阅读文本，grammar和vocabulary教学可能没有阅读文本所以不适用于pwp。另外好像也没有说不同内容的课程（比如阅读、写作课）一定要使用某种（pwp）的教学方法，只是通常分类。
扩展资料：
PWP（任务型）:阅读、写作、听说课，口语课材料有听力和书面材料2类，我看口语课教案，听力材料的写出来像听说课，书面材料写出来的像阅读课。因为都包含好的教案设计都包含“口语”部分呐。
口语的材料类型复杂，可能是书面材料，也可能是阅读材料（包括只给几个问题和要求的情况），甚至可能都包含，所以如pwp模式的口语课，pre-speaking，while-speak，post-speaking，内容是不好分开的，尤其口语讨论很容易在3个过程中都存在。
参考资料来源：百度百科-PWP
在日常的学习、工作、生活中，大家对作文都不陌生吧，通过作文可以把我们那些零零散散的思想，聚集在一块。如何写一篇有思想、有文采的作文呢？下面是我精心整理的初二英语作文300字9篇，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
Last week, we went to see a robot show with my good friends.We saw many robots in the show. The show was so wonderful that many people came to see it. Some robots looked like humans. They could help with the housework, such as sweeping the floor and doing the dishes. They were very helpful. Some of them could dance and play sports. They were very nice.some others looked like snakes. They could help look for people under buildings after an earthquake.
I had a good time enjoying the show. And I think there will be more robots and robots can help us a lot in the future.
Early Rising
Early rising benefits us in many ways.
First, it helps to keep us fit. We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides, by taking morning exercises we can improve our health.
Second, it can help us in our studies. In the morning we can learn more quickly.
Third, it can enable us to plan our work for the day. We cannot work well without a proper plan. Early rising can also give us enough time to get ready for our work..
So we say that those who always get up late should make great effort to get up early.
Teenager’s Opinion About Moral
With the development of Internet, people can get to know the instant news and see what happens around the world. We hear about the bad news about teenager’s wrong behavior now and then, the biggest is about a teenager insulted a girl and got arrested.
The whole world is watching the case, because the teenager is born in a rich family. Teenager has been criticized for their lack of moral consciousness, before the case, not a lot of people realize teenager’s moral problem.
There was a new year English party in our classroom,we'd invite our foreign teacher Mary john.each team should prepare two performances for this party,such as singing ,dancing ,talk show and so on.every student should participate in that party,if you want ,you can bring some food and beverage,we'd have a nice party.the party started from 7.30 to 10 ,12.30.09 I dont know what you mean ,I am not in your shoes ,I think you should think what situation you have,I just give you a construction.
It was Monday. I got up very early and was the first to come to the classroom. When I came to my desk and was going to sit down, I found my chair was broken. What could I do? At that time no one was around. I quickly changed my chair with Li Mings and sat down to read the book as if nothing had happened.
My classmates came in one after another. After a while, Li Ming came. When he found his chair was broken, he tried to repair it. I didnt say a word but my face turned red. Soon I ran to the teachers office and brought back a hammer. I said to I.i Ming, Lets repair it together.
In my ophfion, examinations are one of the important activities in school life. I have gone through all sorts of examations since my primary school I have tasted the flavor of happiness and sadness.
Before examinations, I always have a hard time and don’t know what to do. During examinations I feel nervous and sometimes my mind becomes blank. Only after exaninations does the world seem to be bright again and am I brimming with vigor. We often complain that our teachers make trouble for us on purpose. But it is not true. The fact is that examinations are just a way to help us do better in our study.
Our Motherland
Our great motherland is one of the largest countries in the world. It has a population of over eleven hundred million. Peking is its capital.
We Chinese people are brave and hardworking. We have a glorious revolutionary tradition. We drove out Japanese invaders and overthrew Kuomingtang government. In 1949 the People's Republic of China was founded. Since then great changes have taken place in our motherland. Now our country is getting stronger and stronger. We Chinese people are working hard to make our motherland into a powerful socialist country.
I still remember my first flight.
I took a flight in Beijing Airport. I got there early. I had my bag weighed first. After a while I began to get on the plane.
When I sat on the plane, Boeing 737, I fastened my seat belt. Then I looked out of the windows, seeing the ground running backwards. When the plane began to take off, I felt it interesting very much.
During about 2 hours’ flight, I saw a film and had a delicious meal. Then the plane began to get lower and I got to Xi’an safely.
How excited I was on my first flight.
The summer vacation began. I decided to work to make money for the next term. But I didn’t know what work I could do.
At that time, my mother was writing a book. I decided to type for her for pay. She agreed and paid me 5 yuan for 1000 words.
I began to work. I typed so slowly that I could type only several hundred words a day. It was a hard job for me. I kept typing all day long.
I finished the work two weeks later. I came to know how hard it was to make money.
People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world.But
I don't think so. In my opinion, to read books is more valuable than anything else.
The old saying "To open a book is always helpful" clearly tells us how good it is to read a book.
Books are our friends. They introduce us different kinds of knowledge. They lead us down the road to success.
Books are our teachers. They teach us troth, science, literature, and philosophy of life. Besides, they increase our knowledge, enlarge our experience,strengthen our character and do many other things which we can not do without them.
Books tell us what is good and what is evil. And only books can tell the good from the bad.
Therefore to read more books is the best policy for our young students.
读书的价值
人们常说金子和银子是世界上最有价值的东西，但我不这样认为。在我看来，读书比任何其他事情更有价值。
“开卷有益”清楚地告诉了我们读书有多好。
书是我们的朋友。它们向我们介绍不同种类的知识，它指导我们沿着成功之路前行。
书是我们的老师。它们教我们真理、科学、文学和生活的哲理，同时它们增加了我们的知识，扩大了我们的视野，增强了我们的个性，使我们还做了在没有书的情况下绝不可能完成的其他事情。
书能让我们明辨是非，并且只有书才能让我们吸取反面教训。
因此，读更多的书是我们青少年学生的明智之举。
Knowledge can be acquired from many sources. These include books, teachers and practical experience, and each has its own advantages. The knowledge we gain from books and formal education enables us to learn about things that we have no opportunity to experience in daily life. We can study all the places in the world and learn from people we will never meet in our lifetime, just by reading about them in books. We can also develop our *** ytical skills and learn how to view and interpret the world around us in different ways. Furthermore, we can learn from the past by reading books. In this way, we won't repeat the mistakes of others and can build on their achievements.
Practical experience, on the other hand, can give us more useful knowledge. It is said that one learns best by doing, and I believe that this is true, whether one is successful or not. In fact, I think making mistakes is the best way to learn. Moreover, if one wants to make new advances, it is necessary to act. Innovations do not e about through reading but through experimentation. Finally, one can apply the skills and insights gained through the study of books to practical experience, making an already meaningful experience more meaningful. However, unless it is applied to real experiences, book knowledge remains theoretical and, in the end, is useless. That is why I believe that knowledge gained from practical experience is more important than that acquired from books.
书本知识与实际经验
获得知识的来源有很多，其中包括书本、老师，以及实际经验，而每一种都有其优点。从书本上及正规教育中所获得的知识使我们知道在日常生活中没有机会亲身去体验的事。通过读书，我们可以研究世界各地的资料，还可以向不曾谋面的人学习。我们也可以培养分析的技巧，并学习如何以不同的方式去观察并理解周围的世界。此外，我们可以通过读书，从历史中获取教训。如此一来，就不会再重复别人的错误，并且能够以他人的成就作为我们行动的基础。
另一方面，实际经验能够给我们更多有用的知识。大家都说从做中学的效果最好，我也认为的确如此，无论一个人成功与否。事实上，我认为犯错是最好的学习方式。此外，如果想要有新的进展，就必须要付诸行动。想要创新，只靠阅读是不够的，必须要去实践。最后，我们可以将通过读书所获得的技巧和见解应用于实际经验中，使得原本有意义的经验变得更有意义。不过，除非我们能将书本知识运用于实际经验中，否则书本知识终究仍只是理论，毫无用处。那就是为什么我会认为从实际经验中获得的知识比从书本中所得到的知识更为重要。
My face looks like a castle room, but the inside is always very chaotic,but I still like my own room. My favorite room in my reading, writing, listening to music, doing things they like, but also be free fantasy. Whenever the after school came home, I burst into the room, forcing the less than special greeting to the dolls are their fortable in her arms sitting desk, and singing songs. replaced by large casual wear, the pressure of schoolwork all disappear without a trace.
In addition, the room is my sister's secret base in chatting, my mother often in the window watching us happy along the probe, and the sum of us laughing in unison, sometimes playing with playing with toys on the chaotic, but I am still feel that this is a warm paradise.
I really liked our room, even if not always greasy with Xian Fan, it is always quiet and free of waiting for me, I wish I could always be together, and it is.
it's generally considered that reading do a lot of benefit to our students.not only can it make our after-school life more meaningful and corlourful,but it can expand our horizons.as a result,with reading more,we would grow into a better person.however, in current days,many of us spend most of the leisure time in playing games or surfing the inter,instead of reading. it's a pity to find it less and less our students are interesting in reading,or have formed a habit of reading.so,in order to revive reading,this beneficial activity,we'd better take action right now.let's read together,learn together and grow tergether！ 差点漏了翻译。
..大家都普遍认为读书对我们学生有莫大的益处。读书不仅丰富我们的课余时间，而且能拓宽我们的视野。
所以，读书能使我们成长成为一个更优秀的人。然而，在当下，我们中多数人都把大部分空闲时间耗费在玩游戏或者上网上，而不是用来读书。
令人遗憾的是，我们越来越少学生对读书感兴趣，或是有读书的习惯。所以，为了使读书，这种有益的活动重新流行起来，我们最好马上行动起来。
让我们一同阅读，一同学习，一同成长。
Some people say that money is the best thing in the world. But I consider reading books as the best and the most precious thing one can ever have. Reading books is very important. First of all, it is knowledge that makes society develop and by reading books you can get all kinds of knowledge. Furthemore, reading books makes you a qualified person and makes your life enjoyable. One is never too old to learn. No matter what time you rcalize the importance of reading books, you can enjoy it during the rest of your life time. Love books, for they are your best friends。
How to Do Reading
In my opinion, when it es to reading English articles, I think it's necessary to look through all paragraphs, so that we can get the main ideas of the article.
If you don't have enough time to go through it, then just get the main idea of each paragraph. Basically, there would be a hint at the beginning of the article, which will tell us what this article is all about. And in the following paragraphs, the key idea usually exists in the beginning or at the end of the paragraph. Then, run to the conclusion part to get the writer's opinion on this.
I like to read books when I am free. I like to read all kinds of books. I think reading is a good habit as well as a nice hobby . I understand a lot of things which I can't learn in class. Reading opens my mind and heart, reading gives me wisdom and teaches me a lot of valuable lessons, too. I think we should make friends with books and we can learn a lot from them! If you don't like reading,you will be out of the fashsion.Nobody likes to make friends with a person who has no knowledge.
People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world.ButI don't think so. In my opinion, to read books is more valuable than anything else.The old saying "To open a book is always helpful" clearly tells us how good it is to read a book.Books are our friends. They introduce us different kinds of knowledge. They lead us down the road to success.Books are our teachers. They teach us troth, science, literature, and philosophy of life. Besides, they increase our knowledge, enlarge our experience,strengthen our character and do many other things which we can not do without them.Books tell us what is good and what is evil. And only books can tell the good from the bad.Therefore to read more books is the best policy for our young students.读书的价值人们常说金子和银子是世界上最有价值的东西，但我不这样认为。
在我看来，读书比任何其他事情更有价值。“开卷有益”清楚地告诉了我们读书有多好。
书是我们的朋友。它们向我们介绍不同种类的知识，它指导我们沿着成功之路前行。
书是我们的老师。它们教我们真理、科学、文学和生活的哲理，同时它们增加了我们的知识，扩大了我们的视野，增强了我们的个性，使我32313133353236313431303231363533e58685e5aeb931333332633537们还做了在没有书的情况下绝不可能完成的其他事情。
书能让我们明辨是非，并且只有书才能让我们吸取反面教训。因此，读更多的书是我们青少年学生的明智之举。
HOW TO BE A GOOD STUDENT （怎样做个好学生） If you want to be a good student, three attributes can help you in your studies. First, a sense of responsibility is important for building a sound character. If you aren't responsible, you'll postpone your assignments or devote too little time to your schoolwork. Second, in school life, relationships beeen people are valuable. Friends can bring you happiness and laughter. In addition, you c敞叮搬顾植该邦双鲍晶an discuss problems and pursue knowledge with them. Last, it is important to have a constructive philosophy of life. If you are defeated, don't be disappointed. Try to face your life and your studies with courage and determination. If you can work toward these goals, you'll bee a well-rounded and versatile student instead of being a bookworm.。
The Importance of Reading Classics
It is widely acknowledged that reading classics is both important and beneficial to the character development and personal growth of the young people. As for me, nothing can bring more joy and happiness than reading those masterpieces created by great figures like Confucius and Cao Xueqin. I believe works like The Dream in the Red Chamber and The Legend of Three Kingdoms can drastically elevate one's aesthetic taste and deepen the understanding of the glorious history of Chinese culture.
However, the modern society is full of temptations. Compared with TV soap operas, sport events, and video games, classical literary works are old fashioned and time consuming. In bookstores, “Fast-food” reading materials are replacing classics, and young writers with sensational and “cool” remarks win the support of a large number of fans.
we college students should be fully aware of the important role the classics play in broadening one's vision. Therefore, we should start reading and studying the treasuries our ancestors center and absorbing the essence of those classical works. We should also advocate to the public the importance of classics so that an increasing number of general people can enjoy the pleasure of reading
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现在人们已经公认为阅读经典对于年轻人的个性成长是重要而且有益的。就我而言，没有任何事比阅读那些诸如孔子，曹雪芹等人的名著更能让我兴奋了。我相信像红楼梦，三国演义这样的著作能够极大地提升一个人的艺术品位，加深对中国文化史的了解。
然而，现代社会有各种各样的诱惑。和肥皂剧，体育比赛，视频游戏比较，经典文学显得有些跟不上潮流且需要耗费大量的时间。在书店里，快餐式的阅读材料代替了经典，年轻的作者凭借敏感的酷酷的形式赢得大量人的追捧。
我们大学生应当充分认识到阅读经典对于开扩我们的视野所起的作用。因此，我们应当阅读学习先辈创造的财富，吸收经典中的精华。我们还应当向公众宣传经典文学的重要性，那样更多的人才能加入到阅读经典的行列当中。
网站大了毕竟很杂，而且也不好找好看的书，很多都不实用，往往是你看到很多书但就是没有或者找不到你想要的，建议你想好书名后在狗狗或者电驴等搜索引擎里搜一下，都能搜到，很方便的。
恩，有很多哦！个人认为比较好的是榕树下，属于比较纯粹的文学网站，其他的红袖添香,晋江文学网等网络小说太多了！对了，还可以去新浪读书频道!
起点中文网 纵横中文网 里面大神之做 多多！！ 不过是要钱的 如过要看的话 去笔下文学 我就是这样 ！！！！！
起点中文网。
起点中文网创建于2002年5月，是国内最大文学阅读与写作平台之一，是国内领先的原创文学门户网站，隶属于数字内容综合平台——阅文集团（（股票代码：0772.HK)）旗下，总部位于上海。
前身为起点原创文学协会（Chinese Magic Fantasy Union），长期致力于原创文学作者的挖掘与培养工作，并以推动中国文学原创事业为发展宗旨，在2003年10月以此为契机开创了在线收费阅读即电子出版的新模式。
网站历史：
经过10年努力和奋斗，在众多热爱起点的作者与用户的关心下，“起点中文网”为代表的原创文学领导品牌，建立了完善的以创作、培养、销售为一体的电子在线出版机制，成为国内优秀的文学作品在线出版平台，树立了业内具有影响力的行业领导地位。起点中文网今后将继续以建站宗旨为发展核心，为建立国内领先的文化品牌而奋斗。