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'Thrushcross Grange is my own, sir,' he interrupted, wincing. 'I should not allow any one to inconvenience me, if I could hinder it - walk in!' The 'walk in' was uttered with closed teeth, and expressed the sentiment, 'Go to the Deuce:' even the gate over which he leant manifested no sympathising movement to the words; and I think that circumstance determined me to accept the invitation: I felt interested in a man who seemed more exaggeratedly reserved than myself. When he saw my horse's breast fairly pushing the barrier, he did put out his hand to unchain it, and then sullenly preceded me up the causeway, calling, as we entered the court, - 'Joseph, take Mr. Lockwood's horse; and bring up some wine.' 'Here we have the whole establishment of domestics, I suppose,' was the reflection suggested by this compound order. 'No wonder the grass grows up between the flags, and cattle are the only hedge- cutters.'
Wuthering Heights as a Religious NovelWuthering Heights is not a religious novel in the sense that it supports a particular religion (Christianity), or a particular branch of Christianity (Protestantism), a particular Protestant denomination (Church of England). Rather, religion in this novel takes the form of the awareness of or conviction of the existence of a spirit-afterlife.An overwhelming sense of the presence of a larger reality moved Rudolph Otto to call Wuthering Heights a supreme example of "the daemonic" in literature. Otto was concerned with identifying the non-rational mystery behind all religion and all religious experiences; he called this basic element or mystery the numinous. The numinous grips or stirs the mind so powerfully that one of the responses it produces is numinous dread, which consists of awe or awe-fullness. Numinous dread implies three qualities of the numinous: its absolute unapproachability, its power, and. its urgency or energy. A misunderstanding of these qualities and of numinous dread by primitive people gives rise to daemonic dread, which Otto identifies as the first stage in religious development. At the same time that they feel dread, they are drawn by the fascinating power of the numinous. Otto explains, "The daemonic-divine object may appear to the mind an object of horror and dread, but at the same time it is no less something that allures with a potent charm, and the creature, who trembles before it, utterly cowed and cast down, has always at the same time the impulse to turn to it, nay even to make it somehow his own." Still, acknowledgment of the "daemonic" is a genuine religious experience, and from it arise the gods and demons of later religions. It has been suggested that Gothic fiction originated primarily as a quest for numinous dread. For Derek Traversi the motive force of Brontë's novel is "a thirst for religious experience," which is not Christian. It is this spirit which moves Catherine to exclaim, "surely you and everybody have a notion that there is, or should be, an existence of yours beyond you. What were the use of my creation if I were entirely contained here? (Ch. ix, p. 64). Out of Catherine's–and Brontë's–awareness of the finiteness of human nature comes the yearning for a higher reality, permanent, infinite, eternal; a higher reality which would enable the self to become whole and complete and would also replace the feeling of the emptiness of this world with feelings of the fullness of being (fullness of being is a phrase used by and about mystics to describe the aftermath of a direct experience of God). Brontë's religious inspiration turns a discussion of the best way to spend an idle summer's day into a dispute about the nature of heaven. Brontë's religious view encompasses both Cathy's and Linton's views of heaven and of life, for she sees a world of contending forces which are contained within her own nature. She seeks to unite them in this novel, though, Traversi admits, the emphasis on passion and death tends to overshadow the drive for unity. Even Heathcliff's approaching death, when he cries out "My soul's bliss kills my body, but does not satisfy itself" (Ch. xxxiv, p. 254), has a religious resonance.Thomas John Winnifrith also sees religious meaning in the novel: salvation is won by suffering, as an analysis of references to heaven and hell reveals. For Heathcliff, the loss of Catherine is literally hell; there is no metaphoric meaning in his claim "existence after losing her would be hell" (Ch. xiv, p. 117). In their last interview, Catherine and Heathcliff both suffer agonies at the prospect of separation, she to suffer "the same distress underground" and he to "writhe in the torments of hell" (XV, p. 124). Heathcliff is tortured by his obsession for the dead/absent Catherine. Suffering through an earthly hell leads Healthcliff finally to his heaven, which is union with Catherine as a spirit. The views of Nelly and Joseph about heaven and hell are conventional and do not represent Brontë's views, according to Winnifrith.2Jane has endured hell. Indeed, most of this novel becomes a test of what she can endure. Helen Burns and Miss Temple teach Jane the British stiff upper lip and saintly patience. Then Jane, star pupil that she is, exemplifies the stoicism, while surviving indignity upon indignity. Jane’s soul hunkers down deep inside her body and waits for the shelling to stop. Only at Moor’s End, where she teaches and grows, does her soul come out. She stops enduring and begins living. Jane begins to become an “I” in her 19th year. In the sentence, “Reader, I married him.” Jane makes clear who is in charge of her life and her marriage; she is. That “I” stands resolutely as the subject of the sentence commanding the verb and attaching itself to the object, “him.” She is no longer passive, waiting and sitting for Rochester’s attention. Rather, she goes out and gets him. She has gone a long way from the beginning of the novel. At Gateshead, Jane tries to direct her life. Her little “I” scolds Mrs. Reed and chastises John. Like the later Jane, she knows her mind and speaks it. Unlike the later Jane, however, she does not have the wherewithal to back up her soul. She does not have the physical strength, the mental skills, nor the finances to stand on her own. As a result, she can be thrown into the Red Room to repent her sins and can be cast into Lowood. At Lowood, her pernicious saints, Helen Burns and Miss Temple, suppress the young ego under a blanket of will, religion, and self-sacrifice. Helen teaches Jane to blame herself for everything and blame others for nothing. Helen suffers depredation upon humiliation in the name of dirty fingernails and disorganized socks, all the while chanting “Thank you sir, may I have another.” Jane internalizes this, so that she blames herself for Rochester’s faults and error and even forgives the unforgivable, Mrs. Reed. For her part, Miss Temple teaches Jane to be subversive, but charming. Rebellion is seed cake and a smile. Rebellion is not keeping the students from the ten-mile forced march to church. Jane follows these dictates as well, manipulating Rochester for scraps and sops. With one withering blast, Rochester dynamites these two icons into sanctimonious rubble and sends Jane back out into the elements. Her soul, long buried or locked away in the attic, bursts forth and sends Jane for the escape pods. Out in the moors, sucking on dirt, Jane chooses to live on and rebuilds herself. First with the help of her cousins, then with the arrogantly humble Rivers St. John, Jane rediscovers who she is and discards who she isn’t. Ironically, her final self-definition comes from Rivers when he proposes. Helen Burns and Miss Temple would have knelt at the chance, but Jane lets the cup pass by. In her rejection, she sweeps the debris away and stands by herself. So, when she returns to Thornfield, she comes with her own money and her own identity. Reduced or not, Rochester can only stand with Jane, not tower over her. She comes with a skill, cash, and self-knowledge. And under her own power, she submits herself to Rochester. She allows herself to be called Janet and to refer to him as “sir.” She willingly and momentarily drops her head. But not for long. In the ultimate chapter, Jane directly addresses her “Reader.” The final chapter takes place a year or two post-fire, as the mature Jane looks back on her life. By the act of writing, Jane has defined herself and stepped away from the saint-in-training. By writing the truth, in all of its ugliness, she separates herself from the persona. The Jane in the first 38 chapters is not the final Jane that addresses the reader. That Jane has had a child, has married a man, and has made a spot in the world. The great triumph of that line comes not from the man that she has married, but from the rediscovery and reaffirmation of the voice that once told off Mrs. Reed. The girl lost her voice at Lowood has become the woman who can tell us the story. The novel itself is Jane’s final "I."
艾米莉.勃朗特《呼啸山庄》中场景要素之研究我爱英语网 论文名称: 艾米莉.勃朗特《呼啸山庄》中场景要素之研究论文名称: The Elements Making Up the Setting of Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights关键词:呼啸山庄 Emily Bronte场景要素 Wuthering Heightselements of setting[摘要]十九世纪英国女作家艾米莉．勃朗特（Emily Bronte）穷其毕生精力所完成之伟大巨着《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights），于一九四八年被英国作家毛姆（W. S. Maugham）推崇为世界十大小说之一；二00二年五月，这本脍炙人口的的出色小说更获挪威文坛赏识，入选为「有史以来世界文学百部经典」之一。此本小说，系以十八世纪末狂风呼啸的英国约克夏荒野为其沉郁背景，次第开展出具毁灭性爱恨情仇的动人故事。本论文共分五章，以批评家霍尔门（C. Hugh Holman）对场景的定义为基础，详述构成此本小说场景的各个不同要素：第一章简介作者生平、写作背景及研究动机。第二章讨论地理要素，包括地形、景观，乃至房间门、窗之摆设。冬夏迥异的荒原，是主角们演出的壮丽舞台；呼啸山庄和画眉田庄两大庄院，不仅主控全景，更各具特色，各有其象征意义——前者草木稀疏，被视为粗鄙不羁、原始自然之生活代表；后者则座落于优美山谷，以绿树、高墙围绕，代表上流阶级之文明生活。而门、窗、锁、钥的意象，则凸显出人物角色之心与灵对内在和外在的领悟。第三章探索时间要素及小说引人入胜的叙述手法。艾米莉以巧妙的手法展现小说精细严密的时间之来龙去脉，其对天候和季节的描述象征人物角色的情感和举动，使场景生动逼真，富于戏剧效果。艾米莉采用洛克伍德（Lockwood）和乃莉（Nelly）二人的双轨主叙述法，结合少部分扼要的多重叙述法，组成故事的核心，提升了这部惊心动魄的原创小说之活泼本质与奥妙。第四章详论一般性的环境要素。在小说中，处处可见二元论的概念，呈现在各人物角色的工作和日常生活的态度上。两大庄院的宗教道德观与社经地位也都有对比的关联性。末章是结语，浓缩小说中丰富且严谨之场景所有要素，并说明《呼啸山庄》被公认为杰作的原由。
Wuthering Heights as a Religious NovelWuthering Heights is not a religious novel in the sense that it supports a particular religion (Christianity), or a particular branch of Christianity (Protestantism), a particular Protestant denomination (Church of England). Rather, religion in this novel takes the form of the awareness of or conviction of the existence of a spirit-afterlife.An overwhelming sense of the presence of a larger reality moved Rudolph Otto to call Wuthering Heights a supreme example of "the daemonic" in literature. Otto was concerned with identifying the non-rational mystery behind all religion and all religious experiences; he called this basic element or mystery the numinous. The numinous grips or stirs the mind so powerfully that one of the responses it produces is numinous dread, which consists of awe or awe-fullness. Numinous dread implies three qualities of the numinous: its absolute unapproachability, its power, and. its urgency or energy. A misunderstanding of these qualities and of numinous dread by primitive people gives rise to daemonic dread, which Otto identifies as the first stage in religious development. At the same time that they feel dread, they are drawn by the fascinating power of the numinous. Otto explains, "The daemonic-divine object may appear to the mind an object of horror and dread, but at the same time it is no less something that allures with a potent charm, and the creature, who trembles before it, utterly cowed and cast down, has always at the same time the impulse to turn to it, nay even to make it somehow his own." Still, acknowledgment of the "daemonic" is a genuine religious experience, and from it arise the gods and demons of later religions. It has been suggested that Gothic fiction originated primarily as a quest for numinous dread. For Derek Traversi the motive force of Brontë's novel is "a thirst for religious experience," which is not Christian. It is this spirit which moves Catherine to exclaim, "surely you and everybody have a notion that there is, or should be, an existence of yours beyond you. What were the use of my creation if I were entirely contained here? (Ch. ix, p. 64). Out of Catherine's–and Brontë's–awareness of the finiteness of human nature comes the yearning for a higher reality, permanent, infinite, eternal; a higher reality which would enable the self to become whole and complete and would also replace the feeling of the emptiness of this world with feelings of the fullness of being (fullness of being is a phrase used by and about mystics to describe the aftermath of a direct experience of God). Brontë's religious inspiration turns a discussion of the best way to spend an idle summer's day into a dispute about the nature of heaven. Brontë's religious view encompasses both Cathy's and Linton's views of heaven and of life, for she sees a world of contending forces which are contained within her own nature. She seeks to unite them in this novel, though, Traversi admits, the emphasis on passion and death tends to overshadow the drive for unity. Even Heathcliff's approaching death, when he cries out "My soul's bliss kills my body, but does not satisfy itself" (Ch. xxxiv, p. 254), has a religious resonance.Thomas John Winnifrith also sees religious meaning in the novel: salvation is won by suffering, as an analysis of references to heaven and hell reveals. For Heathcliff, the loss of Catherine is literally hell; there is no metaphoric meaning in his claim "existence after losing her would be hell" (Ch. xiv, p. 117). In their last interview, Catherine and Heathcliff both suffer agonies at the prospect of separation, she to suffer "the same distress underground" and he to "writhe in the torments of hell" (XV, p. 124). Heathcliff is tortured by his obsession for the dead/absent Catherine. Suffering through an earthly hell leads Healthcliff finally to his heaven, which is union with Catherine as a spirit. The views of Nelly and Joseph about heaven and hell are conventional and do not represent Brontë's views, according to Winnifrith.2Jane has endured hell. Indeed, most of this novel becomes a test of what she can endure. Helen Burns and Miss Temple teach Jane the British stiff upper lip and saintly patience. Then Jane, star pupil that she is, exemplifies the stoicism, while surviving indignity upon indignity. Jane’s soul hunkers down deep inside her body and waits for the shelling to stop. Only at Moor’s End, where she teaches and grows, does her soul come out. She stops enduring and begins living. Jane begins to become an “I” in her 19th year. In the sentence, “Reader, I married him.” Jane makes clear who is in charge of her life and her marriage; she is. That “I” stands resolutely as the subject of the sentence commanding the verb and attaching itself to the object, “him.” She is no longer passive, waiting and sitting for Rochester’s attention. Rather, she goes out and gets him. She has gone a long way from the beginning of the novel. At Gateshead, Jane tries to direct her life. Her little “I” scolds Mrs. Reed and chastises John. Like the later Jane, she knows her mind and speaks it. Unlike the later Jane, however, she does not have the wherewithal to back up her soul. She does not have the physical strength, the mental skills, nor the finances to stand on her own. As a result, she can be thrown into the Red Room to repent her sins and can be cast into Lowood. At Lowood, her pernicious saints, Helen Burns and Miss Temple, suppress the young ego under a blanket of will, religion, and self-sacrifice. Helen teaches Jane to blame herself for everything and blame others for nothing. Helen suffers depredation upon humiliation in the name of dirty fingernails and disorganized socks, all the while chanting “Thank you sir, may I have another.” Jane internalizes this, so that she blames herself for Rochester’s faults and error and even forgives the unforgivable, Mrs. Reed. For her part, Miss Temple teaches Jane to be subversive, but charming. Rebellion is seed cake and a smile. Rebellion is not keeping the students from the ten-mile forced march to church. Jane follows these dictates as well, manipulating Rochester for scraps and sops. With one withering blast, Rochester dynamites these two icons into sanctimonious rubble and sends Jane back out into the elements. Her soul, long buried or locked away in the attic, bursts forth and sends Jane for the escape pods. Out in the moors, sucking on dirt, Jane chooses to live on and rebuilds herself. First with the help of her cousins, then with the arrogantly humble Rivers St. John, Jane rediscovers who she is and discards who she isn’t. Ironically, her final self-definition comes from Rivers when he proposes. Helen Burns and Miss Temple would have knelt at the chance, but Jane lets the cup pass by. In her rejection, she sweeps the debris away and stands by herself. So, when she returns to Thornfield, she comes with her own money and her own identity. Reduced or not, Rochester can only stand with Jane, not tower over her. She comes with a skill, cash, and self-knowledge. And under her own power, she submits herself to Rochester. She allows herself to be called Janet and to refer to him as “sir.” She willingly and momentarily drops her head. But not for long. In the ultimate chapter, Jane directly addresses her “Reader.” The final chapter takes place a year or two post-fire, as the mature Jane looks back on her life. By the act of writing, Jane has defined herself and stepped away from the saint-in-training. By writing the truth, in all of its ugliness, she separates herself from the persona. The Jane in the first 38 chapters is not the final Jane that addresses the reader. That Jane has had a child, has married a man, and has made a spot in the world. The great triumph of that line comes not from the man that she has married, but from the rediscovery and reaffirmation of the voice that once told off Mrs. Reed. The girl lost her voice at Lowood has become the woman who can tell us the story. The novel itself is Jane’s final "I."
英美文学英语毕业论文开题报告范例
一、 选题的背景与意义：
(一)课题研究来源
在考研过程中遇到类型相关的题目，本人很感兴趣，于是确定选择该题。
(二)课题研究的目的
本文通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义，来叙述《呼啸山庄》中文明与自然的冲突。
(三)课题研究的意义
艾米莉·勃朗特是英国维多利亚时期着名小说家和作家，是着名的勃朗特姐妹之一， 也是三姐妹中最具天赋的一个。她一生只写了一部小说《呼啸山庄》，但是这部伟大的作品却使她扬名于世。通过《呼啸山庄》，艾米莉·勃朗特以维多利亚时代为背景，通过写两个截然不同的家族，三代人之间的爱恨情仇，充分表现了维多利亚时期文明和自然之间的冲突以及怎样反映了艾米莉·勃朗特对自然的偏爱。小说中自然和文明冲突不断，艾米莉·勃朗特在小说中多次运用对比和象征来表现此冲突，例如，呼啸山庄和画眉山庄的冲突，凯瑟琳两种不同的爱情观的冲突。这种冲突正是基于艾米莉·勃朗特对自然异于常人的热爱和当时现代文明盛行的背景。英国文学史上着名的三姐妹从小生活在荒原上，自然在她们心中是神圣之物，这点很像新英格兰超验主义的观点。并且英国浪漫主义时期沃兹沃斯和柯律利治等着名诗人影响，自然，情感和哥特式元素在艾米莉·勃朗特的作品中都发挥着举足轻重的作用。而且，艾米莉·勃朗特生活在物欲横流的维多利亚时代，当时的人们以自然之情为基础的生活受到现代文明的激烈冲击。作为维多利亚时代批判现实主义的代表人物，艾米莉·勃朗特看到了现代文明带来的种种罪恶，内心更加执着于对自然的喜爱。 因此，要想真正读懂这部伟大的着作，就必须要了解小说中艾米莉·勃朗特对自然和文明的观点。只有了解艾米莉·勃朗特对自然和文明的态度，才能真正明白在这爱恨情仇下有着更深刻的寓意-人类生活应该顺应自然和本性。通过《呼啸山庄》中自然和文明的从图矛盾，由此来叙述《呼啸山庄》中回归自然的观点。
二、 国内外研究现状：
(一)国内研究现状
1.陈茂林从艾米莉·勃朗特所受的自然的影响来分析，他的《回归自然返璞归真--<呼啸山庄>的生态批评》认为《呼啸山庄》是一部自然颂歌。小说中自然有着独特的作用，它使人精神放松，包容所有人，它似乎是一个有血有肉的灵魂，分享着人的痛苦和换了。作品表达了作者对自然的深深热爱，同时也反映了自然和文明的冲突和矛盾。 叶利荣则在其《追寻自我的历程--<呼啸山庄>主题探析》一文中提出：艾米莉·勃朗特在小说中塑造的两个富于激情和叛逆的人物形象--希斯克里夫和凯瑟琳，展示了他们在迷失之后寻找自我回归的艰难历程表现了处于自我冲突中的人的内心世界。他们充满抗争的一生是生命个体追寻自我历程的真实写照。
2. 王宏洁则在《自然与文明的冲击》中认为，自然和文明的冲突矛盾也就是《呼啸山庄》中的其中一个重要主题。自然，要求人们生活需要顺从内心情感和自然本性，得到自然错给予的舒适和自得。而文明，则是不同于自然的一种新的生活方式，要求人们生活遵从道德和理智。文明由此带来了物欲横流的社会以及追逐自身利益的人类，因此纯净自然之人被文明所污染。而自然不会随着文明的出现和进步消失，自然会一直存在。所以自文明诞生开始，文明和自然的冲突就不断。
(二) 国外研究现状
1.英国着名女作家弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫在一九一六年就写过《〈简爱〉与〈呼啸山庄〉》一文。她写道：“当夏洛蒂写作时，她以雄辩、光彩和热情说我爱,我恨,我受苦.她的经验，虽然比较强烈，却是和我们自己的经验都在同一水平上。但是在《呼啸山庄》中没有 我,没有家庭女教师，没有东家。有爱，却不是男女之爱。艾米莉被某些比较普遍的观念所激励，促使她创作的冲动并不是她自己的受苦或她自身受损害。她朝着一个四分五裂的世界望去，而感到她本身有力量在一本书中把它拼凑起来。那种雄心壮志可以在全部小说中感觉得到--一种部分虽受到挫折，但却具有宏伟信念的挣扎，通过她的人物的口中说出的不仅仅是我爱或我恨,却是我们，全人类和你们，永存的势力……这句话没有说完。”
2.英国进步评论家阿诺·凯特尔(Arnold Kettle)在《英国小说引论》一书中第三部分论及十九世纪的小说时，他总结说：“《呼啸山庄》以艺术的想象形式表达了十九世纪资本主义社会中的人的精神上的压迫、紧张与矛盾冲突。这是一部毫无理想主义、毫无虚假的安慰，也没有任何暗示说操纵他们的命运的力量非人类本身的斗争和行动所能及。对自然，荒野与暴风雨，星辰与季节的有力召唤是启示生活本身真正的运动的一个重要部分。《呼啸山庄》中的男男女女不是大自然的囚徒，他们生活在这个世界里，而且努力去改变它，有时顺利，却总是痛苦的，几乎不断遇到困难，不断犯错误。”
三、 课题研究内容及创新
(一)课题研究内容
艾米莉·勃朗特在《呼啸山庄》中多次运用象征主义，例如，呼啸山庄和西斯科拉里夫与儿时的凯瑟琳代表自然，他们崇尚自由，顺应自然和暴风雨似的生活原则而与呼啸山庄对立存在的画眉山庄以及林顿家庭则代表文明，他们彬彬有礼，服从一切社会原则。自然和文明表面风平浪静一直到西斯克里夫和凯瑟琳偶然闯进画眉山庄，于是冲突不断。凯瑟琳的自然之情开始受到文明的真正挑战，她开始背叛自己的内心情感，越来越像淑女，最终她舍弃对西斯克里夫的真爱嫁给埃德加·林顿，表面上文明占取了绝对优势。但是婚后的凯瑟琳被内心的自然之情折磨致死。而西斯克里夫也因为凯瑟琳的背叛自然性扭曲到极端，他变成了复仇的恶魔。文明的侵犯使人性扭曲，约束人的真实自然之情，造成了悲剧。尽管文明带来了进步，但是文明却扼杀了人性。最终，艾米莉·勃朗特让西斯克里夫在死前打开阻碍之窗-文明，让两人的游魂在荒野间游荡。种种表明艾米莉·勃朗特对两人爱情的同情以及要求人顺应人性，重返自然的思想。 本选题拟从三个部分加以阐述：
1. 自然和文明的定义
2. 自然和文明的较量： a.自然和文明的象征：呼啸山庄和画眉山庄;西斯克里夫和林顿及其哈的顿 b.自然和文明的斗争：凯瑟琳的爱情选择和西斯克里夫的疯狂报复导致人性的扭曲
3. 结论 人应该顺从自然，归顺自然。文明的侵犯使人性扭曲以及给人带来毁灭性的灾害。
(二)课题研究创新
本文主要通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义的运用，来解析自然和文明的冲突。艾米莉·勃朗特不仅塑造两个截然不同的庄园，分别代表自然和文明，还赋予住在两个山庄中类似他们山庄的性格，通过他们的对比以及他们交织时所产生的.矛盾分歧来说明自认和文明之间的对抗。
四、课题的研究方法：
本选题拟采用多种研究手法，然后再结合定性分析研究法、综合查找法、归纳法、翻译法、文献综述法、文献检索法等多种研究方法加以详述。主要包括： 1、定性分析法：根据主观的判断和分析能力，推断出事物的性质和发展趋势的分析方法。 2、归纳法：通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，得出一般性的结论。 3、文献法：即历史文献法，就是搜集和分析研究各种现存的有关文献资料，从中选取信息，以达到某种调查研究目的的方法。 4、文献综述法： 即针对某个研究主题，对与之相关的各种文献资料进行收集整理，对所负载的知识信息进行归纳鉴别，清理与分析，并对所研究的问题在一定时期内已取得的研究状况，取得的成果，存在的问题以及发展的趋势进行系统而全面的叙述，评论，建构与阐述。其中，确定一个研究主题，收集整理专题文献，阅读与挖掘文献内容，清理与记述专题研究状况，建构与阐明专题研究发展趋势。
五、 研究计划及预期成果
(一)研究计划
4月15日-4月18日：指定论文指导教师，学生选定题目; 4月19日-4月25日：完成任务书部分和开题报告; 4月26日-5月12日：完成论文第一稿; 5月13日-5月22日：完成并上交论文第二稿; 5月23日-5月31日完成论文三稿(5月31日上午11点之前上交，以便答辩老师阅读)，指导教师分组阅读论文，师生做好答辩准备; 6月1日-6月9日：论文答辩(答辩后，学生对教师提出的意见要及时修改，以便装订论文终稿)。 6月10日-6月12日：二次答辩及论文装订、成绩评定。
(二)预期成果
按照规定的时间和进度提交一份具有一定的理论或应用价值的，字数在5000英文 单词左右、英美文学方向的的学术论文。
六、 参考文献：
[1] Bronte Emily. Wuthering Heights [M].Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Oxford University Press, 1999.
[2] Cecil, David.Early Victorian Novelists: Essays in Revaluation. . 1934
[3] 艾米莉·勃朗特(Emily Bronte)着，方平译。呼啸山庄[M]. 上海译文出版社， 2001
[4] 夏洛蒂·勃朗特(Charlotte Bronte)着，宋兆霖译。勃朗特两姐妹全集[M]. 河北教育出版社， 1996
[5] 陈茂林。 --回归自然 返璞归真《呼啸山庄》的生态批评 [J]. 外语教学。 2007(01)：69-73
[6] 栗华。 “野孩子”的爱与恨--对《呼啸山庄》意象和主题的一种阐释[J]. 北方论丛。 2001(6)：80-83
[7] 裴双。 --人类应有的前行姿态论《呼啸山庄》对野性与文明的取舍 [J]. 绍兴文理学院学报(哲学社会科学版)。 2007(04)：80-85
[8] 邵旭东。 何以写出《呼啸山庄》?--也谈艾米丽·勃朗特创作源泉问题[J]. 外国文学研究。1996(04)：77-81
The Love and Hate in Wuthering HeightsShi Xueping1. IntroductionWuthering Heights, the great novel by Emily Bronte, though not inordinately long is an amalgamation of childhood fantasies, friendship, romance, and revenge. But this story is not a simple story of revenge, it has more profound implications. As Arnold Kettle, the English critic, said," Wuthering Heights is an expression in the imaginative terms of art of the stresses and tensions and conflicts, personal and spiritual, of nineteenth-century capitalist society.” The characters of Wuthering Heights embody the extreme love and extreme hate of the humanity.1.1 Introduction of the autherEmily Jane Bronte was the most solitary member of a unique, tightly knit, English provincial family. Born in 1818, she shared the parsonage of the town of Haworth, Yorkshire, with her older sister, Charlotte, her brother Branwell, her younger sister, Anne, and her father, the Reverend, Patrick Bronte. All five were poets and writers; all but Branwell would publish at least one book.Fantasy was the Bronte children's one relief from the rigors of religion and the bleakness of life in an improverished region; they invented a series of imaginary kingdoms and constructed a whole library of journals stories, pomes, and plays around their inhabitants. Emily's special province was a kingdom she called Gondal, whose romantic heroes and exiles owed much to the poems of Byron.Brief stays at several boarding schools were the sum of her experiences outside Haworth until 1842, when she entered a school in Brussels with her sister Charlotte. After a year of study and teaching there, they felt qualified to announce the opening of a school in their own home, but could not attract a single pupil.In 1845 Charlotte Bronte came across a manuscript volumn of her sister's poems. She knew at once, she later wrote, that they were "not at all like the poetry women generally write... they had a peculiar music-wild, melancholy, and elevating." At her sister's urging, Emily's poems along with Anne's and Charlotte's, were published pseudonymously in 1846. An almost complete silence greeted this volume, but the three sisters, buoyed by the fact of publication, immediately began to write novels. Emily's effort was WUTHERING HEIGHTS; appearing in 1847, it was treated at first as a lesser work by Charlotte, whose JANE EYRE had already been published to great acclaim. Emily Bronte's name did not emerge from behind her pseudonym of Ellis Bell until the second edition of her novel appeared in 1850.In the meantime, tragedy had struck the Bronte family. In Septermber of 1848 Branwell had succumbed to a life of dissipation. By December, after a brief illness, Emily too was dead; her sister Anne would die the next year. WUTHERING HEIGHTS, Emily's only novel, was just beginning to be understood as the wild and singular work of the world.1.2 Introduction of the storyThe beginning of the story was Mr. Lockwood’s visiting of Wuthering Heights. His amazement of Heathcliff's surliness and curiosity of beautiful Catherine's rudeness urged him to listen to a very strange and frightening love story from Nelly Dean. In the summer of 1771 Mr. Earnshaw brought home an orphan later called Heathcliff he had found in Liverpool. This waif was persecuted by young Hindley, but deeply loved by his daughter Catherine. So there was contradiction between Hindley and Heathcliff since childhood. After the death of their parents and his own marriage, Hindley treated Heathcliff as a servant, but this was relieved by the pleasant times with Cathy.On one of their expeditions they reached Thrushcross Grange where she stayed as the Linton’s guest for several weeks. When she returned to the Wuthering Heights, she was altered a lot: she had been deeply attracted by the dress, luxury of the Lintons, especially the handsome and gentle Edgar Linton. Although she still loved Heathcliff she could not compare Heathcliff’s snobbishness with the gentility of her new friends. Heathcliff was even more badly treated by Hindley after his wife’s death, which increased Heathcliff’s more anger. After overhearing part of Catherine’s conversation with Nelly that she would marry Edgar, Heathcliff could not bear the indignation and degradation and left Wuthering Heights.Catherine’s conversation with Nelly was that if Heathcliff could remain, even though all else perished, she should still continue to be. She and Heathcliff belonged to the same kind. But Heathcliff didn’t hear it. So after Heathcliff’s leaving, Catherine was desperately ill and recovered by the care of Linton couple. Three years later Catherine was married to Edgar.Six months later, Heathcliff, a different man, appeared. Catherine was so pleased at the news. But out of her surprise Heathcliff took on his two-fold revenge, first on Hindley who had treated him so badly in the past, secondly he threatened Catherine to marry Linton.Unfortunately Edgar’s sister Isabella fell in love with Heathcliff and Heathcliff married her out of love, but for the property of Thrush cross Grange. At the same time Catherine locked herself in the room because Edgar refused Heathcliff. The she became delirious from illness and had brain fever. Eventually she recovered but remained delicate. Edgar worried too much about Catherine’s health and emotion.Then Heathcliff and Catherine met again. There was a terrible scene between them. Both of them showed their anger and love to each other which worsened Catherine’s health. Then two hours after her daughter — Cathy’s birth Catherine died. When Heathcliff got the news he was desperately sad.After Catherine’s death Isabella returned to Thrushcross Grange after three months with Heathcliff. Hindley died and Heathcliff took Wuthering Heights.Thirteen years later Isabella died, leaving her son Linton to Heathcliff, a weakling boy. Then Edgar Linton and young Linton died and so Heathcliff, Cathy and Hareton, an ill-assorted trio, were left at the Heights; while Thrush Grange was left to Lowood, to whom Nelly told the tale.The story ended with the death of Heathcliff and the marriage of Hareton and Cathy. This was two generations’ love story. The first generation’s love was transcendental and the second generation’s love was earthy.1.3 Introduction of social backgroundIn Viction's period, the rich are enormously proud of their success and property; the secular sense of hierarchy penetrates into the daily life of common people; money and property is nothing but everything. In literature, the smoky, threatening, miserable factory-towns were often represented in religious terms, and compared to hell. The poet William Blake, writing near the turn of the nineteenth century, speaks of England’s “dark Satanic Mills.” Therefore, under the control of this concept, the spirit of human is vehemently suppressed, and the humanity is cruelly twisted and deformed. At this time, Emily who has great rebelling spirit and strong desire of freedom, wrote WUTHERING HEIGHTS, disclosed the evilness of society. The work depicts how humanity was twisted, broken, band destroyed under the hand of violent devastation. But the great death is the steady faith of and yearns for happy life. In the world reined by Heathcliff, the bud of love, coming from Hareton and Cathy, broke through the hard soil of hatred. The betrayal of love brings the twist of humanity but pure love cures the wound, consoles the injured heart, and saves the degenerated soul. Emily shows her positive attitude to the pure love and their destructibility of humanity.1.4 Theme of the novelWuthering Heights, the creation of Emily Jane Bronte, depicts not a fantasy realm or the depths of hell. Rather, the novel focuses on two main characters' battle with the restrictions of Victorian Society. Social pressures and restrictive cultural confines exile Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff from the world and then from each other. Hate can't make love disappear, and love is stronger than hate.2. LoveWuthering Heights is a love novel. It has praised human’s moral excellence, has attracted the will of the people’s darkness, unfolding the human with the common custom life and pursueing the fine mind.Love in the novel is manifested in many respects.2.1 Earnshaw's love for HeathcliffForty years ago Wuthering Heights was filled with light, warmth and happiness. Mr.Earnshaw, a farmer, lives happily with his boisterous children Catherine and Hindley. However, being a kind and generous fellow, he can’t help rescuing a starving wretch off on the streets of Liverpool, a gypsy child named Heathcliff. In time Heathcliff becomes one member of the family, loved by all except Hindley (who nurtures the feeling of being usurped). Thus it can be concluded that Earnshaw's love for Heathcliff stems from sympathy.2.2 Catherine' love for HeathcliffAs a child, her father was too ill to reprimand the free spirited child, ‘who was too mischievous and wayward for a favorite. (P46). Therefore, Catherine grew up among nature and lacked the sophistication of high society. Catherine removed herself from society and, "had ways with her such as I never saw a child take up before; she put all of us past our patience fifty times and oftener in a day; from the hour she came downstairs till the hour she went to bed, we had not a minute’s security that she wouldn’t be in mischief. Her spirits were always at high-water mark, her tongue always going--singing, laughing, and plaguing everyone who would not do the same. A wild, wicked slip she was--"(P51). Catherine further disregarded social standards and remained friends with Heathcliff despite his degradation by Hindley, her brother. ‘Miss Cathy and he [Heathcliff] were now very thick; ’(P46) and she found her sole enjoyment in his companionship. Catherine grew up beside Heathcliff, ‘They both promised to grow up as rude as savages; the young master [Hindley] being entirely negligent how they behaved, ’(P57). During her formative years Catherine’s conduct did not reflect that of a young Lady, ‘but it was one of their chief amusements to run away to the moors in the morning and remain there all day, (P57). Thus, Catherine’s behavior developed and rejected the ideals of an oppressive, over-bearing society, which in turn created isolation from the institutionalized world. Therefore, Catherine's love for Heathcliff is pure, and Heathcliff's love for Catherine is tinged with danger and violence.2.3 Isabella's love for HeathcliffThe first time when Isabella sees Heathcliff, attracted by the charming man, she falls in love with him. No matter how Catherine persuades her, she makes her mind to get married with Heathcliff. Her love for Heathcliff is pure. While, Heathcliff just uses Catherine's sister-in-law Isabella Linton as a weapon, caring not for the poor lass.2.4 Catherine's love for EdgarWhen Catherine and Heathcliff exist their private island unchecked until Catherine suffers an injury from the Linton's bulldog. Forced to remain at Thrushcross Grange----the Linton's home, which isolates Catherine from Heathcliff and her former world of reckless freedom. Living amongst the elegance of the Lintons transforms Catherine from a coarse youth into a delicate lady. Her transformation alienates Heathcliff, her soul mate and the love of her life. Catherine fits into society like a square peg trying to fit in a round hole. However, she feels pressure to file her rough edges and marry Edgar Linton. All in all, it is the social pressures and restrictive cultural confines that force Catherine to pretend to fall in love with Edgar. However, Edgar loves Catherine with gracious and transquility.
《呼啸山庄》是艾米丽.勃朗特 一生中唯一出版的一部小说 。在生活里离群索居、不善言辞的艾米莉却有着一个情感层次极为丰富的内心世界，拥有一种神秘如火的力量。一 、自然天性与世俗文明的冲突是这场爱情悲剧的根源 （一）自然天性下成长起来的爱情 “‘呼啸’是当地一个意味深长的形容词，用来描绘在狂风暴雨肆虐的天气，它坐落的处所那种喧嚣躁乱的情景。” 呼啸山庄坐落在荒凉的小山包上，在那里寒气砭人肌骨，不远处是石楠荒地和一片片泥淖。呼啸山庄未受城市文明的影响，保留着原始自然的乡村景象。在呼啸山庄里的人粗野蛮陋却也保留着自然的天性，呼啸山庄里的人都生命力旺盛。而小时候的希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳正是在这样一个充满自然天性的环境中成长起来的。 小时候的凯瑟琳和希斯克利夫主要的乐趣就是一大清早就跑到荒原去，在那玩上一整天，事后的惩罚不过一笑了之。荒原之一意象在书中有着重要的意义。在那里，凯瑟琳和希斯克利夫可以无限地亲近自然，释放她们的自然天性。 凯瑟琳无时无刻不在调皮捣蛋，然而在奈莉眼中 她的眼睛最有神，笑容最甜蜜，脚步最轻灵。人的自然天性奔放而纯真，凯瑟琳和希斯克利夫共同的自然天性，让他们的爱成为了超越世俗的灵魂之爱。 把凯瑟琳和希斯克利夫分开，就是对凯瑟琳最严重的惩罚。 （二）世俗文明改造了凯瑟琳，冲突开始发生 转折发生在十三岁的凯瑟琳来到了画眉山庄。在画眉山庄，凯瑟琳对世俗文明产生了强烈向往，而自然天性和世俗文明的冲突便成为了这场爱情悲剧的根源。画眉山庄坐落在绿树成荫的地方，里面富丽堂皇，体现了资本主发展下极度富裕的物质生。经人工精心雕琢的画眉山庄与原始的未加改造的呼啸山庄截然不同。 在画眉山庄居住的日子，让凯瑟琳对世俗生活产生了强烈的向往。 归来后的凯瑟琳经过了世俗文明的改造，不再是只有自然天性的凯瑟琳了，然而希斯克利夫依然保留了全部的自然天性。在归来后的这段时期，世俗文明和自然文明开始逐渐发生冲突。自世俗文明和自然文明下的冲突的潜在表现就体现在凯瑟琳和希斯克利夫的外貌不同。回来时的凯瑟琳光彩照人，穿着方格绸长袍像一个尊贵的贵族小姐。而希斯克利夫厚厚的头发任它自然生长，从来不梳理，脏兮兮的手也像蒙上了泥油。蓬头垢面的希斯克利夫在光彩照人凯瑟琳面前是那么丑陋不堪。 就像希斯克利夫以为归来的会是那位和自已一样蓬头垢面，保留了自然天性的伙伴。可他看到的确是一个经过世俗文明改造后看起来与自己宛若云泥之别的凯瑟琳。 凯瑟琳本是希斯克利夫的黑暗生活里的全部光芒和希望，难以想象在凯瑟琳呆在画眉山庄的五个星期对希斯克利夫而言是多么漫长的折磨。可看到许久不见的凯瑟琳，希斯克利夫的选择却是躲起来。当凯瑟琳和许久不久的希斯克利夫握手时，凯瑟琳担心希斯克利夫会弄脏他的衣服，这时希斯克利夫第一次猛然抽回自己的手，冲突渐渐发生了。 （三）自然天性与世俗文明的冲突难以调和，导致了爱情悲剧 如果说当随着当自然天性与世俗文明发生冲突，凯瑟琳与希斯克利夫渐行渐远，他们的感情浓度渐渐变淡，也就无所谓后来的悲剧。 “对以往所钟爱的，她坚贞不移。” 冲突已经开始发生，可是埃德加依然无法像希斯克利夫那样占据他在凯瑟琳心中的地位。凯瑟琳认为希斯克利夫甚至比她更像自己， 谁又能轻易抛弃另一个自己呢？ 凯瑟琳的灵魂被自然文明和自然天性疯狂拉扯撕裂，当凯瑟琳选择嫁给埃德加之后，冲突到达了高潮。凯瑟琳虽然接受了世俗文明的改造，但她内心保留着自然的天性，而她与希斯克利夫的爱正蕴藏这种自然天性下。 在世俗文明与自然天性的冲突下，凯瑟琳选择了象征世俗文明的埃德加，抛弃了象征自然天性的埃德加，可凯瑟琳知道在她的灵魂深处，爱的仍是希斯克利夫。 而在嫁给了埃德加之后，她依然还试图寻求在他们两者间的平衡，而自然天性和世俗文明的冲突又是不可调和的，凯瑟琳无法承受这样的冲突，最终也早早离开了人世。 二、希斯克利夫偏执的性格也是这场爱情悲剧的主因 （一）畸形的环境决定了希斯克利夫偏执的性格 小说一开始，出现在我们眼前的希斯克利夫便是一个郁郁寡欢，爱恨深藏不露的阴郁角色。他很多时候都沉默寡言，从不向别人表露他的心迹，却对凯瑟琳爱得偏执。 “他爱得发狂 , 恨得也发狂 。” 而正是畸形的环境决定了希斯克利夫如此偏执的性格。 小说的背景是18世纪的英国社会，当时的社会大背景是英国的资本主义经济正在蓬勃发展，然而社会贫富差距不断扩大，阶级界限分明而不可逾越，人们疯狂的追名逐利，将金钱奉为圭臬。在这样环境下的人们是腐烂了的人，如同行尸走肉般的人，而希斯克利夫正出生这样一个畸形病态的社会。希斯克利夫的出生十分特别，他是被凯瑟琳的爸爸在利物浦捡到的孤儿，他是一个被文明社会抛弃的人，而这出身设定暗示了希斯克利夫终将和世俗文明所不容。 童年经历对一个人影响深远，很多心理问题都根植在童年。而在了利物浦当孤儿的经历注定了年幼的希斯克利夫看过太多人间的丑恶，这为他偏执阴郁性格的形成埋下了种子。 希斯克利夫在被老肖恩收养后他的成长环境依然是畸形的，他被人折磨欺负，太太也不会帮他说话，老爷的儿子欣德利更是对他恨之入骨，把他当做剥夺了自己父亲感情的敌人。在老肖恩死后，希斯克利夫的境遇更加糟糕，欣德利把他当做仆人使唤，还常常对他拳打脚踢，在这样艰难的生存环境中，他很难体会到爱是什么，希斯克利夫逐渐形成了他偏执得发狂的性格。 （二）偏执的性格让希斯克利夫成为疯狂的复仇者，导致了爱情悲剧 偏执的性格让希斯克利夫变成了疯狂的复仇者。为了报复和埃德加结婚的凯瑟琳，他勾引埃德加的妹妹伊莎贝拉，并设法得到埃德加的财产，最终却又将伊莎贝拉无情抛弃。一开始希斯克利夫对凯瑟琳的爱是纯粹而真挚的，如狂风暴雨般强烈，当狗咬住凯瑟琳的脚踝时，希斯克利夫不顾一切地和恶狗拼命。后来希斯克利夫对凯瑟琳的爱里还包含了偏执的复仇， 除了娶一个自己并不喜欢的女人，他还想要悲剧再次发生在凯瑟琳的女儿和自己的儿子身上。极度的爱，极度的恨，在偏执中燃烧着希斯克利夫的生命。可以说归来后的希斯克利夫对凯瑟琳强烈的心理折磨是导致凯瑟琳死亡的重要原因。而在当时阶级界限泾渭分明难以逾越的时代背景下，凯瑟琳是大小姐，希斯克利夫是仆人， 客观上他们也是很难结合的，难道凯瑟琳和希斯克利夫结婚后也要过上物质生活极度贫乏的苦日子吗, 那时他们的爱又该如何维续呢?而希斯克利夫却偏执地想要得到凯瑟琳，并对实施了一系列及其残忍的报复计划。 他极端地去爱，极端地去恨，偏执地成为了人间一个孤独的恶魔，自己也备受这种偏执性格的折磨。 即使成功地实施了他的复仇计划后，他也没有丝毫的快乐，他睁眼闭眼都是凯瑟琳的鬼魂，他多么偏执地希望凯瑟琳再出现，当洛克伍德说屋子闹鬼时，隐忍阴郁的他打开窗户却抽泣起来好，呼喊着凯瑟琳的归来。当他快要死亡时，他注视着不到两码远的东西，好像注视着卡瑟琳的鬼魂，带给他极度的快乐也带给他极度的痛苦。 他偏执地去爱，却忘了爱的本身就意味着宽容;他偏执地去恨，却忘了这种仇恨本身也不断折磨他自己。 参考文献： 1、（英）勃朗特：《呼啸山庄》，张玲、张扬译，北京：人民文学出版社，1999年版 2、（英）毛姆 ：《巨匠与杰作》，孔海立、王晓明译，上海：华东师范大学出版社,1987年版 3、张岩,王双：《自然生态与精神生态的双重变奏——艾米利·勃朗特〈呼啸山庄〉生态意蕴论析》，《同济大学学报》，2018年第5期 4、罗昱豪：《浅析〈呼啸山庄〉中环境影响下的凯瑟琳的爱情观》，《北方文学》，2018年第3期 5、方平：《爱和恨,都是生命在燃烧——试论〈呼啸山庄〉中的希克厉》，《外国文学研究》,1989年第2期 6、陈和芬：《论〈呼啸山庄〉中凯瑟琳和希克历之间的超人间的爱》，《浙江学刊》,1999年第3 期 呜呜呜喜欢请点赞 关注 码字不易 你的支持是对我最大的鼓励哟～
文学研究论文参考文献
论文写作中我们需要大量阅读参考文献来丰富我们的知识面，拓展我们的知识深度。下面是我和大家分享的文学研究论文参考文献，更多内容请关注毕业论文网。
篇一：参考文献
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[14] 谢世坚. 从中国近代翻译文学看多元系统理论的局限性[J]. 四川外语学院学报. 2002(04)
[15] 郑雪青. 《简·爱》两个译本翻译比较[J]. 齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版). 2001(01)
[16] 潘红. 夹缝里的风景--谈黄源深先生《简爱》译本的审美特点[J]. 福州大学学报(哲学社会科学版). 2002(02)
[17] 颜凡博. 从文化差异角度谈中式菜名的英译[D]. 中北大学 2011
[18] 赵伟. 鲁迅小说两个英译本的对比研究[D]. 上海海运学院 2000
[19] Zhang Haifeng. A Principle with the English Translation of Chinese Classical Poetry[D]. 广东外语外贸大学 2001
[20] 陈王青. 虚构专名英译中的行为常式[D]. 广东外语外贸大学 2007
[21] 杜洪洁. 政治与翻译：西方(后)现代主义小说在中国的译介(1979-1988)[D]. 天津理工大学 2008
呼啸山庄由四场斗争组成， 你选取一个你喜欢的角色，然后从他的角度讨论一下他在每场斗争中的策略和他心中的仇恨就可以了，比如说你写Nelly Dean。 提纲可以是这样： 1.人物Nelly生平概述，Nelly和夏洛特·Bront以及简爱的联系，以及和都铎王朝的关系。以及作家三姐妹笔名的由来。 2.着重分析Nelly在第一场的表现3.着重分析Nelly在第二场的表现 4.着重分析Nelly在第三场的表现5.着重分析Nelly在第四场的表现6.赞美一下叙事风格和故事情节的旋律美。 如果你选择其它人物的话也可以参照以上格式顺序，比如Catherine和Isabella.
'Thrushcross Grange is my own, sir,' he interrupted, wincing. 'I should not allow any one to inconvenience me, if I could hinder it - walk in!' The 'walk in' was uttered with closed teeth, and expressed the sentiment, 'Go to the Deuce:' even the gate over which he leant manifested no sympathising movement to the words; and I think that circumstance determined me to accept the invitation: I felt interested in a man who seemed more exaggeratedly reserved than myself. When he saw my horse's breast fairly pushing the barrier, he did put out his hand to unchain it, and then sullenly preceded me up the causeway, calling, as we entered the court, - 'Joseph, take Mr. Lockwood's horse; and bring up some wine.' 'Here we have the whole establishment of domestics, I suppose,' was the reflection suggested by this compound order. 'No wonder the grass grows up between the flags, and cattle are the only hedge- cutters.'
2012年02月13日 08时04分，《2011英语:英语论文：《呼啸山庄》汉译本翻译理论[1]》由liuxue86.com英语我整理. 生的语言感情色彩和语言心理习惯上的视角差异,特别是英语存在着包括从词汇变化层面,到单个简单句的主谓人称、单复数、时态上,以及复杂句子的各个成分的纵横聚合选择上,都是不同的。这是造成英汉或汉英翻译障碍的其中一个主要原因。 再者,二者在选词择句上也是风格各异。例如: Hindley threw it,hitting him on the breast,and down he fell,but staggered up immediately,breathless and white……. 杨苡:辛德雷真的扔了,打在他的脸上,他倒了下去,可他又马上踉踉跄跄地站起来,气也喘不过来,脸也白了。——杨苡译译林出版社1990年8月版 方平:亨德来把铁秤砣仍过去,正中他的胸口,他一头到了下去,可是立即摇摇晃晃地站了起来,面无血色,气也喘不过来。——方平 译上海译文出版社 2001年8月版 从这里,我们看到方平的翻译读起来朗朗上口,句句精彩,好像在读一本武侠小说一样。因为他大量使用了极具动感的词汇,且用短句子表达,节奏非常轻快。而且,我们还会发现方平将后面的 breathless and white的顺序大胆地加以调整,使其更加符合人的逻辑思维和观察习惯。我们在观察事物的时候,一般是先有视觉上的印象然后才是听觉嗅觉等等。所以,从这一点看来,方平的翻译更加符合情景思维和逻辑思维。让我们继续来看。对于white这个词两个翻译家给出了不同的翻译结果。杨苡及其忠实于原文地将其译为“白”,而方平则根据中国读者的思维习惯和表达习惯,从读者所获得的视觉效果的角度将其译为“面无血色”.从这个问题上我们就能更加清楚地看到两位翻译家所采取的不同的翻译角度。杨苡侧重于意译也就是通过寻找外延意义上的对应的文字来忠实于原文,忠实于原作者的目的,其实这只是文字或文章的表层形式上的机械对等;但方平则从读者反映的角度对其加以描述性的阐释。直接译出了 white一词的内涵意义。 对于这个问题实质上涉及到关于翻译的本质问题,特别是文学翻译的本质问题。文学翻译的本质客体在特地高层次和范围内给主体提供了具有艺术创造性的客观基础,见于其主观表现形式;文学翻译具有艺术创造性,是译者在一定的自由度之内对原作的艺术再现和艺术表现文学作品的艺术再现和艺术表现是出于满足读者的审美要求,是同过语符化手段与情景的动态模拟重构并给以特定语言形式的再现(曾利沙,2001a)。 结论:由于两位翻译家采用了不同的翻译理论,而有了两个属于完全不同的译本。对此,我们不可能采用一刀切的翻译批评观,而只是说不同的理论指导下的具体的翻译方法,没有孰优孰劣之分,只有具体情况下的谁更合适的比较。 参考文献: [1]方平.呼啸山庄.上海译文出版社,2001. [2]蒋骁华.符号学翻译研究——文学语言的理据及其再创造.外语教学与研究出版社, 2003. [3]奈达.语言与文化——翻译中的语境.上海教育出版社,2001. [4]萧立明.新译学论稿.中国对外翻译出版公司,2001.
西斯克里夫的情感是有些惊世骇俗的，你要仔细地研究呼啸山庄，同时，还要结合作者艾丽斯的的生平来分析，爱到极致，爱到不择手段，其实到最后就已经失去了爱的真谛了。这个论文要你自己去体会的，别人如何去帮你？不好意思啊，太久没看了忘记了作者的名字，只记得大概，对不起对不起啊！
如果你们老师不是刻意为难的话，只会问一些基本的问题，比如说：为什么会选择这个作为论文题目；这个作者一共有多少作品，因为艾米莉·勃朗特是女作家而且家中姐妹也都有过好的作品，所以可能会问及她是否有姐妹，叫什么，有什么作品； 然后会关于《呼啸山庄》本身所反映的问题，所隐射的社会问题，你对此的感想；剩下的回到论文本身，对你论文的那个part或者是句子进行提问...差不多就这些。
英美文学英语毕业论文开题报告范例
一、 选题的背景与意义：
(一)课题研究来源
在考研过程中遇到类型相关的题目，本人很感兴趣，于是确定选择该题。
(二)课题研究的目的
本文通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义，来叙述《呼啸山庄》中文明与自然的冲突。
(三)课题研究的意义
艾米莉·勃朗特是英国维多利亚时期着名小说家和作家，是着名的勃朗特姐妹之一， 也是三姐妹中最具天赋的一个。她一生只写了一部小说《呼啸山庄》，但是这部伟大的作品却使她扬名于世。通过《呼啸山庄》，艾米莉·勃朗特以维多利亚时代为背景，通过写两个截然不同的家族，三代人之间的爱恨情仇，充分表现了维多利亚时期文明和自然之间的冲突以及怎样反映了艾米莉·勃朗特对自然的偏爱。小说中自然和文明冲突不断，艾米莉·勃朗特在小说中多次运用对比和象征来表现此冲突，例如，呼啸山庄和画眉山庄的冲突，凯瑟琳两种不同的爱情观的冲突。这种冲突正是基于艾米莉·勃朗特对自然异于常人的热爱和当时现代文明盛行的背景。英国文学史上着名的三姐妹从小生活在荒原上，自然在她们心中是神圣之物，这点很像新英格兰超验主义的观点。并且英国浪漫主义时期沃兹沃斯和柯律利治等着名诗人影响，自然，情感和哥特式元素在艾米莉·勃朗特的作品中都发挥着举足轻重的作用。而且，艾米莉·勃朗特生活在物欲横流的维多利亚时代，当时的人们以自然之情为基础的生活受到现代文明的激烈冲击。作为维多利亚时代批判现实主义的代表人物，艾米莉·勃朗特看到了现代文明带来的种种罪恶，内心更加执着于对自然的喜爱。 因此，要想真正读懂这部伟大的着作，就必须要了解小说中艾米莉·勃朗特对自然和文明的观点。只有了解艾米莉·勃朗特对自然和文明的态度，才能真正明白在这爱恨情仇下有着更深刻的寓意-人类生活应该顺应自然和本性。通过《呼啸山庄》中自然和文明的从图矛盾，由此来叙述《呼啸山庄》中回归自然的观点。
二、 国内外研究现状：
(一)国内研究现状
1.陈茂林从艾米莉·勃朗特所受的自然的影响来分析，他的《回归自然返璞归真--<呼啸山庄>的生态批评》认为《呼啸山庄》是一部自然颂歌。小说中自然有着独特的作用，它使人精神放松，包容所有人，它似乎是一个有血有肉的灵魂，分享着人的痛苦和换了。作品表达了作者对自然的深深热爱，同时也反映了自然和文明的冲突和矛盾。 叶利荣则在其《追寻自我的历程--<呼啸山庄>主题探析》一文中提出：艾米莉·勃朗特在小说中塑造的两个富于激情和叛逆的人物形象--希斯克里夫和凯瑟琳，展示了他们在迷失之后寻找自我回归的艰难历程表现了处于自我冲突中的人的内心世界。他们充满抗争的一生是生命个体追寻自我历程的真实写照。
2. 王宏洁则在《自然与文明的冲击》中认为，自然和文明的冲突矛盾也就是《呼啸山庄》中的其中一个重要主题。自然，要求人们生活需要顺从内心情感和自然本性，得到自然错给予的舒适和自得。而文明，则是不同于自然的一种新的生活方式，要求人们生活遵从道德和理智。文明由此带来了物欲横流的社会以及追逐自身利益的人类，因此纯净自然之人被文明所污染。而自然不会随着文明的出现和进步消失，自然会一直存在。所以自文明诞生开始，文明和自然的冲突就不断。
(二) 国外研究现状
1.英国着名女作家弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫在一九一六年就写过《〈简爱〉与〈呼啸山庄〉》一文。她写道：“当夏洛蒂写作时，她以雄辩、光彩和热情说我爱,我恨,我受苦.她的经验，虽然比较强烈，却是和我们自己的经验都在同一水平上。但是在《呼啸山庄》中没有 我,没有家庭女教师，没有东家。有爱，却不是男女之爱。艾米莉被某些比较普遍的观念所激励，促使她创作的冲动并不是她自己的受苦或她自身受损害。她朝着一个四分五裂的世界望去，而感到她本身有力量在一本书中把它拼凑起来。那种雄心壮志可以在全部小说中感觉得到--一种部分虽受到挫折，但却具有宏伟信念的挣扎，通过她的人物的口中说出的不仅仅是我爱或我恨,却是我们，全人类和你们，永存的势力……这句话没有说完。”
2.英国进步评论家阿诺·凯特尔(Arnold Kettle)在《英国小说引论》一书中第三部分论及十九世纪的小说时，他总结说：“《呼啸山庄》以艺术的想象形式表达了十九世纪资本主义社会中的人的精神上的压迫、紧张与矛盾冲突。这是一部毫无理想主义、毫无虚假的安慰，也没有任何暗示说操纵他们的命运的力量非人类本身的斗争和行动所能及。对自然，荒野与暴风雨，星辰与季节的有力召唤是启示生活本身真正的运动的一个重要部分。《呼啸山庄》中的男男女女不是大自然的囚徒，他们生活在这个世界里，而且努力去改变它，有时顺利，却总是痛苦的，几乎不断遇到困难，不断犯错误。”
三、 课题研究内容及创新
(一)课题研究内容
艾米莉·勃朗特在《呼啸山庄》中多次运用象征主义，例如，呼啸山庄和西斯科拉里夫与儿时的凯瑟琳代表自然，他们崇尚自由，顺应自然和暴风雨似的生活原则而与呼啸山庄对立存在的画眉山庄以及林顿家庭则代表文明，他们彬彬有礼，服从一切社会原则。自然和文明表面风平浪静一直到西斯克里夫和凯瑟琳偶然闯进画眉山庄，于是冲突不断。凯瑟琳的自然之情开始受到文明的真正挑战，她开始背叛自己的内心情感，越来越像淑女，最终她舍弃对西斯克里夫的真爱嫁给埃德加·林顿，表面上文明占取了绝对优势。但是婚后的凯瑟琳被内心的自然之情折磨致死。而西斯克里夫也因为凯瑟琳的背叛自然性扭曲到极端，他变成了复仇的恶魔。文明的侵犯使人性扭曲，约束人的真实自然之情，造成了悲剧。尽管文明带来了进步，但是文明却扼杀了人性。最终，艾米莉·勃朗特让西斯克里夫在死前打开阻碍之窗-文明，让两人的游魂在荒野间游荡。种种表明艾米莉·勃朗特对两人爱情的同情以及要求人顺应人性，重返自然的思想。 本选题拟从三个部分加以阐述：
1. 自然和文明的定义
2. 自然和文明的较量： a.自然和文明的象征：呼啸山庄和画眉山庄;西斯克里夫和林顿及其哈的顿 b.自然和文明的斗争：凯瑟琳的爱情选择和西斯克里夫的疯狂报复导致人性的扭曲
3. 结论 人应该顺从自然，归顺自然。文明的侵犯使人性扭曲以及给人带来毁灭性的灾害。
(二)课题研究创新
本文主要通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义的运用，来解析自然和文明的冲突。艾米莉·勃朗特不仅塑造两个截然不同的庄园，分别代表自然和文明，还赋予住在两个山庄中类似他们山庄的性格，通过他们的对比以及他们交织时所产生的.矛盾分歧来说明自认和文明之间的对抗。
四、课题的研究方法：
本选题拟采用多种研究手法，然后再结合定性分析研究法、综合查找法、归纳法、翻译法、文献综述法、文献检索法等多种研究方法加以详述。主要包括： 1、定性分析法：根据主观的判断和分析能力，推断出事物的性质和发展趋势的分析方法。 2、归纳法：通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，得出一般性的结论。 3、文献法：即历史文献法，就是搜集和分析研究各种现存的有关文献资料，从中选取信息，以达到某种调查研究目的的方法。 4、文献综述法： 即针对某个研究主题，对与之相关的各种文献资料进行收集整理，对所负载的知识信息进行归纳鉴别，清理与分析，并对所研究的问题在一定时期内已取得的研究状况，取得的成果，存在的问题以及发展的趋势进行系统而全面的叙述，评论，建构与阐述。其中，确定一个研究主题，收集整理专题文献，阅读与挖掘文献内容，清理与记述专题研究状况，建构与阐明专题研究发展趋势。
五、 研究计划及预期成果
(一)研究计划
4月15日-4月18日：指定论文指导教师，学生选定题目; 4月19日-4月25日：完成任务书部分和开题报告; 4月26日-5月12日：完成论文第一稿; 5月13日-5月22日：完成并上交论文第二稿; 5月23日-5月31日完成论文三稿(5月31日上午11点之前上交，以便答辩老师阅读)，指导教师分组阅读论文，师生做好答辩准备; 6月1日-6月9日：论文答辩(答辩后，学生对教师提出的意见要及时修改，以便装订论文终稿)。 6月10日-6月12日：二次答辩及论文装订、成绩评定。
(二)预期成果
按照规定的时间和进度提交一份具有一定的理论或应用价值的，字数在5000英文 单词左右、英美文学方向的的学术论文。
六、 参考文献：
[1] Bronte Emily. Wuthering Heights [M].Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Oxford University Press, 1999.
[2] Cecil, David.Early Victorian Novelists: Essays in Revaluation. . 1934
[3] 艾米莉·勃朗特(Emily Bronte)着，方平译。呼啸山庄[M]. 上海译文出版社， 2001
[4] 夏洛蒂·勃朗特(Charlotte Bronte)着，宋兆霖译。勃朗特两姐妹全集[M]. 河北教育出版社， 1996
[5] 陈茂林。 --回归自然 返璞归真《呼啸山庄》的生态批评 [J]. 外语教学。 2007(01)：69-73
[6] 栗华。 “野孩子”的爱与恨--对《呼啸山庄》意象和主题的一种阐释[J]. 北方论丛。 2001(6)：80-83
[7] 裴双。 --人类应有的前行姿态论《呼啸山庄》对野性与文明的取舍 [J]. 绍兴文理学院学报(哲学社会科学版)。 2007(04)：80-85
[8] 邵旭东。 何以写出《呼啸山庄》?--也谈艾米丽·勃朗特创作源泉问题[J]. 外国文学研究。1996(04)：77-81
你要是认真读过原著的话，一定会为之痴迷的，怎么会写不出？还有，纠正上面那位的一个说法：作者是艾米莉而不是艾丽斯！