发布时间：
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
开题报告是我们在完成文献调研后写成的关于学位论文选题与如何实施的论述性报告。下文是我为大家整理的关于商务英语毕业论文的开题报告的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!
以英语广告语为例
一、 课题背景
当今广告已成为我们生活不可或缺的一部分。我们对于中文广告词或许很了解，但用英文说出广告词却有些难度，同样让你看着英文广告词说中文广告词也是有难度的。本文针对这些问题，从词汇、句法、修辞三方面介绍了广告英语的语言特点，使读者对英语广告的中文含义有更好的、更深的了解;并通过实例分析介绍了广告英语翻译的方法和策略，使读者在了解广告词的同时，能够自己翻译广告词的意思。
二、 毕业设计方案或毕业论文研究方案
本文以英语广告语为对象，从而总结出广告语的创新与否对人们的影响以及广告的重要性。在这个研究目标的指向下，本文采取了理论与文本分析相结合的方法，在进行文献分析总结代写硕士论文前人研究经验的基础上，对各类创意广告语的使用技巧进行详细的文本分析。
目前我已收集了大量的相关信息，以及查阅了很多关于广告英语的资料，所以论文的大致思路已定，提纲如下：
浅论广告英语语言特点及翻译策略
1 英语广告的语言特点
1.1 英语广告的词汇特点
1.1.1使用形容词的比较级和最高级
1.1.2 使用简单动词和口语词汇
1.1.3 使用错别字和杜撰新词
1.2英语的句法特征
1.2.1使用短语代替整句
1.2.2使用简单句和省略句
1.2.3使用祈使句
1.2.4使用第一、第二人称
1.3英语广告的修辞特征
1.3.1比喻
1.3.2排比
1.3.3拟人
1.3.4对比
1.3.5仿拟
1.3.6押韵
2 英语广告的翻译策略
2.1英语广告的翻译方法
2.2.1直译
2.2.2意译
2.2.3套译
2.2.4再创型翻译
2.2英语广告的翻译原则
2.2.1功能定位翻译
2.2.2语言审美性翻译
2.2.3文化矫正性翻译
三、毕业设计(论文)预期成果及创新
本文的预期成果是通过分析资料信息，研究广告英语语言特点及翻译策略，以推进大学生对广告英语的认知及翻译能力。从词汇、句法及修辞三方面介绍英语广告的语言特征，并通过实例分析介绍了英语广告翻译的技巧、策略与原则。透彻地了解广告产品和广告语篇的内容及其艺术形式，遵循英汉两种不同语言的特点和表达习惯。
创新点：探索和研究了广告英语语言特点及其对大学生翻译英语广告的影响。
一、 选题的背景与意义：
(一)课题研究来源
在考研过程中遇到类型相关的题目，本人很感兴趣，于是确定选择该题。
(二)课题研究的目的
本文通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义，来叙述《呼啸山庄》中文明与自然的冲突。
(三)课题研究的意义
艾米莉·勃朗特是英国维多利亚时期着名小说家和作家，是着名的勃朗特姐妹之一， 也是三姐妹中最具天赋的一个。她一生只写了一部小说《呼啸山庄》，但是这部伟大的作品却使她扬名于世。通过《呼啸山庄》，艾米莉·勃朗特以维多利亚时代为背景，通过写两个截然不同的家族，三代人之间的爱恨情仇，充分表现了维多利亚时期文明和自然之间的冲突以及怎样反映了艾米莉·勃朗特对自然的偏爱。小说中自然和文明冲突不断，艾米莉·勃朗特在小说中多次运用对比和象征来表现此冲突，例如，呼啸山庄和画眉山庄的冲突，凯瑟琳两种不同的爱情观的冲突。这种冲突正是基于艾米莉·勃朗特对自然异于常人的热爱和当时现代文明盛行的背景。英国文学史上着名的三姐妹从小生活在荒原上，自然在她们心中是神圣之物，这点很像新英格兰超验主义的观点。并且英国浪漫主义时期沃兹沃斯和柯律利治等着名诗人影响，自然，情感和哥特式元素在艾米莉·勃朗特的作品中都发挥着举足轻重的作用。而且，艾米莉·勃朗特生活在物欲横流的维多利亚时代，当时的人们以自然之情为基础的生活受到现代文明的激烈冲击。作为维多利亚时代批判现实主义的代表人物，艾米莉·勃朗特看到了现代文明带来的种种罪恶，内心更加执着于对自然的喜爱。 因此，要想真正读懂这部伟大的着作，就必须要了解小说中艾米莉·勃朗特对自然和文明的观点。只有了解艾米莉·勃朗特对自然和文明的态度，才能真正明白在这爱恨情仇下有着更深刻的寓意-人类生活应该顺应自然和本性。通过《呼啸山庄》中自然和文明的从图矛盾，由此来叙述《呼啸山庄》中回归自然的观点。
二、 国内外研究现状：
(一)国内研究现状
1.陈茂林从艾米莉·勃朗特所受的自然的影响来分析，他的《回归自然返璞归真--<呼啸山庄>的生态批评》认为《呼啸山庄》是一部自然颂歌。小说中自然有着独特的作用，它使人精神放松，包容所有人，它似乎是一个有血有肉的灵魂，分享着人的痛苦和换了。作品表达了作者对自然的深深热爱，同时也反映了自然和文明的冲突和矛盾。 叶利荣则在其《追寻自我的历程--<呼啸山庄>主题探析》一文中提出：艾米莉·勃朗特在小说中塑造的两个富于激情和叛逆的人物形象--希斯克里夫和凯瑟琳，展示了他们在迷失之后寻找自我回归的艰难历程表现了处于自我冲突中的人的内心世界。他们充满抗争的一生是生命个体追寻自我历程的真实写照。
2. 王宏洁则在《自然与文明的冲击》中认为，自然和文明的冲突矛盾也就是《呼啸山庄》中的其中一个重要主题。自然，要求人们生活需要顺从内心情感和自然本性，得到自然错给予的舒适和自得。而文明，则是不同于自然的一种新的生活方式，要求人们生活遵从道德和理智。文明由此带来了物欲横流的社会以及追逐自身利益的人类，因此纯净自然之人被文明所污染。而自然不会随着文明的出现和进步消失，自然会一直存在。所以自文明诞生开始，文明和自然的冲突就不断。
(二) 国外研究现状
1.英国着名女作家弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫在一九一六年就写过《〈简爱〉与〈呼啸山庄〉》一文。她写道：“当夏洛蒂写作时，她以雄辩、光彩和热情说我爱,我恨,我受苦.她的经验，虽然比较强烈，却是和我们自己的经验都在同一水平上。但是在《呼啸山庄》中没有 我,没有家庭女教师，没有东家。有爱，却不是男女之爱。艾米莉被某些比较普遍的观念所激励，促使她创作的冲动并不是她自己的受苦或她自身受损害。她朝着一个四分五裂的世界望去，而感到她本身有力量在一本书中把它拼凑起来。那种雄心壮志可以在全部小说中感觉得到--一种部分虽受到挫折，但却具有宏伟信念的挣扎，通过她的人物的口中说出的不仅仅是我爱或我恨,却是我们，全人类和你们，永存的势力……这句话没有说完。”
2.英国进步评论家阿诺·凯特尔(Arnold Kettle)在《英国小说引论》一书中第三部分论及十九世纪的小说时，他总结说：“《呼啸山庄》以艺术的想象形式表达了十九世纪资本主义社会中的人的精神上的压迫、紧张与矛盾冲突。这是一部毫无理想主义、毫无虚假的安慰，也没有任何暗示说操纵他们的命运的力量非人类本身的斗争和行动所能及。对自然，荒野与暴风雨，星辰与季节的有力召唤是启示生活本身真正的运动的一个重要部分。《呼啸山庄》中的男男女女不是大自然的囚徒，他们生活在这个世界里，而且努力去改变它，有时顺利，却总是痛苦的，几乎不断遇到困难，不断犯错误。”
三、 课题研究内容及创新
(一)课题研究内容
艾米莉·勃朗特在《呼啸山庄》中多次运用象征主义，例如，呼啸山庄和西斯科拉里夫与儿时的凯瑟琳代表自然，他们崇尚自由，顺应自然和暴风雨似的生活原则而与呼啸山庄对立存在的画眉山庄以及林顿家庭则代表文明，他们彬彬有礼，服从一切社会原则。自然和文明表面风平浪静一直到西斯克里夫和凯瑟琳偶然闯进画眉山庄，于是冲突不断。凯瑟琳的自然之情开始受到文明的真正挑战，她开始背叛自己的内心情感，越来越像淑女，最终她舍弃对西斯克里夫的真爱嫁给埃德加·林顿，表面上文明占取了绝对优势。但是婚后的凯瑟琳被内心的自然之情折磨致死。而西斯克里夫也因为凯瑟琳的背叛自然性扭曲到极端，他变成了复仇的恶魔。文明的侵犯使人性扭曲，约束人的真实自然之情，造成了悲剧。尽管文明带来了进步，但是文明却扼杀了人性。最终，艾米莉·勃朗特让西斯克里夫在死前打开阻碍之窗-文明，让两人的游魂在荒野间游荡。种种表明艾米莉·勃朗特对两人爱情的同情以及要求人顺应人性，重返自然的思想。 本选题拟从三个部分加以阐述：
1. 自然和文明的定义
2. 自然和文明的较量： a.自然和文明的象征：呼啸山庄和画眉山庄;西斯克里夫和林顿及其哈的顿 b.自然和文明的斗争：凯瑟琳的爱情选择和西斯克里夫的疯狂报复导致人性的扭曲
3. 结论 人应该顺从自然，归顺自然。文明的侵犯使人性扭曲以及给人带来毁灭性的灾害。
(二)课题研究创新
本文主要通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义的运用，来解析自然和文明的冲突。艾米莉·勃朗特不仅塑造两个截然不同的庄园，分别代表自然和文明，还赋予住在两个山庄中类似他们山庄的性格，通过他们的对比以及他们交织时所产生的矛盾分歧来说明自认和文明之间的对抗。
四、课题的研究方法：
本选题拟采用多种研究手法，然后再结合定性分析研究法、综合查找法、归纳法、翻译法、文献综述法、文献检索法等多种研究方法加以详述。主要包括： 1、定性分析法：根据主观的判断和分析能力，推断出事物的性质和发展趋势的分析方法。 2、归纳法：通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，得出一般性的结论。 3、文献法：即历史文献法，就是搜集和分析研究各种现存的有关文献资料，从中选取信息，以达到某种调查研究目的的方法。 4、文献综述法： 即针对某个研究主题，对与之相关的各种文献资料进行收集整理，对所负载的知识信息进行归纳鉴别，清理与分析，并对所研究的问题在一定时期内已取得的研究状况，取得的成果，存在的问题以及发展的趋势进行系统而全面的叙述，评论，建构与阐述。其中，确定一个研究主题，收集整理专题文献，阅读与挖掘文献内容，清理与记述专题研究状况，建构与阐明专题研究发展趋势。
五、 研究计划及预期成果
(一)研究计划
4月15日-4月18日：指定论文指导教师，学生选定题目; 4月19日-4月25日：完成任务书部分和开题报告; 4月26日-5月12日：完成论文第一稿; 5月13日-5月22日：完成并上交论文第二稿; 5月23日-5月31日完成论文三稿(5月31日上午11点之前上交，以便答辩老师阅读)，指导教师分组阅读论文，师生做好答辩准备; 6月1日-6月9日：论文答辩(答辩后，学生对教师提出的意见要及时修改，以便装订论文终稿)。 6月10日-6月12日：二次答辩及论文装订、成绩评定。
(二)预期成果
按照规定的时间和进度提交一份具有一定的理论或应用价值的，字数在5000英文 单词左右、英美文学方向的的学术论文。
六、 参考文献：
[1] Bronte Emily. Wuthering Heights [M].Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Oxford University Press, 1999.
[2] Cecil, David.Early Victorian Novelists: Essays in Revaluation. . 1934
[3] 艾米莉·勃朗特(Emily Bronte)着，方平译。呼啸山庄[M]. 上海译文出版社， 2001
[4] 夏洛蒂·勃朗特(Charlotte Bronte)着，宋兆霖译。勃朗特两姐妹全集[M]. 河北教育出版社， 1996
[5] 陈茂林。 --回归自然 返璞归真《呼啸山庄》的生态批评 [J]. 外语教学。 2007(01)：69-73
[6] 栗华。 “野孩子”的爱与恨--对《呼啸山庄》意象和主题的一种阐释[J]. 北方论丛。 2001(6)：80-83
[7] 裴双。 --人类应有的前行姿态论《呼啸山庄》对野性与文明的取舍 [J]. 绍兴文理学院学报(哲学社会科学版)。 2007(04)：80-85
[8] 邵旭东。 何以写出《呼啸山庄》?--也谈艾米丽·勃朗特创作源泉问题[J]. 外国文学研究。1996(04)：77-81
七、指导教师评语：
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
毕业论文开题报告模板范文如下：
模板范文一：
1、选题目的及意义。
演员创作角色时心理活动的正确把握，能让演员更好的掌握角色，帮助演员更深刻的进入所演角色的内心，从而更生活，更直观，更真实的创造角色，从整体上提高作品的审美价值及现实意义。在创作角色时充分把握角色的心理并控制自己的心理活动，这样就能够自然而然地、直觉地、有机地抓住角色的情感，激起正确的体验。
演员创作角色时的心理活动是通过演员的神情、肢体、语言等外部行动体现出来的，之所以探讨演员在创作角色时心理活动的重要性，一方面是因为创作角色时心理活动是表演“艺术中的灵魂”，另外一方面，演员在创作角色时心理活动的重要性这一课题，能够使表演者在实践领域里有着十分重要的指导意义。
2、选题背景。
3、选题的研究现状。
4、结语。
5、可行性分析。
6、重点与难点分析。
7、时间进度安排。
模板范文二：
1、课题背景及现状。
项目位于南阳市宛城区人民路中段，占地11.4公顷，建成已50多年，是该市城区唯―一座大型综合公园。鉴于现状设施老化、景观落伍等问题，同时适应全国农运会．宜居城市对景观环境的需要，要求对其进行重新规划设计，通过设计使之成为集休闲、娱乐、观光、游玩、服务为一体的综合城市公园。
2、目标。
通过本课题的学习，培养学生综合运用前四年半所学的各类基础知识和专业理论知识，专业设计技能，专业调查与实践方法，在原有基础上进一步培养和提高知识综合运用能力，理论分析应用能力，组织和独立开展工作的能力以及文字、图纸、口头表达能力，充实并完善毕业生的整体知识结构和社会工作体验。
通过本方案的各个环节的训练，掌握城市综合公园规划设计的相关原理、规划的相关法律法规，进而了解景观规划的有关知识和设计手法以及景观设计相关问题的研究，培养解决环境复杂地块问题的能力。
3、任务及途径。
学生根据提供的课题任务书，结合导师的时间安排按步骤进行设计，平时注意和导师及时沟通和交流，课下也可以根据课题的需要独立进行调研和资料的收集，前期注意详细分析基地情况，收集相关资料，综合加以分析，提出自己的方案构思，并根据构思进行方案的设计，最后提供一套完整的方案图纸和一份相关的设计说明书。
4、时间安排。
寒假期间完成实习及调研工作，还需完成实习报告、文献综述、文献翻译等设计准备工作。
第1~2周：收集相关文献资料；调研资料整理(文字、图纸)，完成开题报告。
第3~4周：功能分区、空间结构等的多向求解，完成方案一草。
模板范文三：
有关治理的理论和实践目前在发达国家极其受到重视，尤其在医疗、公共安全、教育、基础设施等公共事务领域，发达国家普遍调整政府在提供这些公共物品中的传统定位，积极寻求政府和私人机构、非政府组织、社群、公民合作，以各种创新型制度安排，共同承担提供公共物品的新的“治理”模式。
本项研究首次将治理理论引进到图书馆界，旨在系统探究包括政府在内的多种利益主体在建设、维持和发展图书馆，提供和生产图书馆服务这种公共物品中的职麦及其实现。本项研究系统引进治理理论作为理论基础和总的研究框架，以图书馆治理模式为研究对象，突出比较研究方法。
1、比较不同的图书馆治理模式在资源配置机制和效率上的差异。
2、比较不同的图书馆类型、规模，所处国别以及历史发展阶段等具体情境下图书馆治理模式的取向及其之间的内在相关性。
3、比较不同的图书馆治理模式所赖以形成和维持的法律、制度、组织和技术因素及其组合。最终，在理论上解释存在不同的图书馆治理模式及(至少在实证上)资源配置效率差异的原因;在实践上弄清各种利益主体(政府、社会组织、公民)应该以何种制度安排支持和发展图书馆，以及这样一种宏观层面的制度安排如何体现为微观层面图书馆监管体制的设计。
本项研究系应用性基础研究，研究价值体现在：
相关成果可提交给国家决策机构、图书馆主管部门和图书馆，作为制定和实施有关图书馆事业和机构改革发展的立法、政策和策略时参考。
拓宽治理理论的应用范围，形成一个比较完整的图书馆治理理论体系，促进图书馆学研究对象。范围的扩展和研究方法的丰富。
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
毕业论文开题报告模板范文如下：
模板范文一：
1、选题目的及意义。
演员创作角色时心理活动的正确把握，能让演员更好的掌握角色，帮助演员更深刻的进入所演角色的内心，从而更生活，更直观，更真实的创造角色，从整体上提高作品的审美价值及现实意义。在创作角色时充分把握角色的心理并控制自己的心理活动，这样就能够自然而然地、直觉地、有机地抓住角色的情感，激起正确的体验。
演员创作角色时的心理活动是通过演员的神情、肢体、语言等外部行动体现出来的，之所以探讨演员在创作角色时心理活动的重要性，一方面是因为创作角色时心理活动是表演“艺术中的灵魂”，另外一方面，演员在创作角色时心理活动的重要性这一课题，能够使表演者在实践领域里有着十分重要的指导意义。
2、选题背景。
3、选题的研究现状。
4、结语。
5、可行性分析。
6、重点与难点分析。
7、时间进度安排。
模板范文二：
1、课题背景及现状。
项目位于南阳市宛城区人民路中段，占地11.4公顷，建成已50多年，是该市城区唯―一座大型综合公园。鉴于现状设施老化、景观落伍等问题，同时适应全国农运会．宜居城市对景观环境的需要，要求对其进行重新规划设计，通过设计使之成为集休闲、娱乐、观光、游玩、服务为一体的综合城市公园。
2、目标。
通过本课题的学习，培养学生综合运用前四年半所学的各类基础知识和专业理论知识，专业设计技能，专业调查与实践方法，在原有基础上进一步培养和提高知识综合运用能力，理论分析应用能力，组织和独立开展工作的能力以及文字、图纸、口头表达能力，充实并完善毕业生的整体知识结构和社会工作体验。
通过本方案的各个环节的训练，掌握城市综合公园规划设计的相关原理、规划的相关法律法规，进而了解景观规划的有关知识和设计手法以及景观设计相关问题的研究，培养解决环境复杂地块问题的能力。
3、任务及途径。
学生根据提供的课题任务书，结合导师的时间安排按步骤进行设计，平时注意和导师及时沟通和交流，课下也可以根据课题的需要独立进行调研和资料的收集，前期注意详细分析基地情况，收集相关资料，综合加以分析，提出自己的方案构思，并根据构思进行方案的设计，最后提供一套完整的方案图纸和一份相关的设计说明书。
4、时间安排。
寒假期间完成实习及调研工作，还需完成实习报告、文献综述、文献翻译等设计准备工作。
第1~2周：收集相关文献资料；调研资料整理(文字、图纸)，完成开题报告。
第3~4周：功能分区、空间结构等的多向求解，完成方案一草。
模板范文三：
有关治理的理论和实践目前在发达国家极其受到重视，尤其在医疗、公共安全、教育、基础设施等公共事务领域，发达国家普遍调整政府在提供这些公共物品中的传统定位，积极寻求政府和私人机构、非政府组织、社群、公民合作，以各种创新型制度安排，共同承担提供公共物品的新的“治理”模式。
本项研究首次将治理理论引进到图书馆界，旨在系统探究包括政府在内的多种利益主体在建设、维持和发展图书馆，提供和生产图书馆服务这种公共物品中的职麦及其实现。本项研究系统引进治理理论作为理论基础和总的研究框架，以图书馆治理模式为研究对象，突出比较研究方法。
1、比较不同的图书馆治理模式在资源配置机制和效率上的差异。
2、比较不同的图书馆类型、规模，所处国别以及历史发展阶段等具体情境下图书馆治理模式的取向及其之间的内在相关性。
3、比较不同的图书馆治理模式所赖以形成和维持的法律、制度、组织和技术因素及其组合。最终，在理论上解释存在不同的图书馆治理模式及(至少在实证上)资源配置效率差异的原因;在实践上弄清各种利益主体(政府、社会组织、公民)应该以何种制度安排支持和发展图书馆，以及这样一种宏观层面的制度安排如何体现为微观层面图书馆监管体制的设计。
本项研究系应用性基础研究，研究价值体现在：
相关成果可提交给国家决策机构、图书馆主管部门和图书馆，作为制定和实施有关图书馆事业和机构改革发展的立法、政策和策略时参考。
拓宽治理理论的应用范围，形成一个比较完整的图书馆治理理论体系，促进图书馆学研究对象。范围的扩展和研究方法的丰富。
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
自己慢慢翻吧暂时没有时间为了更好的掌握这两年来所学的专业知识和能够将这些知识融会贯通于实际工作中应用这些知识，我们班的同学进行了将近三个月的生产实习。 在这三个月的生产实习的实际实践中，不但让我对建筑装饰技术这门专业有了更深刻的了解，也有了不少新的认识。在生产实践的这段日子里，我在现场的工作不仅使我在学校课堂上学习的“书本上”的知识有了更深、更新的了解与认识，而且还让我学习到了许多不可能在学校里学习与认识到的关于人与事的社会经验。 建筑装饰项目的施工组织与管理 在施工现场的生产实习生活，虽然能够学习到不少新的知识和知道许多我说不知到的事，但并不是每天都有特别的是发生或是有机会学到新鲜的事物与知识的。大部分在施工现场的实习生活，是用在将我在课堂上学习的知识的深化巩固并使其使用化的学习实践过程。是将我所已经掌握的建筑装饰技术的相关知识用于实践，在施工现场体验作为一名施工管理与组织者的现场实际经验。 所谓项目管理就是指为了达到项目目标，对项目的策划（规划、计划）、组织、控制、协调、监督的总称。项目管理的对象是项目，而项目管理者应是项目中各项活动主体本身。项目管理的职能同所有管理职能均是相同的。同时，项目管理的特殊性带来了项目管理的复杂性和艰巨性，要求按照科学的理论、方法和手段进行管理，特别是要用系统工程概念、理论和方法进行管理。管理项的目的就是保证项目目标的顺利完成。项目管理有一下特征： （1） 每个项目的管理都有自己特定的管理程序和管理步骤。 （2） 项目管理是项目经理为中心的管理。 （3） 项目管理使用现代管理方法和技术手段。 （4） 项目管理应实施动态管理。 而其中建筑装饰施工的工程项目管理也是项目管理的一类，是对建筑装饰施工活动进行的有效的计划、组织、指挥、协调、控制，从而保证建筑装饰施工的顺利进行，实现项目的特定目标。其重要只能有：计划职能、组织职能、协调职能、控制职能、监督职能。建筑装饰项目管理不仅有它所要发挥的职能，同时也有其必须完成的任务。 建筑装饰施工项目管理的任务是以最优先地实现项目地总目标，即用有限地资金和资源，以最佳的工期、最少的的费用来满足工程质量的要求，完成装饰施工任务，使其实现预定的目标。 在建筑装饰施工管理的过程中，是为了去得各阶段目标和最终目的得实现，必须围绕组织、规划、控制、生产要素得配置、合同、信息等方面进行有效得管理，其主要内容如下：(1)建立施工项目管理组织；（2）做好施工项目管理规范；（3）进行项目施工目标控制；（4）施工项目生产要素的优化配置动态管理；（5）施工合同管理；(6)施工信息管理；(7)组织协调。 这是因为施工组织管理有着如此的职能、任务和内容。因此，体现出施工管理与组织在建筑装饰施工项目的各项工作中重要性与重要地位。 伴随着国家市场经济和改革开放的不断深入， 装饰行业已经成为建筑业中的三大支柱行业之一，其在整个建筑业中所占的比重已越来越大。面对装饰业市场竞争的加剧和行业的规范化进程，面对市场准入和行业的规范化进程，装饰工程施工中施工管理工作显得更加重要。 而我作为一名施工管理人员在施工现场的三个月的实习体验也让我更加明确的认识到管理的重要性。是否有优秀的管理体制、系统和人才。便关系到建筑装饰企业团队的施工质量、进度、安全、成本、效益还有能否按期交付使用等问题。 建筑装饰的施工管理与质量控制 要使公司能有更好的效益，使其工程施工的质量得到良好的管理与恰当的控制，还使其工期、进度得到保证。关键之处还是要注重施工管理，而要想使企业团队的管理系统有所强化，纵观公司的施工管理工作，做为一个工程项目的管理者在完成施工管理任务与职责时主要应注意以下几个方面： （1）加强项目管理，落实管理目标责任制，强化职能部门的指导监督作用 公司的项目管理不同于一般企业的项目承包，以包代管。而是实行项目目标管理，在工程任务下达之初，公司营业部即已将工程计划成本及利润详细算出，项目在公司计划成本的指导下完成质量目标、工期目标。这样经营风险全部由公司承担，各施工项目处于同一起跑线上，有利于调动项目经理的积极性，从体制上保证了工程质量。 工程部作为项目的直接管理部门，在公司计划成本的控制下，负责施工管理人员的培训、考核，针对项目部每一岗位，工程部都有量化考核标准，每一工程完工后，对项目管理人员按岗位工作标准评定。从而对项目管理人员起到了检查督促的作用。 在项目施工前期，工程部对各工种进行必须的培训，培训即包括技能也包括文明施工细则的培训，从而保证施工技术人员对公司制度贯彻的连续性及准确性。品管部做为公司质量管理部门，主要负责工程施工质量的检查验收工作，对工程项目进行不定期检查，从体制上保证了施工质量的稳定性。总工办做为技术管理部门，针对不同工程特点，制定相应的施工方案，并组织进行技术革新，从而保证施工技术的可行性及先进性。 （2）认真做好工程前期准备工作，编制切实可行的施工组织设计，装饰工程施工前期准备工作大致可分如下几个方面： a.施工管理人员的准备 施工现场项目管理人员包括项目经理、施工员、技术员、质检员、材料员、统计核算员、安全管理员等几个岗位，工程部依据工程规模及难易程度确定管理人员的数量并进行职能分配，项目经理做为项目的负责人，在工程部的领导下，组织本项目人员认真熟悉图纸，与营业部沟通现场用工及材料用量。提出人员及机具计划，在公司要求工期内制定详细的施工进度计划。 b.施工操作人员准备 工程部依据项目部提出的劳动力计划，结合公司整体施工项目的进展情况，准备各工种人员，并组织项目部有关人员对入场工人进行入场前的教育及相应的技术安全培训，使工人在入场前对工程项目的技术难度、质量要求有所了解。总工办针对工程的特殊工艺对项目人员进行专项培训。如果工程单项需要分承包方，则由营业部负责分承包方的联系，由工程部进行工程考察确认，分承包方一旦确定，则由工程部组织项目部针对本工程对其进行培训，培训内容涉及技术、质量、安全、进度、现场文明施工等方面。从而保证了在施工过程中，各班组均能全面执行公司的各项施工管理制度，并能够由项目部对其进度、质量进行控制。 c.施工技术的准备 项目部在熟悉施工图纸的基础上，对图纸中的问题进行汇总，由总工办组织项目部及营业部结合本公司的施工特点，提出具体的修正方案，报甲方及设计单位共同探讨，以达成一致，使得问题能够在进场施工前得到最大限度的解决。项目技术人员在工程部及总工办的指导下，结合工程项目特点，编制出施工组织设计，内容包括工程概况及施工特点，施工方案（包括施工准备、施工顺序、主要项目施工方法、质量及安全保证措施、降低成本措施、保证工期及文明施工措施），施工进度计划，劳动力、材料及机具需要量计划，施工平面布署及项目管理人员职责分配等。公司在多年的施工过程中，总结出一套比较成熟的施工作业方法，并编制成作业指导书，供项目人员参考，从而大大提高了工作效率，也方便了对施工操作人员的培训。d施工材料的准备 为了提高计划材料的准确性，由项目部依据营业部下发的分项材料表对各分项材料用量进行核对，及时将修正材料量返回营业部预算员处，由预算员下发材料计划表，此计划表做为采购人员的采购依据提前联系供货单位，从而保证材料的供应。项目部同时向采购人员提供材料进场时间要求，从而使采购人员做到心中有数，按部就班的进行材料的准备。 e.施工机具的准备： 装饰工程所用施工机具大致可分为手使工具及电动工具，电动工具由公司采购部门供应，采购部门依据项目部提供的机具名称，对机具进行检修维护，从而保证机具在施工过程中的正常运转。 f.施工现场的准备： 工程开工前，项目经理组织项目部管理人员对工地进行实地勘察，了解施工现场的环境，确定材料堆放地点、施工用水及用电情况，对原有建筑的情况进行摸底，并将实际勘察结果填入《交接备忘录》中。原有结构影响装饰施工质量及效果之处，以及修正措施要及时知会顾客，争取顾客的同意。在特殊环境下要注意允许施工时间及道路运输情况。 （3）加强施工项目的过程控制，创造精品工程 a.施工人员的控制： 施工项目管理人员由项目经理统一指挥，各自按照岗位标准进行工作，工程部随时对项目管理人员的工作状态进行考查，并如实记录考查结果存入工程档案之中。各岗位依据其性质，量化为若干小的考评项目。考评结果将是工程部对管理人员进行评定的依据，评定结果与奖罚挂钩。 施工操作人员要相对稳定，相对稳定的施工队伍是一个企业的根本保证，每一个操作人员对公司的管理都清清楚楚，这样便于工程质量的稳定提高。现场施工员依据施工进度计划，合理安排人力，力争做到人员流水作业，降低窝工损耗，在移动通信天河营业厅工程施工过程中，短短40天的时间，完成300万元的产值，在1900平方米的工作面上，施工后期有150名木工，30名电工操作。在工作安排上，将铝塑板包柱等作业项目划分成许多分项，操作人员进行单项作业，并将班组分成基层、面层下料组、面层粘贴组。使得整个工程有条不紊的进行下来，从而在时间上保证了顾客按时开业，嬴得了顾客的高度赞扬。施工作业人员由工程部统一调度，某工种在一个项目结束或间歇时，便及时转到别的项目操作，即保证了工人的收入稳定也保证了公司技术工人的相对稳定。 b.施工材料的控制： 装饰材料品种繁杂，质量及档次相差悬殊，装饰工程所用材料又受到业主的克观影响，因此，装饰施工材料控制比较麻烦。在材料进场前必须先报验，将业主同意的材料样品一式两份封样保存，一份留项目，一份留业主，在材料进场后，依样品及相关检测报告进行报验，报验合格的材料方能使用。采购人员在采购时，也要严格执行材料的检查验收手续，保证采购材料一次合格。为了便于管理，公司将各种材料的检查方法及检验标准编辑成册，采购人员、质检人员、施工人员全部用同一标准来衡量材料是否合格。在进场材料的管理上，采用限额领料制度，由施工人员签发限额领料单，库管员按单发货，从而即能保证质量又能节约成本，对于易碎或贵重材料，在施工现场单独存放，尽量减少人为的搬运次数。对于现场发现的不合格材料，如果不能及时退库，则单独放置并在明显位置标注不合格品字样，这样能够防止错发错拿现象。现场所剩边角余料如不能使用，则及时退回公司辅料库，以便其它工程使用。 c.施工机具的控制 库管员要对施工机具妥善保管，分类存放，实行施工机具领用登记制度，以谁领用谁保管谁负责为原则，操作人员在领用工具时要向库管员说明机具的使用目的，库管员按照机具使用要求发放机具，保证机具正常的使用寿命。为了保证正常施工生产，公司对每一台设备都建立了维修档案，从而保证了进场设备都已经过检测合格。对于工人手使工具，由工程部按工种不同列出必备工具明细，入场前检查各工种自备工具是否齐全，保养是否良好，如用于打玻璃胶的专用工具，贴防火板专用工具，安装修边角及不锈钢扣条的专用工具等。 d.施工工艺的控制 施工工艺是决定工程质量好坏的关键，有好的工艺，能使操作人员在施工过程达到事半功倍的效果。为了保证工艺的先进性及合理性，公司对于不太成熟的工艺安排专人在加工厂进行试验，将成熟的工艺编制成作业指导书，并下发各施工主管，施工管理人员在现场指导生产时则依此为依据对工人进行书面交底，并由班组长签字接收。工艺交底包括工具及材料准备、施工技术要点、质量要求及检查方法、常见问题及预防措施。在进行世贸商场二层内装地面砖铺贴过程中，技术人员针对其面积大，柱子多等特点，制定了相应的工艺做法，从技术上保证了铺贴质量，在施工时先交底后施工，严格执行工艺要求，从而使该工程被评为单项样板工程。在华夏证券门头工程施工中，加工厂及现场紧密配合，在现场进行骨架制作的同时，加工厂就开始了铝塑板面层的加工。由于各项工序严格执行工艺要求，现场安装时尺寸丝毫不差，既提前了工期，又节约了管理费用。 e.施工环境的控制 施工环境对装饰工程的影响很大，尤其是油漆工程，在进行油漆施工时，现场不得有灰尘，天气必须晴朗，为了保证工程质量，必须控制好施工环境，这就要求施工管理人员在进行工序安排时要合理，避免施工污染，同时保证各工序所需环境要求，如室温要求、基体干燥要求、空气清洁要求等。因此一般结构方面的工作先进行，饰面工作后进行；头顶工作先进行，头顶以下工作后进行；隐蔽工程先进行，包封工作后进行；水电管线工作先进行，灯具、开关、插座、洁具、五金配件安装工作后进行；易受污染或贵重材料，保养不易的工作（玻璃制品、镜面、壁纸、面料、地毯等）应最后再做。如果冬季施工时，室内温度达不到要求，则要制定相应的保温升温措施，同时要注意火灾的发生。 （4）加强专项检查、及时解决问题 a.开展自检、互检活动，培养操做人员的质量意识。 各工序完成后由班组长组织本班组人员，对本工序进行自检、互检，自检依据及方法严格执行技术交底，在自检中发现的问题由班组自行处理并填写自检记录，班组自检记录填写完善，自检出的问题已确实修正后方可由项目质检员进行验收。 b.下道工序是用户，认真开展交接检活动 上一道工序完成后，在进行下道工序施工前，由质检员组织上、下工序施工班组长进行交接检，由下道工序班组长检查上道工序质量，对影响本道工序的质量问题提出意见，并填写交接检记录，质检员督促上道工序人员进行修正后，下道工序人员方可进行施工。通过此项活动增强了工人本身的质量意识，加强了工人的责任感，如果不交接即生产，一旦出现问题，不是自己做的事也要承担责任。从而在操作人员中形成人人管质量，遍遍有把关。从根本上杜绝不合格品的存在。 c.专职检查、分清责任 在班组自检基础上，项目质检员要对各班组长的各道工序进行检查，从严要求，对不合格的要立即处理，在检查时必须分清产生不合格的原因，是由于工人操作引起，还是由于施工材料或施工方法引起的不合格。查清原因后，对于反复发生的问题要制定整改措施及相应的预防措施，防止同类问题再次发生。对于工人操作引起的不合格，要视情况严重程度对工人采取处罚措施，并及时向操作人员讲明处罚的理由，使工人理解“松是害，严是爱”的道理。 d.定期抽查，总结提高 公司品管部及工程部定期到各项目对工程质量情况进行检查，对发现的问题定期集中分类，定期召开质量分析会，组织施工管理人员对各类问题分析总结，针对特别项目制定纠正/预防措施，并贯彻实施。使各施工管理人员在不断解决问题的过程中，提高水平。 5． 做好内部验收，向顾客提供满意的产品 工程完工后，在交付顾客使用前，由公司品管部、工程部、设计部及营业部对工程进行全面的验收检查，对于发现的问题，书面通知项目部及时整改，如有必要则进行二次内验，只有在内部验收通过后，工程才能交付顾客进行验收。从而保证顾客一次性验收合格，达到顾客的满意。 不能及时退库，则单独放置并在明显位置标注不合格品字样，这样能够防止错发错拿现象。现场所剩边角余料如不能使用，则及时退回公司辅料库，以便其它工程使用。 c.施工机具的控制 库管员要对施工机具妥善保管，分类存放，实行施工机具领用登记制度，以谁领用谁保管谁负责为原则，操作人员在领用工具时要向库管员说明机具的使用目的，库管员按照机具使用要求发放机具，保证机具正常的使用寿命。为了保证正常施工生产，公司对每一台设备都建立了维修档案，从而保证了进场设备都已经过检测合格。对于工人手使工具，由工程部按工种不同列出必备工具明细，入场前检查各工种自备工具是否齐全，保养是否良好，如用于打玻璃胶的专用工具，贴防火板专用工具，安装修边角及不锈钢扣条的专用工具等。 d.施工工艺的控制 施工工艺是决定工程质量好坏的关键，有好的工艺，能使操作人员在施工过程达到事半功倍的效果。为了保证工艺的先进性及合理性，公司对于不太成熟的工艺安排专人在加工厂进行试验，将成熟的工艺编制成作业指导书，并下发各施工主管，施工管理人员在现场指导生产时则依此为依据对工人进行书面交底，并由班组长签字接收。工艺交底包括工具及材料准备、施工技术要点、质量要求及检查方法、常见问题及预防措施。在进行世贸商场二层内装地面砖铺贴过程中，技术人员针对其面积大，柱子多等特点，制定了相应的工艺做法，从技术上保证了铺贴质量，在施工时先交底后施工，严格执行工艺要求，从而使该工程被评为单项样板工程。在华夏证券门头工程施工中，加工厂及现场紧密配合，在现场进行骨架制作的同时，加工厂就开始了铝塑板面层的加工。由于各项工序严格执行工艺要求，现场安装时尺寸丝毫不差，既提前了工期，又节约了管理费用。 e.施工环境的控制 施工环境对装饰工程的影响很大，尤其是油漆工程，在进行油漆施工时，现场不得有灰尘，天气必须晴朗，为了保证工程质量，必须控制好施工环境，这就要求施工管理人员在进行工序安排时要合理，避免施工污染，同时保证各工序所需环境要求，如室温要求、基体干燥要求、空气清洁要求等。因此一般结构方面的工作先进行，饰面工作后进行；头顶工作先进行，头顶以下工作后进行；隐蔽工程先进行，包封工作后进行；水电管线工作先进行，灯具、开关、插座、洁具、五金配件安装工作后进行；易受污染或贵重材料，保养不易的工作（玻璃制品、镜面、壁纸、面料、地毯等）应最后再做。 建筑装饰项目的技术管理 由于建筑装饰工程项目的特殊性，作为建筑装饰项目的施工管理者在注重施工管理方面的同时，也应该在项目施工设计方面有相当的能力，以适应建筑装饰其技术管理的特殊性。 因此建筑装饰施工管理人员同时有施工与管理两方面任务与职责。施工管理者在拥有良好的施工管理素质，同时还应该掌握相应的技术知识。 由于装饰工程项目的施工周期相对土建工程要短，所以，施工组织设计的科学性、合理性、可操作性尤为重要。因此，技术管理的控制点和有效性是衡量企业技术发展和技术进步的重要标准，是企业可持续发展的技术保障。 了解和掌握国内外的技术发展动向，推动企业科技进步，提高设计和施工水平。当代科学技术的发展速度之快，大大促进了生产力的提高。科学技术转化为生产力，使社会的方方面面正悄然地发生变化；信息爆炸与信息高速公路令世界变小。搜集、整理、比较、筛选有关装饰业的最新科技信息和动态，使我们利用新技术、新工艺、新材料变为可能。每年的各类展览会和博览会，使我们很直观的了解和搜集到最新的业内信息，各种专业报刊和网上信息，又成为我们了解最新业内动态的便捷途径。 建立技术储备档案对搜集到的有关资料，按化工、建材、纺织、五金等大类分别存档；又在大类中进行细分，如化工中的防火、防水、防腐材料，木材、钢材、块材等的粘合剂，各部内外墙的涂饰材料，各种木材、钢材的涂饰材料等分门别类地造册存档。便于日后检索和查找。并不断地对档案进行更新换代，使之完善。 推广与应用新技术及其成果 率先开发应用网络管理系统和CAD辅助设计，使我们受益菲浅；而进一步加强网络化管理的深度，提高微机的自动化水平，又成为我们新的亟待解决的课题。推进行业进步要从推广与应用新技术、新工艺、新材料入手，对已掌握的安全、环保、高效、节能等方面的产品和技术，要优先利用；从前期谈判就向业主介绍和推荐，设计时积极采用，从而形成企业优势。在这里还应看到，推广与应用新技术、新工艺、新材料一定要具有前瞻性；在一定的时段或一定的经济环境中，这种推广与应用可能有阻力或不被业主认可，但这只是暂时现象，纵观时代的进步，优胜劣汰是发展的必然趋势。在这方面谁走在前面，谁将会有更多的机会和能力赢得市场。 推广技术的更新改造现代装饰技术较之传统装饰技术，已不可同日而语，不同的材料、工艺、设备，必然导致技术的变革和更新改造。纳米技术的出现可预见的是会对涂料工业注入新的活力，出现划时代的新型涂料产品，那么与之相关的施工工艺和技术也会出现变化。微机内存配置的提高，新的管理和设计软件的开发应用，无疑会使管理与设计上一个新台阶，会使工作效率得到更大的提高，加工设备的更新改造，数控设备的应用，使半成品和加工件的质量和材料利用率得到提高。抱残守缺的时代已经一去不复返了。我们相信装饰技术的更新与改造的周期会越来越短，发展的速度会越来越快。培训相关人员应用新技术、新工艺、新材料的能力随着新技术、新工艺、新材料的出现，我们经过试验或比较得出有关数据和操作经验，然后编制作业指导书，将使用的工具、施工工艺、技术要点、检验与验收标准列入其中，下发相关的部门和操作人员；使管理、操作和检验人员很快熟悉了自己的工作要点。在实际操作中，由工艺员和技术员进行指导，以点带面的逐步展开，这种做法已被实践证明是快捷而又行之有效的。 制定科技人员发展规划及实施办法，对技术质量管理的制定修订提出建设性意见。 技术人员已越来越被企业所重视，人才专业结构的合理组合已成为企业人才发展规划的侧重点。就装饰企业而言，设计与施工是两个重要的一线部门，所要求的技术人员的标准相对较高，专业设置既全面又要有所侧重；而企业的网络管理和开发则需要相当水平的专业人才，那么管理层的人员配置又需要管理加技术的复合型人才，人才的综合素质越高，企业的发展潜力和市场竞争力就会越大，这是不容置疑的事实。人才发展规划是根据企业规模、实力和发展规划而制定的，不可能一蹴而就。因此，在企业发展的大目标下，有计划、有侧重地逐步招聘，培养和合理使用人才，并不断地更新知识；实施进程不会是一年两年，是要不断调整，平衡、优化，使企业的人才资源配置合理，加快企业的发展步阀。 企业的技术质量管理，是企业逐年发展过程中所积累、总结、完善而形成的制度或措施，它通过内部和外部条件的转化和提高而逐渐完善。制度的形成与完善是要经过长期的修正、补充和检验的。因此，技术质量的控制是否有效，成为是否修订现阶段措施的基本条件；基于此点来衡量技术质量管理工作，将会得出正确的判断，无效或失效就要修订或改进；相反，则要巩固与加强管理力度，使企业发展。参加或主持企业重大技术会议，解决技术疑难问题 解决技术疑难问题，是技术管理工作中的重中之重，无论是设计还是施工，这类问题不解决，将直接影响工程质量而造成无谓的浪费或经济损失。针对不同的问题召开专题会议，比如专业或技术要求较高的单位工程，对其消防、屏蔽、抗静电、温湿度、超静除尘、强弱电、声学、隔音等等，都要进行充分的论证，形成合理可行的方案；对质量通病的预防，如大面积的铺贴石材、地砖，或是大面积的纸面石膏板吊顶，针对容易出现的地面空鼓、不平或吊顶不平与开裂，分析缺陷成因，制定相对应的施工方案与技术要点，在实施过程中严格控制和检查，使问题相继得到解决。对已经出现的质量问题，经过分析找出原因，然后进行小范围试验，问题解决后，写成作业指导书进行推广。技术疑难问题会随着新技术、新工艺、新材料的不断采用，而逐渐出现，及时发现、及时解决、不留尾巴是解决问题的最好办法。自己解决不了可以采用派出去、请进来的办法，积累解决问题的经验和能力。 参与合同评审，对合同中涉及的技术能力把关 前文说到的专业或技术要求较高的单位工程，在合同评审中会经常出现，对其技术可行性评审论证后，确定自己的技术能力范围；对一些专业的单项工程或作业进行分承包，进而保证工程整体的施工质量和要求。 主持重要的设计评审，最终审批图纸 对重要工程的设计评审包括几个方面： 图纸设计是否满足了建设方的各方面要求，是否符合国家规范；图纸设计是否科学合理又有先进性，总体风格及效果； 图纸设计的规范性，完整性和保证程度； 图纸设计材料的购置能力，施工的可行性； 能够满足以上要求，由企业技术负责人审批。 对设计的质量进行抽查与评定，审批设计更改 定期与不定期进行图纸设计抽查，对已竣工的图纸设计分为优、良、可、差四级评定，促进设计质量的提高，并将量化的统计结果发放至每一设计人。审批由于业主、现场或设计需要的设计变更，汇总不同的变更原因，找出设计失误，同样是提高设计质量的又一手段。 审批施工组织设计和工程技术交底好的施工组织设计和工程技术交底，是有效控制施工质量、进度、成本的先决条件；因此对其科学合理和严密可行的要求很高，不同的环境、条件、技术含量和工期要求，以及不同的地区、季节等因素，都是施工组织设计和工程技术交底的依据。稍有疏漏将会出现失误，从而影响施工作业的顺利实施，规范施工组织设计和技术交底已成为企业招投标与施工准备的重要运作环节。因此，其编制的科学合理和严密可行，能够指导施工是得到审批的必备条件。 施工过程中技术资料和工程质量的检查 施工过程中技术资料是否齐备，工程质量是否达标，是衡量企业和项目经理管理水平高下的关键，是质检部门评定质量的依据。
社会实践报告主要写思想汇报这一方面，结合自己的专业知识去写，字数不是问题，主要是内容需要完整，我就是搞这个的
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