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中外饮食文化论文参考文献

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中外饮食文化论文参考文献

[1]孙璐.浅析日本饮食文化[J].西安社会科学,2010,(04).[2]徐静波.试论日本饮食文化的诸特征[J].日本学刊,2008,(05).[3]徐静波.论日本肉食禁止和开禁的思想因素[J].日本研究,2010,(01).[4]贺亚芹,隋国荣.日本饮食文化琐谈[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报(社会科学版),1999,(02).[5]张婕.浅谈饮食与健康[J].技术与市场,2009,(07).[6]方海燕.从饮食看日本文化的特征——以中日饮食文化的关系为中心[J].科技信息(科学教研),2008, [7]日本的饮食文化[J].健身科学,2004,(12).[8]尹文华.浅谈中日两国饮食文化[J].科技创新导报,2010,(34).[9]时志中.浅析“鱼文化”现象[J].中国钓鱼,1995,(11).[10]仓石厚子.中日饮食文化比较──兼论消费与经济观念[J].现代日本经济,1997,(06).

元朝忽思慧的《饮膳正要》《礼记》《本草纲目》

你都那么苗条了,不需要注意了,嘎嘎!!!

中美饮食文化论文英文参考文献

Diet idea the Europeans said that in the world has three big good food, in each edition has China and France, only then actually had different explanations about third, has said that was Italy, also had said that was countries' and so on Turkey, Tunisia or Morocco. Although reaches a stalemate, but everybody has a mutual recognition, the diet often can reflect the different nationality aspect and so on habits and customs and cultural thought differences. one time hosts the banquet in the Chinese restaurant, on the hotel vegetable very slowly, unconscious has passed for nearly two hours, but the vegetable has as if only then gotten up half. Is first time attends the Chinese meal banquet near a place woman, cannot bear asks me, your Chinese treats on these many vegetables? I said that must be many in China, usually is above 10. She is very surprised, including said that China's banquet too has been really rich, China's good food is very no wonder famous. But after a while, she also asks me, has a phenomenon to be very strange: The Chinese eats meal each time on that many vegetables, can be why long so thinly. But France enters the vegetable to be very each time few, but is why fatter than the Chinese? I am at a loss for words for a while, but thought that she asks how many truth a little, because that day shares a table several Chinese appear quite emaciated, but several French are all tall and sturdy. Thinks that spoke an own idea with her: China is a hospitable nationality, only then on a table vegetable had only then thought that has not neglected the visitor. Sometimes moreover the Chinese pays great attention the form, therefore in China's cooking, the vegetable style is ever changing, makes concrete is fastidious about the color fragrance to each vegetable matching. But European as if some, are inferior to China obviously actually in the vegetable variety change high and low free time, what but is fastidious is its nutrition matching and the protection. This is, the French diet idea important difference, how many also reflected the French chemical property standard difference. each people have the color which to color understanding oneself like, a country and the nationality are also same, likes to the different color being possible to reflect a national or the national esthetic appeal and the likes and dislikes tendency overall. has one time bumps into an EU commission's pair of professor husbands and wives, mentions China national dress which in the Shanghai APEC conference various countries' leader puts on, they said are attractive, but has a point to be not too clear, why do the Asian leaders mostly put on red, but the Western leader has chosen the blue color. I said that the color is leader designates. The Asian country has the same cultural context probably, red in the Chinese culture, is also possibly representing lucky, the wealth in the entire Asian culture and propitious pleasant, therefore the Asian leaders as if by prior agreement have chosen red. I ask in reply them, what does the blue color represent in the Western culture? They said the westerner to believe that the blue color represents is calm and is calm. thinks that I also said the East and West cultural difference was really too big, for example the dragon in China was nationality's symbol, but had one in Belgium's Mongolian Si Shize to hit the dragon festival, the dragon is regarded as the devil, has been massacred by fable in protection sacred · Michelle, therefore did specially hits the dragon festival to congratulate that eliminated the disaster shortcoming to thank Michelle. Professor husbands and wives also approves the East and West cultural difference hugeness, and approves the culture to need to exchange. in thinking mode West's cultural difference also displays in many aspects, but simple summarizes is not actually complex: Reflected that to the thinking mode in is abstract and the embodiment difference, reflected that to the life manner in as if may understand is more practical for the westerner, but Chinese how many stresses some mental feeling. For instance compares French word and Chinese writing, this point is very obvious. The Chinese writing makes the word to pay great attention the image much, what but in the French more pays great attention to consider is the use value. Looks like in Chinese the name card, in the French translates literally is the card which the visit uses, but the aircraft carrier calls in the French to carry airplane's warship and so on, is embarks from the actual uses makes the word. But presses the glass plate which likely the picture uses, we are also the words which makes from its use value angle, but the French has been more direct-viewing, the literal translation is “places above the picture”. reflects to the drawing in is so. Everybody knew that the traditional Chinese painting greatly opens big he, splashes ink enjoyably the human body proportion which and optics principle is fastidious with the European oil painting and so on completely belongs to the technical category which two have nothing to do with one another, is as if very difficult to have the common language. Sometimes the European not too can understand that sometimes we too abstract art expression means that we also will think European's artistic skill too practical duty, deficient divine and wonderful spirit. Looked that sometimes in many European drawing history has been presented for the classics religious theme painting, the Chinese while sighs its technique practical exquisite, also will sigh with emotion European master the imagination the deficiency: In order to explain that the angel is flying, must give these lovable young and clevers to add on a pair of wing. But our ancestor has not also drawn several thousand years, how many white clouds adds on nearby these beautiful female celestial, they have not flown? Has the ideal condition, has the imagination space. this is the cultural difference. But, the difference brings not always the difference, it gave culture masters of art to leave behind the broad creation space exactly, if could find an accurate combining site, not only that will give two nationalities, will also give the entire world to bring one kind to have forgives the significance the harmony and beautiful, for instance Zhao Wuji's painting manifested the inexhaustible charm which the culture blended 饮食观念 欧洲人都说世界上有三大美食,每一个版本里都有中国和法国的,只有关于第三家却说法不一,有说是意大利的,也有说是土耳其、突尼斯或摩洛哥等国的。尽管相持不下,但大家都有个共识,饮食常能反映出不同民族的生活习惯和文化思维等方面的差异。 一次在中餐馆举行宴会,饭店菜上得很慢,不知不觉中过去了近两个小时,但菜似乎才上了一半。临座的一位女士是第一次参加中餐宴会,忍不住问我,你们中国人请客都上这么多菜吗?我说,在中国还要多,通常是10道以上。她很惊讶,连说中国的宴会实在太丰富了,难怪中国的美食很有名。但过了一会儿,她又问我,有个现象很奇怪:中国人吃饭每次都上那么多菜,可为什么都长得那么瘦。而法国入每次菜很少,但为什么都比中国人胖呢? 我一时语塞,但又觉得她问得多少有点道理,因为那天同桌的几个中国人都显得比较瘦弱,而几个法国人个个人高马大。想了想,和她讲了自己的一点想法:中国是个好客的民族,只有上了一桌子菜才觉得没怠慢客人。另外中国人有时候更注重形式,所以在中国的烹调里,菜的样式千变万化,具体到每一道菜又非常讲究色香味的搭配。而欧洲人似乎更实际一些,在菜的花色变化上下的工夫显然不如中国,但讲究的是其营养的搭配和保护。这是中、法饮食观念的重要差异,多少也反映出了中法文化性格的不同。 对色彩的认识 每个人都有自己喜欢的颜色,一个国家和民族也一样,对不同颜色的喜好从整体上可以反映出一个民族或者国家的审美情趣与好恶倾向。 有一次碰到欧盟委员会的一对教授夫妇,谈起上海APEC会议上各国领导人穿的中国民族服装,他们都说非常好看,但有一点不太明白,为什么亚洲领导人大多穿红色,而西方领导人则多选择了蓝色。我说颜色都是领导人自己选定的。大概亚洲国家有着相同的文化背景,红色在中国文化里,也可能在整个亚洲文化中都代表着幸运、财富和吉祥如意,所以亚洲领导人都不约而同地选择了红色。我反问他们,蓝色在西方文化里代表什么?他们说西方人认为,蓝色代表冷静和沉着。 想了想,我又补充说东西方文化差异实在是太大了,比如说龙在中国是民族的象征,而在比利时的蒙斯市则有一个打龙节,龙被视作恶魔,被传说中的保护神圣·米歇尔杀掉了,因此特意搞打龙节来庆贺除灾弊感谢米歇尔。教授夫妇也非常认同东西方文化差异的巨大,并认可文化需要交流。 思维方式 中西方的文化差异还表现在诸多方面,但简单加以概括其实并不复杂:反映到思维方式上是抽象和具象的差别,反映到生活态度上则似乎可以理解为西方人更加实用,而中国人则多少更偏重一些精神感受。比如把法语单词和中文文字加以比较,这一点就很明显。中国文字造词多注重形象,而法文里更多地注重考虑的是实用价值。像中文里的名片,法文里直译就是访问用的卡片,而航空母舰在法文里叫载飞机的军舰等等,都是从实际用途出发来造词的。而像压照片用的玻璃板,我们也是从其使用价值角度来造的词,但法国人就更加直观了,直译就是“放在照片上面的”。 反映到绘画上更是如此。大家都知道中国画的大开大阖、泼墨写意和欧洲油画讲究的人体比例和光学原理等完全是属于两个风马牛不相及的技术范畴,似乎很难有共同语言。欧洲人有时不太能够理解我们过于抽象的艺术表现手法,我们有时也会认为欧洲人的艺术技巧过于写实本分,缺乏灵气。看多了欧洲绘画史上被奉为经典的宗教题材画作,中国人有时在感叹其技法写实细腻的同时,也会感慨欧洲大师们想象力的贫乏:为了说明天使在飞,就非得给那些可爱的小精灵们加上一双翅膀。而我们的祖先不也画了几千年了吗,在那些美丽的仙女旁边加上几朵白云,她们不就飞起来了吗?多有意境,多有想象空间啊。 这就是文化的差异。但是,差异带来的并不总是分歧,它恰恰给文化艺术大师们留下了广阔的创作空间,如能从中找到一个准确的结合点,那不仅会给两个民族,而且也会给整个世界带来一种更具包涵意义的和谐与美丽,比如赵无极的画作就体现出了文化交融的无尽魅力。

only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (e.g. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.

1.Dominique Bouchet.Differences in Food Culture – Traditions & Trends.Odense University,1999.2.Hansen, Barbara. Taste of Southeast Asia. Tucson, AZ: HPBooks, Inc., 1987.3.Hyman, Gwenda L. Cuisines of Southeast Asia: A Culinary Journey Through China,Thailand, Myanmar,Japan. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993. 4.Hallock, Constance M. Fun and Festival from East Asia. New York, NY: Friendship Press, 1968.

Eating Custom and Practice American eating is funny. They eat almost everything with a fork, and it appears that holding a knife in one's right hand longer than a few seconds is considered to be against good table manners. 饮食的风俗和习惯 美国人的饮食习惯很有趣。 他们吃所有东西都用叉子。好像用右手拿刀几秒钟就被认为与好的桌上进餐礼仪相违背。 The system is that if it is absolutely necessary to use a knife, people take the fork in their left hand, and cut off a piece of meat or whatever it is in the normal manner. Then they put the knife down, transfer the fork to their right hand, and only then do they transport the food to their mouth. This is clearly ludicrous(滑稽可笑), but it is considered good manners. 这种用法就是如果绝对需要用刀的话, 人们就用左手拿叉, 按平常的方法切下移小块肉和者其它的东西。然后他们把刀放下,把叉转到右手, 只有这时他们才把食物送入口中。这显然很滑稽, 但却是被认为是好的礼仪。 There are several results of this system. First, if it is not absolutely necessary to use a knife, Americans don't use one, because obviously this greatly complicates(使复杂化) things, and you will therefore see them trying to cut things like potatoes, fish and even bacon(熏猪肉) with a fork. Second, towards the end of a course, since only one implement(器具) is being used, food has to do chased around the plate with the fork - and for the last mouthful the thumb has to be used to keep the food in place, although one is not supposed to do this. 这样做有几种结果。 首先,如果不是绝对需要用到刀, 美国人是 不用的。 因为这样使得事情复杂化了。所以你就会看到他们用叉来切土豆, 鱼, 甚至熏猪肉。其次, 由于只是用了一种器具, 在吃完一道菜时, 就要用叉来到处弄食物,最后一口往往就需要大拇指的帮忙, 虽然是不该用的。 Third, tables are generally laid with one knife and two forks, the outside fork being for the salad. There is no need for foreign visitors to follow the American system and try to eat the salad with only a fork, but if you do use your knife, remember to save it for the meat course. 第三, 桌上通常会放一把刀, 两把叉, 外面的叉是用于吃色拉的。 外国人是不必跟美国人一样试图用一把叉来吃色拉。但是如果你用刀,记得用来切肉类。 Even desserts(甜食) (except ice cream) are eaten with a fork if at all possible, and the spoon you see by your dessert is meant to be for coffee (but if you use it for your dessert no one will say anything). 在可能的情况下,甚至甜食(除了冰淇淋) 都用叉来吃,在你看到的甜品边上的小勺是给你的咖啡用的(但是如果你用它来吃甜品,没人会说什么。 参考文献:词典

中韩饮食文化论文范文参考文献

不知你要几篇, 你看看够么? [1] 孙璐. 浅析日本饮食文化[J]. 西安社会科学, 2010, (04) . [2] 徐静波. 试论日本饮食文化的诸特征[J]. 日本学刊, 2008, (05) . [3] 徐静波. 论日本肉食禁止和开禁的思想因素[J]. 日本研究, 2010, (01) . [4] 贺亚芹,隋国荣. 日本饮食文化琐谈[J]. 辽宁工程技术大学学报(社会科学版), 1999, (02) . [5] 张婕. 浅谈饮食与健康[J]. 技术与市场, 2009, (07) . [6] 方海燕. 从饮食看日本文化的特征——以中日饮食文化的关系为中心[J]. 科技信息(科学教研), 2008, (04) . [7]日本的饮食文化[J]. 健身科学, 2004, (12) . [8] 尹文华. 浅谈中日两国饮食文化[J]. 科技创新导报, 2010, (34) . [9] 时志中. 浅析“鱼文化”现象[J]. 中国钓鱼, 1995, (11) . [10] 仓石厚子. 中日饮食文化比较──兼论消费与经济观念[J]. 现代日本经济, 1997, (06) .

韩国传统饮食不过是在电视看上去比较有感觉,实际上是肯定不如中国传统饮食的,但是现代韩国饮食应该是结合了西方饮食文化中细腻的特点,说白了就是讲究一些

沙拉水果很好吃,我吃过。还有那种辣椒好啦好啦啊,舌头都红肿了。

中国饮食文化创新论文参考文献

你都那么苗条了,不需要注意了,嘎嘎!!!

每一种饮食文化都有其自己的历史,饮食以其自身的存在证明着历史的沧海桑田。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于饮食文化论文的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!饮食文化论文篇1 浅析台湾饮食文化 摘要:饮食是一种生活,也是一种文化表现。台湾特殊的历史背景、突出的海岛特征、独特的文化习俗融合形成了多元化的饮食文化。台湾饮食文化以福建闽南饮食文化为主,但又结合了中国大陆各地的饮食文化特点。本文旨在通过对台湾饮食文化的介绍,使人们对台湾的饮食文化能有一个大概地了解。 关键词:台湾;饮食文化;地方性;多元化 台湾是我国第一大岛,位于北回归线附近地,暖湿的气候正是孕育新鲜蔬果的最佳环境,而四面临海的位置更是各式海产品丰富的蕴藏之地。因为有得天独厚的自然环境,再加上各式美食文化的融合,而发展出于台湾人地道的美食。对于台湾人而言,饮食是一种生活,也是一种文化表现,尤其台湾特殊的历史背景和突出的海岛特征,外来移民族系繁多,使得饮食文化更加多元化,不仅各系的中华菜肴在此发扬光大,更汇集了来自全球各地的精致饮食,包括美、欧、日、亚热带、地中海等世界美食,都可以在台湾吃到。而台湾菜作为中华菜系中的一种,在台湾占有重要的位置,成为台湾最基础的饮食,深为台湾人民所喜爱。台湾饮食文化,是和当地的物产、文化传统紧密相关的,它是在台湾独特的历史文化、地理环境基础上,经过多次的文化融合而形成的多元化饮食文化。 中国美食甲天下,是全世界公认的。台湾继承了中华美食的传统,但又由于历史发展的不同路径,形成了今日丰富多彩的性格,也体现出台湾文化的开放与多元。梁实秋先生曾说“台湾地区之饮食本属闽南系列,善治海鲜,每多羹汤”,这也许是因为台湾与闽南地区仅有一水之隔,地理环境与气候物产相似的缘故,而台湾的先民又大多是从福建省的漳州和泉州移民的,因此我们很容易在台湾早期的饮食文化中看到闽南的地方风味。然而1949年,国民党政权退踞台湾,带去了大陆各地的风味菜,从此,大陆各大菜系就在宝岛得以发扬光大,逐渐形成多元而且独特的“台湾菜”文化。台湾小吃很有特色,它来自民间,扎根乡土,以其淳朴自然的本色深受食客的喜爱,造就了台湾人生活中最具代表性的饮食文化。举凡“蚵仔煎”、“虱目鱼肚粥”、“炒米粉”、“万峦猪脚”、“大肠蚵仔面线”、“甜不辣”、“台南担仔面”、“棺材板”、“烧仙草”、“筒仔米糕”、“花枝羹”、“卤肉饭”等等,都是独具台湾风味的名食小吃。 1、闽客饮食文化 台湾移民中闽南人移民时间最长、人数最多,所以闽菜可以说是台菜的主轴,是台湾最主要的饮食文化。闽菜以盛行汤菜和烹制山珍海味而着称,尤以清鲜、和醇、荤香、不腻的风味特色,独树一帜,以偏甜、偏淡、偏酸的“三偏”为特色。另外,与福建一样,台湾具有浓厚的饮茶文化,喜欢冲饮壶茶,讲究茶具的精美和冲泡方法,特别流行“功夫茶”。在历史上,台湾还生产过供春、秋圃、潘壶等几种质坚耐热、外观雅致的紫砂名壶。 2、少数民族饮食文化 台湾本土的华人融合了闽南、客家、土著(在台湾称“原住民”)等多种族群。饮食文化除了以闽南饮食文化为主外,还融合了各少数民族的传统饮食文化。 “客家”是汉民族中一支独特的族群。客家人在台湾已有二三百年的历史,目前共有400万人,约占台湾人口的1/6,他们拥有自己独特的饮食文化。传统的客家饮食与昔日农耕劳动的生活息息相关。其中糯米制的饭,因教一般的米食保存的时间长,而成为著名的客家主食,包括饭条、菜包等。由于生鲜食物比较匮乏,所以酸、咸和腌渍的菜肴特别多;像姜丝大肠、梅干扣肉、咸猪肉、客家小炒等都是知名的客家菜。 土著的饮食夺取自自然,如山产肉类、鱼、野菜、农产等,种类繁多,但吃法简单豪迈。不少高山族部落仍保留着不少传统特色,如兰屿的雅美族吃鱼有男女之别限制。土著人喜喝酒,尤其是自己用米或栗所酿的小米酒,风味香甜,呈现出了特有的饮酒文化。 3、食补文化 药膳是中医中药、饮食烹饪中的一朵奇葩,是饮食文化与中医文化的共同结晶:饮食文化是内容,中医文化是基础。药膳的最大特点是:有病治病,无病强身,男女老幼皆宜。他首先讲的是“膳”,即以食为主;然后才讲的是“药”,其药效寓于食品之中。现代药膳,是根据中国医药学的传统理论,结合现代营养学的研究成果,精心设计各种营养素的比例,用中药和食物相配合进行烹调加工,在考虑药物功效的同时要兼顾到味觉的可口,以收到“食助药力,药助食威”的效果。 台湾与大陆南方一样,饮食非常讲究食补。现在可以说是一种健康饮食文化。在台湾,养生防老,“阴阳互补”,“五行调和”等观念深厚。目前台湾食物养生方式主要有素食、生食、有机饮食、断食疗法及传统中医食疗。台湾民间常有以“四神汤”(淮山、芡实、莲子与茯苓)作滋补饮料,是著名的滋补小吃。 4、小吃文化 台湾小吃的发源于民众生活息息相关,最能诠释台湾本土文化、体现民间生活真实的一面。“就地取材”是个是小吃的特色。夜市则是体验台湾小吃的最佳场所,他以浓厚的地方特色与地道的乡土原味,紧紧住住了台湾本地人的胃与游客的心;不但拥有琳琅满目的小吃种类,而且相对于传统中国菜的讲究与精致,反而有一份不必正襟危坐的自在感。台湾各地都有夜市,多半位于交通枢纽、庙会和集市等人潮最旺、发展最早的地方。台湾虽然不大,但因为各地文化特色的不同,长期以来各夜市都有自成一个的特色小吃。 除了多样化的小吃种类外,小吃摊汇聚人潮的效应,带动了民生消费商品的进驻,如各式服饰、鞋类地摊与百货公司、餐饮店等,让以“吃”为主要形式的夜市,增加了“逛”的趣味,“有得吃又有得玩儿”成了台湾夜市最大的特色,从而聚集了更多的人潮。 5、快餐文化 快餐文化的传入让不少小吃文化受到冲击,因为快速又便利,但是却让某些地区性的饮食文化一步步的消失。过去富含地区风味的饮食习惯及饮食文化,也因为新的一代渐渐接受属于快餐的口味,而慢慢消失,家乡的滋味已不复存在,旅客到了陌生异地,只要找到某些快餐餐厅,一切便已然让人感到安全、踏实,我们的家乡,飘落在充满薯条、炸鸡、可乐、汉堡的一家全球化餐厅里。 参考文献 [1]焦桐,《台湾味道》,生活.读书.新知三联书店,2011 [2]刘汉琴,《诱人的台湾风味小吃》,《烹调知识》,2009 [3]王学泰,《中国饮食文化史》,广西师范大学出版社,2006 [4]林博专,《台湾高山族饮食风情》,《烹调知识》,2004 饮食文化论文篇2 浅谈金陵饮食文化 【摘 要】谈饮食,势必会想到“民以食为天”这一古训。饮食与人们日常生活息息相关,必不可少。每个地区、民族的饮食生活各不相同。 【关键词】金陵;饮食;文化 南京地处长江下游,气候湿润,土壤肥沃,物产富饶,交通便利,经济强盛,市场繁荣,加之南京乃是“六朝古都”,古称建邺、建康、江宁、金陵等,早在六朝时期,西晋左思的《吴都赋》就以“金陵佳丽地,自古帝王洲”来描写当时金陵的盛况。悠久的历史和古老的文化是南京饮食业发展的渊源,优越的地理条件和繁荣的市场经济,就是饮食业赖以存在和发展的物质基础。 一、原料物产 南京地区素有“鱼米之乡”的美誉,水陆交通都很发达,一年四季水产、禽、蔬菜联翩上市,金陵人最讲究饮食的时令性。优越的自然条件,为源远流长的金陵烹饪提供了极为丰富的特产资源。每个地区都有各具特色的特产和原料,对这些原料在加工上也都有本地区的特殊方法,形成本地区的地方风味特色。南京一年四季季节分明,既可生长南方作物, 又适应于北方作物的生长,可说是集南北作物的优势于一地,形成了鲜明的地方性。 二、食医结合 食疗在我国历史悠久,自古就有着把烹调技艺同医疗保健紧密联系的传统,几千年前就很重视“医食同源”、“药膳同功”,利用食物原料的药用价值,烹制成各种美味佳肴,达到预防和治疗疾病的目的。南京的一种特产蔬菜——菊花涝就具有此功效。菊花涝,又名菊花脑、菊花叶、菊花菜等,是一种多年生宿根性野花,属菊科。可食部分为其嫩梢。它含有丰富的维生素、蛋白质、黄酮和挥发油等。据中医学称“菊花涝,味甘、凉,无毒,有清热凉血、调中开胃,降血压,清凉解毒之功效。适用于胃热心烦,便秘口苦,头痛目赤等疾。”它当年播种,最迟到清明前即可收食。南京素有“火炉”之称,盛夏几乎家家必食菊花涝,这时正是它功效的最佳时期,也是人们最需要它的时候,它既能降暑, 又是可口的美食,这足以显示它清热凉血、调中开胃、降血压、清凉解毒之功效。食医结合在它身上得到充分的体现。 三、讲究时令的饮食风习 南京人在饮食方面似乎也不乏天赋,常把饮食跟季节联系起来。如“春有刀鲚夏有鲥”、“秋有肥鸭冬有蔬”、“小暑黄鳝赛人参”,“冬鲫夏鲤”、“稻熟鸭肥”……等等。人们掌握原料的生长规律,不同季节运用不同原料,讲究适时而食。 这也说明饮食原料与季节的密切关系。在《周礼》中记载有“春多酸,夏多苦,秋多辛,冬多咸,调以滑甘”的说法,这就是讲味道要应和季节时令。对调味品也要按时令调配,如“脍,春用葱,秋用芥。豚,春用韭,秋用蓼。”自古以来,我们一直遵循调味、配菜的季节性,冬则味醇浓厚,夏则清淡凉爽; 冬多炖焖煨焐, 夏多凉拌冷冻。特别注意按节令排菜单。正如一代美食名家袁枚的《随园食单》时节须知中说的“……冬益食牛羊, 移之于夏。非其时也。……萝卜过时则心空;山笋过时则味苦,刀鲚过时则骨硬。所谓四时之序,成功者退,精华已竭……”这里是说:宜于冬季用的牛羊改到夏季来吃,就不合时令。萝卜过时就空心无味,山笋过时就有苦味;刀鱼、鲚鱼过时骨就硬,万物都按四季的时序生长,旺盛期一过,精华耗尽……。袁枚的这一精辟阐述,说明当时人们就注意到了自然界的变化规律对饮食的影响及饮食与季节的结合。 四、繁荣发达的饮食业 中国烹饪的发展,可说是从隋唐起(或更早些),经历了封建社会的发展时期,饮食业也在起伏中不断向前发展。对外贸易的交流,丰富了中国烹饪的食物原料;多民族的统一,使各地烹饪技艺得到了交流。特别是许多烹饪著作的出现,使中国烹饪以技术型慢慢过渡到学问研究的新阶段。唐代社会的昌盛,为饮食业提供了丰富多彩的原料和品种。当时南京在面点制作方面,水平已达到相当的高度。陶谷在《清异录》中列举的“建康七妙”,就可反映出当时南京厨师烹饪水平。“齑可照面,馄饨汤可注视, 饼可印字,饭可擦擦台,温面可穿结带,饼(一本作醋)可以作劝盏,寒具嚼着惊动十里人。”这里是说:碎切捣烂的腌酸菜,平均得像镜子一样可以照见人面;馄饨汤清如洁水,可以注入砚台磨墨写字;饼很薄,如蝉翼,下面的字可以映出来;饭粒光滑, 擦台上不碎不粘;面韧如裙带,打成结也不断;面饼入水不化,可以做酒盏用不漏酒;馓子又脆又香, 嚼起来十里内的人们都可以闻到香味而惊动。这当然是有些夸饰之辞,但反映了当时南京厨师烹饪水平之高。农业、手工业的发展,带来了商业的繁荣。唐代不仅饮食店分布极广,而且大城市里有了热闹的“夜市”供应。“夜泊秦淮近酒家……隔江犹唱后庭花”(杜牧《泊秦淮》)。可见那时在夜市可以办酒宴,足见当时饮食行业的营业是非常兴旺的。 五、对外的影响 中国的饮食文化直接影响到日本、蒙古、朝鲜、韩国、泰国、新加坡等国家,是东方饮食文化圈的轴心;与此同时,它还间接影响到欧洲、美洲、非洲和大洋洲,像中国的素食文化、茶文化、酱醋、面食、药膳、陶瓷餐具和大豆等,都惠及全世界数十亿人。由于政治上的影响,南京地区的人口几经流动,每一次朝代的更换,都带来了一部分外地居民(包括商人),这样给南京地区的传统饮食带来了新的内容,从而创造了极好的与外界交流的机会。饮食生活在长期的发展中,一方面兼收并蓄,接收外地菜肴的影响,另一方面南京又有许多技术和菜肴传到外地,在相互交流中却保持了本地区的地方特色,使之更加具有区域性、地方性。如当时驰名中外的“北京烤鸭”最早始于金陵。北京著名烤鸭店“老便宜坊”于一九三四年所作的题为“首创焖炉烤鸭”的广告:“本坊自金陵移平三百余年,首创焖炉烧鸭烧鸡,精制各种菜谱,屡承中外士媛交相赞许,认本坊所烧鸡鸭为中国第一美味,深合卫生美旨,是以欧美杂志,均有记载(《中国饮食谈古》)”。不过金陵烤鸭在北京得到了进一步的发展,他们选用填鸭制作,使之更加肥润、香嫩。这也体现出在交流中求发展,在发展中求创新的这一宗旨,以一个侧面,也体现出整个中华民族的融合性。 猜你喜欢: 1. 健康饮食文化论文范文 2. 饮食与健康论文1000字 3. 英国饮食文化论文 4. 中西饮食文化差异论文 5. 欧洲饮食文化论文

国家的历史有长有短,疆域有大有小,实力有强有弱,人口有多有少,民族构成、宗教信仰、政权性质和经济结构也有差异,故而各国的饮食文化是不一样的。 中国饮食文化 在中国传统文化教育中的阴阳五行哲学思想、儒家伦理道德观念、中医营养摄生学说,还有文化艺术成就、饮食审美风尚、民族性格特征诸多因素的影响下,创造出彪炳史册的中国烹饪技艺,形成博大精深的中国饮食文化。 从沿革看,中国饮食文化绵延170多万年,分为生食、熟食、自然烹饪、科学烹饪4个发展阶段,推出6万多种传统菜点、2万多种工业食品、五光十色的筵宴和流光溢彩的风味流派,获得“烹饪王国”的美誉。 从内涵上看,中国饮食文化涉及到食源的开发与利用、食具的运用与创新、食品的生产与消费、餐饮的服务与接待、餐饮业与食品业的经营与管理,以及饮食与国泰民安、饮食与文学艺术、饮食与人生境界的关系等,深厚广博。 从外延看,中国饮食文化可以从时代与技法、地域与经济、民族与宗教、食品与食具、消费与层次、民俗与功能等多种角度进行分类,展示出不同的文化品味,体现出不同的使用价值,异彩纷呈。 从特质看,中国饮食文化突出养助益充的营卫论(素食为主,重视药膳和进补),并且讲究“色、香、味”俱全。五味调和的境界说(风味鲜明,适口者珍,有“舌头菜”之誉),奇正互变的烹调法(厨规为本,灵活变通),畅神怡情的美食观(文质彬彬,寓教于食)等4大属性,有着不同于海外各国饮食文化的天生丽质。 从影响看,中国饮食文化直接影响到日本、蒙古、朝鲜、韩国、泰国、新加坡等国家,是东方饮食文化圈的轴心;与此同时,它还间接影响到欧洲、美洲、非洲和大洋洲,像中国的素食文化、茶文化、酱醋、面食、药膳、陶瓷餐具和大豆等,都惠及全世界数十亿人。 总之,中国饮食文化是一种广视野、深层次、多角度、高品位的悠久区域文化;是中华各族人民在100多万年的生产和生活实践中,在食源开发、食具研制、食品调理、营养保健和饮食审美等方面创造、积累并影响周边国家和世界的物质财富及精神财富。 中国饮食文化特点 中国是文明是国,亦是悠久饮食文化之境地。吾存于世,吃喝二十余年,有所心得有所感悟,现将饮食文化归纳出以下几个特点,望大家见教: 第一,风味多样。由于我国幅员辽阔,地大物博,各地气候、物产、风俗习惯都存在着差异,长期以来,在饮食上也就形成了许多风味。我国一直就有‘南米北面’的说法,口味上有‘南甜北咸东酸西辣’之分,主要是巴蜀、齐鲁、淮扬、粤闽四大风味。 第二,四季有别。一年四季,按季节而吃,是中国烹饪又一大特征。自古以来,我国一直按季节变化来调味、配菜,冬天味醇浓厚,夏天清淡凉爽;冬天多炖焖煨,夏天多凉拌冷冻。 第三,讲究美感。中国的烹饪,不仅技术精湛,而且有讲究菜肴美感的传统,注意食物的色、香、味、形、器的协调一致。对菜肴美感的表现是多方面的,无论是个红萝卜,还是一个白菜心,都可以雕出各种造型,独树一帜,达到色、香、味、形、美的和谐统一,给人以精神和物质高度统一的特殊享受。 第四,注重情趣。我国烹饪很早就注重品味情趣,不仅对饭菜点心的色、香、味有严格的要求,而且对它们的命名、品味的方式、进餐时的节奏、娱乐的穿插等都有一定的要求。中国菜肴的名称可以说出神入化、雅俗共赏。菜肴名称既有根据主、辅、调料及烹调方法的写实命名,也有根据历史掌故、神话传说、名人食趣、菜肴形象来命名的,如‘全家福’、‘将军过桥’、‘狮子头’、‘叫化鸡’、‘龙凤呈祥’、‘鸿门宴’、‘东坡肉’…… 第五,食医结合。我国的烹饪技术,与医疗保健有密切的联系,在几千年前有‘医食同源’和‘药膳同功’的说法,利用食物原料的药用价值,做成各种美味佳肴,达到对某些疾病防治的目的。” 古代的中国人还特别强调进食与宇宙节律协调同步,春夏秋冬、朝夕晦明要吃不同性质的食物,甚至加工烹饪食物也要考虑到季节、气候等因素。这些思想早在先秦就已经形成,在《礼记·月令》就有明确的记载,而且反对颠倒季节,如春“行夏令”“行秋令”“行冬令”必有天殃;当然也反对食用反季节食品,孔子说的“不食不时”,包含有两重意思一是定时吃饭,二是不吃反季节食品,与当代人的意识正相反,有些吃反季节食品是为了摆阔。西汉时,皇宫中便开始用温室种植“葱韭菜茹”,西晋富翁石崇家也有暖棚。这种强调适应宇宙节律的思想意识的确是华夏饮食文化所独有的。这种意识残留到现代的大约仅有节日食俗了(中医中药里也有一些,但未受到重视)。 “阴阳五行”说是传统思想所设定的世界模式,也被认为是宇宙规律。人是“三才”之一,饮食是人类生活所不可少的、制作饮食的烹饪必然也要循此规律。因此,不仅把味道分为五,并产生了“五味”说(其实人能感觉到的“味”不止有五,但二三千年前,能分辨出五种也不算少),而且还削足适履地把为数众多(当时人们已经认识到这一点)的谷物、畜类、蔬菜、水果分别纳入“五谷”“五肉”“五菜”“五果”的固定模式。这使人感到荒诞。更令人惊奇的是还有“凡饮,养阳气也;凡食,养阴气也”(《礼记·郊特牲》)。并认为只有饮和食与天地阴阳互相协调,这样才能“交与神明”,上通于天,从而达到“天人合一”的效果。因此在祭天时要严格遵循阴阳五行之说。这种说法被后来的道教所继承,成为他们饮食理论的一个出发点,如认为吃食物是增加人体阴气的,如“五谷充体而不能益寿”“食气者寿”等,要修炼、要获得阳气就要尽量少吃、最佳境界是不吃,走“辟谷”的境界。 中和之美是中国传统文化的最高的审美理想。“中也者,天下之大本也;和也者,天下之达者也。至中和,天地位焉,万物育焉”(《礼记·中庸》)。什么叫“中”?不能简单地用“中间”来概括它。这个“中”指恰到好处,合乎度。有点像河南话中的那个“中”。“和”也是烹饪概念。《古文尚书·说命》中就有“若作和羹,惟尔盐梅”的名句,意思是要做好羹汤,关键是调和好咸(盐)酸(梅)二味,以此比喻治国。《左传》中晏婴(齐国贤相)也与齐景公谈论过什么是“和”,指出“和”不是“同”,和是要建立不同意见的协调的基础上的。因此中国哲人认为天地万物都在“中和”的状态下找到自己的位置以繁衍发育。这种审美理想建筑在个体与社会、人与自然的和谐统一之上。这种通过调谐而实现“中和之美”的想法是在上古烹调实践与理论的启发和影响下产生的,而反过来又影响了人们的整个的饮食生活,对于追求艺术生活化、生活艺术化的古代文人士大夫,尤其如此。 与“中和”相反的是极端,极端在烹饪上也不被视为正宗,那些“咸过头,辣过头,酸过头”的食品虽然会受到一些身体处在不正常状态下的人们的追捧,但从长远看来它对身体是有害的。社会生活、政治生活中的极端主义其弊更是不可胜言。 如上所述,华夏民族的饮食生活体现了传统文化的特性,尽管有些特性对于现代人来说是不可理解、或者说不太科学(近百年来,“科学”二字在中国几乎成为宗教信仰,它只是衡量一切领域是非的一把尺子,而它本身却不能受到质疑),但饮食生活难道仅仅是“科学”二字所能说尽的吗?如果我们再关注一下“文化”,那么研究中国人的饮食生活不仅是研究中国文化的必要的组成部分,甚至可以成为研究中国文化的一把钥匙。 目前,饮食文化还是个模糊概念。有的研究者笼统地说,它包括吃什么、怎么做、怎么吃这三方面的问题;有的研究者认为饮食文化学孕育出六门科学,即烹调学、食品制造学、食疗学、饮食民俗学、饮食文艺学、食品制造学;有的研究者还主张加上饮食美学、饮食商业学、饮食用具学等等。本人才疏学浅,对于这么多学科未能涉猎。我所理解的饮食文化主要指饮食与人、人群的关系及其所产生的社会意义。所以我在《中国饮食文化史》中虽然也讨论食物、肴馔、食品加工、烹饪、饮食习俗乃至进餐环境、食具、餐具等等,但都围绕着它们与人、人群的关系及其所产生的社会意义等方面加以介绍和评介,至于与人关系不大的纯工艺过程、除了必要的知识介绍外,大多略去,意在突出饮食生活给人们带来的物质上和精神上的双重享受,以及中国饮食文化在这两方面的刻意追求。 参考文献: 《中国饮食文化》 旅游教育出版社 2005.10 《中国传统食俗》 广西民族出版社 2002. 5 《SOHO早餐文化》 2007.1

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中国地区饮食文化论文参考文献

元朝忽思慧的《饮膳正要》《礼记》《本草纲目》

谈中国饮食文化特色饮食是人类生存与发展的第一需要,也是社会生活的基本形式之一。然而不同的文化背景,有着不同的饮食观念和饮食习俗,最终形成不同的饮食文化。 中国饮食文化的历史源远流长,博大精深。它经历了几千年的历史发展,已成为中国传统文化的一个重要组成部分,在长期的发展、演变和积累过程中,中国人从饮食结构、食物制作、食物器具、营养保健和饮食审美等方面,逐渐形成了自己独特的饮食民俗,最终创造了具有独特风味的中国饮食文化,成为世界饮食文化宝库中的一颗璀璨的明珠。西方的一些国家汇集着各国的移民,深受各国饮食文化的影响,博采众长,并结合自已的饮食习惯,形成精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。 中西方文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,这种差异主要来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。 一、饮食结构 我国历史悠久,地域辽阔,地理环境多样,气候条件丰富,动植物品类繁多,这都为我国的饮食提供了坚实的物质基础。我们的祖先们在漫长的生活实践中,不断选育和创造了丰富多样的食物资源,使得我国的食物来源异常广博。从先秦开始,中国人的膳食结构就是以粮、豆、蔬、果、谷类等植物性食料为基础,主、副食界线分明。主食是五谷,副食是蔬菜,外加少量的肉食。据《武林旧事》记载的一次盛宴便列举菜肴有200多道,其中,以猪、鸭、鱼、虾等物经烤、煮等诸多工艺制作成的有41道,有42道果品和蜜饯,有20道多类蔬菜,有29道各类鱼干,有17种饮料,还有59道点心等。所涉及的食物种类繁多,天上地下水生陆长和各种生物几乎无所不食,形成了令人眼花缭乱的饮食构成。可见,在南宋时期中国的饮食文化趋于成熟。据调查,中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种,比西方多六倍。实际上,在中国人的菜肴里,素菜是平常食品。我国的主食以稻米和小麦为主,另外小米、玉米、麦荞、土豆、红薯和各种苕类也占有一席之地。除了米线之外,各种面食,如馒头、面条、油条以及各种粥类、饼类和变化万千的小吃类使得人们的餐桌丰富多彩。 西方人秉承着游牧民族、航海民族的文化血统,以渔猎、养殖为主,以采集、种植为辅,荤食较多,吃、穿、用都取之于动物,连西药都是从动物身上取料炼制而成的。比较注意动物蛋白质和脂肪的摄取,饮食结构上,也以动物类菜品居多,主要是牛肉、鸡肉、猪肉、羊肉和鱼等。因此肉食在饮食中比例一直很高,到了近代,种植业比重增加,但是肉食在饮食中的比例仍然要比中国人的高。 二、食物制作 中国传统菜肴对于烹调方法极为讲究,常见的方法有:煮、蒸、烧、炖、烤、烹、煎、炒、炸、烩、爆、溜、卤、扒、酥、焖、拌等。而且长期以来,由于物产和风俗的差异,各地的饮食习惯和品味爱好迥然不同,源远流长的烹调技术经过历代人民的创造,形成了丰富多彩的地方菜系,如闽菜、川菜、粤菜、京菜、鲁菜、苏菜、湘菜、徽菜、沪菜、鄂菜、辽菜、豫菜等。各菜系在制作方法上更是各有特色:如湖北菜的煨、滑,京菜的涮、烤等,更有四川菜以味多、味广、味厚、味道多变而著称,素有“一菜一格,百菜百味”的佳话。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力,关键就在于它的口味精美。而美味的产生,主要在于五味调和。同时,追求色、香、味、形、艺的有机统一。在色的配制上,以辅助的色彩来衬托、突出、点缀和适应主料,形成菜肴色彩的均匀柔和、主次分明、浓淡相宜、相映成趣、和谐悦目。在口味的配合上,强调香气,突出主味,并辅佐调料,使之增香增味。在形的配制上,注重造型艺术,运用点缀、嵌酿等手法,融雕刻和菜肴于一体,形成和谐美观的造型。中国饮食将色,形,香,味,滋,养六者融于一体,使人们得到了视觉,触觉,味觉的综合享受,构成了以美味为核心,以养身为目的的中国烹饪特色。它选料谨慎,刀工精细,造型逼真,色彩鲜艳,拼配巧妙,有着无可争辩的历史地位。 西方饮食,牛排都只有一种味道,无艺术可言。作为菜肴,鸡就是鸡,牛排就是牛排,纵然有搭配,那也是在盘中进行的,一盘“法式羊排”,一边放土豆泥,旁倚羊排,另一边配煮青豆,加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明,但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和,各是各的味,简单明了。 相比西方饮食,中华美食文化奇树一帜,食花美天下。 三、食物器皿 饮食用具的多样性也是中国饮食文化的一大特色。特别用竹筷进食,运用自如,经济方便,被欧美人士赞为是艺术的创造。中国饮食用具从用途上来分,有豆、罐、鬲、杯、盆、碗、盒、瓮、壶、甑、盘等等;从材料上来分,有陶制品、瓷制品、金属制品和竹木制品等等;随着生产力的提高和人类生活水平的不断进步,饮食用具在材料、质量、形态等诸方面都发生了新的变化。从隋唐开始,已大量使用了金银等贵金属所制的饮食用具,在民间,陶瓷用具大量使用,到了唐宋时期,中国瓷器享誉海外。直到现代,陶瓷食具美不胜收,灿烂辉煌,成为中国饮食文化中的一个亮点和特色。西方人多用金属刀叉,以及各种杯、盘、盅、碟,其餐具的种类,很是单调。 四、营养保健 以谷物为主,注重饮食保健。就是以谷物为主,肉少粮多,辅以菜蔬,这就是典型的饭菜结构。其中饭是主食,而菜则是为了下饭,即助饭下咽。中国人很注重饮食的营养保健,主张营养成份合理搭配,平衡饮食,通过调配食用五谷、五果、五畜、五菜等气味、功用各不相同的食品,以达到阴阳平衡、脏腑协调、补精益气、养身健体的目的。早在春秋战国时期,孔子就提出了“食不厌精,脍不厌细”的饮食观,同时还概括了十条“不食”以及注重卫生,遵守时节,讲究营养,有节制不过量的科学饮食法则。 西方人也注重饮食科学,讲究食物制作严格按科学规范行事,要求调料的添加量精确到克,烹调时间精确到秒,把厨房弄得像个化学实验室,而牛排的味道从纽约到旧金山别无二致。 五、饮食审美 中国饮食在不断的发展中形成了“十美风格”:讲究味、色、香、质、形、序、器、适、境、趣的和谐统一。中国的烹饪,不仅技术精湛,而且讲究菜肴的美感,注意食物的色、香、味、形、器的协调一致。对菜肴美感的表现是多方面的,无论是个红萝卜,还是一个白菜心,都可以雕出各种造型,独树一帜,达到色、香、味、形、美的和谐统一,给人以精神和物质高度统一的特殊享受。 而对于西方人来说,饮食大约只是一种必需的生理活动,对于其中美的追求,却忽略了。 中西方饮食文化差异是明显的,而且各有长处。随着经济全球化及信息交换的加快,中西饮食文化将在碰撞中融合,在融合中互补。现在中国人的餐桌上正在加大肉类和奶类食品的比重;同样,西餐也开始向中餐的色、香、味、意、形的境界发展,中西餐饮文化将在交流中共同发展,人们将会享受到更美味、更快捷、更营养的食品。 参考文献: 1. 王新婷、金鸣娟、姚晚霞. 中国传统文化概论. 北京:中国林业出版社,2004 2. 赵洪恩、李宝席. 中国传统文化通论. 北京:人民出版社,2004 3. 姚伟钧. 中国饮食文化探源. 南宁:广西人民出版社,1988 4. 易艳萍、马寅初. 西方文化背景知识选讲 . 长沙:湖南师范大学出版社,1999 5. 徐旺生. 民以食为天——中华美食文化. 海南出版社,1993

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