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论文英文文献3000字

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论文英文文献3000字

我来解决吧呵呵我是sail2011

已经发过去了,注意查收!

There will always be that when you own something when you do not think it would be valuable, but also do not see the value of it, but when you lose it when it come to repentance, but that at the moment when the lateness of the hour, too late for regrets and. I now have such a similar feel. A week-long automotive engine disassembly internship is over, memories of this time, he reluctantly are true. Wanted to be back in a week ago, then put in every day practice as seven hours to 27 hours use. This is true, this internship opportunities for me are too precious a true. In this internship, I learned about auto engines knowledge, are ever at a lesson on what can not be compared. And I once again felt the profound theoretical and practical combination of the need. Teacher because of the arrangement to the engine of our components are Santana 2000 engine. First of all, for the automotive engine theory of knowledge, I understand that: Santana in Germany Volkswagen Ltd. 1982 products. The company entered Shanghai in 1983, to cooperate with the development of our country has been the development of three generations - four generations of production lines, and in 95 years will be Santana 2000 Electronic Fuel injection system into the market. The main parameters of motor vehicles including technical parameters, the basic parameters, engine and chassis parameters parameters. Structure for the JV type engine, the combustion chamber for the ball flat, so that the function of strong squeezing gas area, to reduce fuel consumption and air pollution Valve for overhead camshaft type, camshaft push rod directly. Advantages of simple structure, the inertia of small parts, the system stiffness, and improve the effective engine speed. Valve for the hydraulic rod to mention, the automatic

80分果然很不错,每个人的角度不一样,我的建议是自己写下一篇中文文献再求英译!

英文论文文献综述范文3000字

下面是我为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的 范文 ”的资料,供大家参阅。

英文文献综述范文

How to Write a Literature Review ?

I. The definition of Literature Review

文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研 论文 中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础,就某个专题的 历史 背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述,科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息,了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components

A. The Purposes

On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.

On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused

research question.

B. Its Components

There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.

标题与作者(title and author)

摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)

引言(introduction)

述评(review)

结论(conclusion)

参考文献(references)

III. Classification of Source Materials

How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.

A: Background sources:

Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and

encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.

B: Primary sources

Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,

biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too

many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.

C: Secondary sources

Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book

reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or

writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing

in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,

but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and

will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you

need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to

analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.

D: Web sources

The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent

resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web

sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You

may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a

good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its

own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the

authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use

information. The currency of website information should also be taken into

account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.

IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review

A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources

If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and

the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper

on a topic without reading the original source.

B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis

Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.

Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.

C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth

Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William

Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic

in depth. Choose those.

D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts

If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on

Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,

Choose the article by the expert.

E. Choosing the most current sources

If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a

scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the

books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in

periodicals.

V. Writing a literature Review

A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:

1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.

2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.

3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.

4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.

5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.

6. Criticism of the work in the area.

B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:

1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.

2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.

C. Some tips for writing the review:

1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.

2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most

related references last.

3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.

4. Start writing your review early.

VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和 注意事项

英文文献主要部分细节提示:

引言(Introduction)

引言是文献综述正文的开始部分,主要包括两个内容:一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围

和内容。提出问题时,作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和

分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时,作者应使用简明扼要

的语句加以概括。

引言的内容和结构具有以下特点:

(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和

范围;

(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识,使用现在完成时叙述他人成果,使用一般将来时或一

般现在时简介本文内容;

(3) 句子 结构力求简洁明了,多用简单句,并列成份较为常见;

(4)以第三人称主语为主,间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。

述评(Review)

述评是文献综述的核心所在,是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围,

作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析,在此基础上列出与主题有关的

所有重要学术观点,然后分别加以论述,以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究,以时间

为序,由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能,叙前人研究,议其结果、探其原因、

究其不足。

分析评论,特别是表达作者自己的观点时,要客观、谨慎,因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测

的语言形式。

综述的结论(Conclusion)

结论不仅是作者对全文的总结,也是作者发表个人 意见 的部分,一般有标题Conclusion 或

Summary,较短的综述如果没有小标题,则往往有As mentioned above,To sum up,To

conclude,Inshort,In all 等 短语 引出结论。结论的内容包括:对述评的归纳、对各种问

题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。

二.注意事项

⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提,否则,随便搜集一 点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述,甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。

⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同,有的 文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异,因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和 科学性较好的文献。

⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析,因此在撰写时应分清 作者的观点和文献的内容,不能篡改文献的内容。

⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略,但文献综述绝对不能省略,而 且应是文中引用过的,能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。

5.文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍,而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此,文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。

6.文献综述要文字简洁,尽量避免大量引用原文,要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚,从原始文献中得出一般性结论。

7. 文献综述不是资料库,要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”,确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关,其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起,既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势,又能反映研究内容的各个方面。

8. 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观,用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献,尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。

VII. A Sample of Literature Review

A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations

Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92~94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ~ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102~105).

Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101~107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ~ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16~18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity

and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).

After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.

References

[1] Blackmore S. The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999

[2] Collins COBUILD English-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2007. 226

[3] Einar, H. The Analysis of linguistic Borrowing. Language, 1950 (26):210~231

[4] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2004.283

[5] Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Beijing:

Merriam-Webster, 2009. 223

[6] New York Times, Jul. 4, 2010

[7] Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approach Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001

[8] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 268

[9] Romaine, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994

[10]陈原. 社会语言学. 北京:商务印书馆,2000

[11]陈原. 新词语. 北京: 语文 出版社,2000:1

[12]丁加勇. 论流行语语义的不确定性及其发展前景. 华中 科技 大学学报,

2004,(6):160~164

[13]郭 熙,中国社会语言学. 南京:南京大学出版社, 1999.151

[14]韩李. 当代汉语流行语探析. 河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007,

(3):181

[15]黄平飞. 浅论流行语——透过央视春晚来看流行语.科教文汇(下旬刊),

2009,(3):237

[16]姜红. 试论 当代中国 的社会流行语. 安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版),

2005,(11):108~112

[17]劲松.流行语新探.语文建设,1999,(3):22~26

[18]李娜. 近十年流行语研究述评. 鞍山师范学院学报,2007-06,9(3):35~[39]赵丽薇,袁

晓雪. 流行语的运用方式及使用规范探究——以春晚语言类节目

为例. 调查与研究,2010,(8): 15~16

References

李丽君. 英语 学术论文 及 留学 文书写作[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2002. 田贵森, 段晓英.英语专业 毕业 论文写作 教程[M]. 北京: 北京理工大学出版社.

2006.

刘振聪. 英语学术论文写作[M]. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社. 2009

1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。

2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录) 3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。

字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。 4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。

关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。

主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。 5、论文正文: (1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。

引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。

〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容: a.提出-论点; b.分析问题-论据和论证; c.解决问题-论证与步骤; d.结论。

6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。

中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息 所列参考文献的要求是: (1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。 (2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

最低0.27元开通文库会员,查看完整内容> 原发布者:王宏博818 HowtoWriteaLiteratureReview?.ThedefinitionofLiteratureReview文献综述(LiterautreReview)是科研论文中重要的文体之一。

它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础,就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述,科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息,了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

.ThepurposesofliteraturereviewAndItsComponentsA.ThePurposesOntheonehand,ithelpsyoubroadentheviewandperspectiveofthetopicforyourgraduationthesis.Ontheotherhand,ithelpsyounarrowdownthetopicandarriveatafocusedresearchquestion.B.ItsComponentsTherearesixpartsinapleteLiteratureReview.标题与作者(titleandauthor)摘要与关键词(abstractandkeywords)引言(introduction)述评(review)结论(conclusion)参考文献(references).ClassificationofSourceMaterialsHowcanwelocatethematerialsrelevanttoourtopic *** etterandfaster?Basically,allthesesourcematerial *** aybeclassifiedintofourmajorsofsources.A:Backgroundsources:Basicinformationwhichcanusuallybefoundindictionariesandencyclopediapl。

英语毕业论文文献综述好写的,根据题目写相关学者的总结,开始我也不会,还是师姐介绍的莫文网,专业的就是不一样,很快就帮忙完成了对大学英语翻译教学若干问题的思考应用英语翻译呼唤理论指导大学英语翻译教学:现状与对策国内商务英语翻译研究综述商务英语翻译中存在的问题与对策顺应理论视角下科技英语翻译切雅实证分析经济一体化环境下的商务英语翻译教学新世纪十年来商务英语翻译研究:回顾与前瞻语用观视角下的中医英语翻译教学实证研究翻译——找到源语的所指——对规划教材《商务英语翻译》误译译例的批判研究从功能对等角度看商务英语翻译高校科技英语翻译课程设置探讨科技英语汉译的英语翻译技巧研究——以船舶英语文本中的汉译为例功能对等视角下的科技英语翻译论商务英语翻译的4Es标准大学英语翻译教学存在的问题与对策关联理论在科技英语翻译中的应用——以Climate Change and Peak Oil文本的翻译为例功能对等理论指导下的商务英语翻译大学英语翻译教学:问题与对策英语翻译专业本科生的笔译能力调查分析——以某师范大学英语翻译专业为例中国职业篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译人员现状及发展对策研究从目的论的角度下看商务英语翻译论高职商务英语翻译教学中学生跨文化交际意识的培养试论近代国人英语翻译任务型教学法在《商务英语翻译》教学中的运用商务英语翻译与文化信息等值研究大学英语翻译教学教材编写探讨——以《新时代交互英语(读写译1-4册)》为例东西方文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响顺序分析在科技英语翻译中的应用——以翻译项目《大气污染排放系数手册》为案例从关联理论分析法律英语翻译中的文化差异及其翻译补偿商务英语翻译原则探讨跨文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响及调整策略###世界经济一体化、文化多元化的快速发展,英语作为世界通用语地位的确立,为我国大学英语教学提出培养具有跨文化交际能力的高素质人才的新要求。

而我国大学英语教学实际却是长期延袭传统的以语言知识体系为中心的教学模式,注重培养学生的语言能力,没有给予文化教学、文化学习以足够的重视,严重影响了学生跨文化交际能力的培养,致使学了多年英语的学生不知如何用英语进行交流,更谈不上进行跨文化交际。 为了真实再现大学英语跨文化教学现状,摸清大学英语跨文化教学中存在的具体问题及其根源,以便有针对性地分析研究、采取策略,改革大学英语教学,提高学生的跨文化交际能力,本研究综合跨文化交际、外语教学、应用语言文化学等理论的研究成果,以跨文化交际能力三分模式为统领理论框架,采取定性与定量研究相结合的方法进行了实证研究。

研究阐述了语言、文化与交际三位一体的关系,明确指出大学英语教学应是以培养学生的跨文化交际能力为目标的跨文化教学,跨文化交际能力的培养只有通过跨文化教学才能得以实现。研究针对作者从教多年的黑龙江科技大学大学英语跨文化教学,采取问卷调查和教师访谈的形式,从认知、情感和行为三个层面调查了解、深入剖。

@@@ 世界经济一体化、文化多元化的快速发展,英语作为世界通用语地位的确立,为我国大学英语教学提出培养具有跨文化交际能力的高素质人才的新要求。而我国大学英语教学实际却是长期延袭传统的以语言知识体系为中心的教学模式,注重培养学生的语言能力,没有给予文化教学、文化学习以足够的重视,严重影响了学生跨文化交际能力的培养,致使学了多年英语的学生不知如何用英语进行交流,更谈不上进行跨文化交际。

为了真实再现大学英语跨文化教学现状,摸清大学英语跨文化教学中存在的具体问题及其根源,以便有针对性地分析研究、采取策略,改革大学英语教学,提高学生的跨文化交际能力,本研究综合跨文化交际、外语教学、应用语言文化学等理论的研究成果,以跨文化交际能力三分模式为统领理论框架,采取定性与定量研究相结合的方法进行了实证研究。 研究阐述了语言、文化与交际三位一体的关系,明确指出大学英语教学应是以培养学生的跨文化交际能力为目标的跨文化教学,跨文化交际能力的培养只有通过跨文化教学才能得以实现。

研究针对作者从教多年的黑龙江科技大学大学英语跨文化教学,采取问卷调查和教师访谈的形式,从认知、情感和行为三个层面调查了解、深入剖析跨文化外语教学中存在的问题及其成因。 问卷数据统计结果表明,学生文化学习与运用情况不够理想,存在着严重的“中国文化失语”现象,学生的跨文化交际能力普遍很低。

影响学生英语文化知识学习的主要因素有:学生对于文化的定义和认识、学生对语言学习与文化学习的观点和看法、英语课堂教学与学生文化信息来源情况、学生在英语学习中精力分配情况,其中学生对语言学习与文化学习的观点和看法对学生英语文化知识学习的影响最大。 影响教师跨文化教学情况的主要因素有:教师对跨文化交际知识学习的态度、教师对跨文化教学内容的认识、跨文化教学方法的选择、教材中文化内容的含量、文化教学时间的分配、学生对文化学习的兴趣或态度,其中跨文化教学方法的选择对教师跨文化。

英语毕业论文文献综述好写的,根据题目写相关学者的总结,开始我也不会,还是师姐介绍的莫文网,专业的就是不一样,很快就帮忙完成了 对大学英语翻译教学若干问题的思考 应用英语翻译呼唤理论指导 大学英语翻译教学:现状与对策 国内商务英语翻译研究综述 商务英语翻译中存在的问题与对策 顺应理论视角下科技英语翻译切雅实证分析 经济一体化环境下的商务英语翻译教学 新世纪十年来商务英语翻译研究:回顾与前瞻 语用观视角下的中医英语翻译教学实证研究 翻译——找到源语的所指——对规划教材《商务英语翻译》误译译例的批判研究 从功能对等角度看商务英语翻译 高校科技英语翻译课程设置探讨 科技英语汉译的英语翻译技巧研究——以船舶英语文本中的汉译为例 功能对等视角下的科技英语翻译 论商务英语翻译的4Es标准 大学英语翻译教学存在的问题与对策 关联理论在科技英语翻译中的应用——以Climate Change and Peak Oil文本的翻译为例 功能对等理论指导下的商务英语翻译 大学英语翻译教学:问题与对策 英语翻译专业本科生的笔译能力调查分析——以某师范大学英语翻译专业为例 中国职业篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译人员现状及发展对策研究 从目的论的角度下看商务英语翻译 论高职商务英语翻译教学中学生跨文化交际意识的培养 试论近代国人英语翻译 任务型教学法在《商务英语翻译》教学中的运用 商务英语翻译与文化信息等值研究 大学英语翻译教学教材编写探讨——以《新时代交互英语(读写译1-4册)》为例 东西方文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响 顺序分析在科技英语翻译中的应用——以翻译项目《大气污染排放系数手册》为案例 从关联理论分析法律英语翻译中的文化差异及其翻译补偿 商务英语翻译原则探讨 跨文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响及调整策略。

1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。

2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)

3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。

4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。

主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。

5、论文正文:

(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。

〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容:

a.提出-论点;

b.分析问题-论据和论证;

c.解决问题-论证与步骤;

d.结论。

6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。

中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息

所列参考文献的要求是:

(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。

(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

英语专业写起来比较麻烦,不可能有人给你白写的,还是自己动动脑筋写吧,如写作实在有困难可以找人帮忙,是我同学介绍我的,找的【天下文库】,她们帮我做的。

还不错,希望你也都能顺利通过。 论文的选题 撰写毕业论文,首先是选择课题。

选题是完成毕业论文撰写成败的关键。因为,选择题是完成毕业论文撰写的第一步,它实际上就是确定“写什么”的问题,亦即确定科学研究的方向。

要坚持选择有科学价值和现实意义的课题。 [详细内容] 论文的格式 (一)论文标题。

(二)作者姓名。 (三)内容摘要。

一般为中文摘要,如有英文要求则要附上英文摘要。摘要应该以研究目的、研究方法、研究结果和结论,围绕主题展开,明确介绍重点。

一般用200-300字高度概括全篇论文的精华。 (四)关键词。

又称主题词,从论文中选出用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。一般以3-8个词以显著的字体另起一行,排在摘要的左下方。

(五)正文:1、绪论;2、本论;3、结论。 (六)参考文献。

在论文主体的后面列出参考文献,目的在于表明作者的科学态度和对前人劳动成果的尊重,并方便读者去查阅参考文献之前专门列出一项“致谢”。 论文的撰写论文的正文一般包括三大部分:绪论、本论和结论。

绪论是论文的开头部分。主要讲清研究的动机、写作的理由、目的和意义、提出问题、概述内容、明确中心论点等。

一般要求语言简洁扼要,开门见山,引人注目。也可以简要交代确定选题的过程和有关背景材料,目的是为了使读者更好地了解全文的旨要。

论文的指导在与指导教师第一次见面后,考生将根据指导教师的要求,对已有的写作思路进行丰富或修正并形成论文写作提纲。对于写作者来说,提纲质量的高低,直接关系到论文写作的成效。

豪不夸张地说,写好了论文提纲,也就等于完成了论文写作任务的一半。

英语毕业论文的文献看你写什么方向,都是根据题目写文献综述。开始我也不懂,还是师姐给的莫文网,高手就是效率高啊

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论日语专业学生非语言交际能力的培养

从英语原声电影观赏看英语教学

文献综述反映当前某一领域中某分支学科或重要专题的历史现状、最新进展、学术见解和建议,它往往能反映出有关问题的新动态、新趋势、新水平、新原理和新技术等等。文献综述是针对某一研究领域分析和描述前人已经做了哪些工作,进展到何程度,要求对国内外相关研究的动态、前沿性问题做出较详细的综述,并提供参考文献。作者一般不在其中发表个人见解和建议,也不做任何评论,只是客观概括地反映事实。一、何谓文献综述?文献综述是对某一学科、专业或专题的大量文献进行整理筛选、分析研究和综合提炼而成的一种学术论文,是高度浓缩的文献产品。根据其涉及的内容范围不同,综述可分为综合性综述和专题性综述两种类型。所谓综合性综述是以一个学科或专业为对象,而专题性综述则是以一个论题为对象的。学生毕业论文主要为专题性综述。二、要求同学们学写综述的意义1. 通过搜集文献资料过程,可进一步熟悉文献的查找方法和资料的积累方法,在查找的过程中同时也扩大了知识面;2.查找文献资料、写文献综述是科研选题的第一步,因此学习文献综述的撰写也是为今后科研活动打基础的过程;3.通过综述的写作过程,能提高归纳、分析、综合能力,有利于独立工作能力和科研能力的提高。三、文献资料的搜集文献资料的搜集途径:1.利用有关的检索工具(包括目录、文摘和索引等)搜集文献资料。2.利用国际联机检索系统搜集文献资料。3.利用原始文献(包括专业期刊、科技报告、专利文献、学位论文、会议文献、专著和标准等)搜集文献资料。4.利用三次文献(包括综述、述评、百科全书、年鉴和手册等)搜集文献资料。5.通过Interent网和光盘数据库搜集文献资料。四、撰写文献综述时应注意以下问题1. 搜集文献应尽量全。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提,否则,随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好多综述的,甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。2. 注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同,有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异,因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。3. 要围绕主题对文献的各种观点作比较分析,不要教科书式地将有关的理论和学派观点简要地汇总陈述一遍。4. 文献综述在逻辑上要合理,即做到由远而近先引用关系较远的文献,最后才是关联最密切的文献。5. 评述(特别是批评前人不足时)要引用原作者的原文(防止对原作者论点的误解),不要贬低别人抬高自己,不能从二手材料来判定原作者的“错误”。6. 文献综述结果要说清前人工作的不足,衬托出作进一步研究的必要性和理论价值。7. 采用了文献中的观点和内容应注明来源,模型、图表、数据应注明出处,不要含糊不清。8. 文献综述最后要有简要总结,表明前人为该领域研究打下的工作基础。9. 所有提到的参考文献都应和所研究问题直接相关。10. 文献综述所用的文献,应主要选自学术期刊或学术会议11. 所引用的文献应是亲自读过的原著全文,不可只根据摘要即加以引用,更不能引用由文献引用的内容而并末见到被引用的原文,因为这往往是造成误解或曲解原意的重要原因,有时可给综述的科学价值造成不可弥补的损失。五、文献综述的结构文献综述主体部分的格式一般由前言、主题、结语三大部分组成,看起来和科技论文相似,但论述的重点不同。这里是一篇文献综述正文部分的写作框架:1.前言或简介(问题的提出,背景,动机等等);2.参考文献的来源及其主要的观点或学术流派、技术路线介绍;3.各种观点的评价或各个学术流派、技术路线的发展趋势;4.结语:值得关注的若干问题、目前该领域尚需探索的重大空白等等。毕业论文的文献综述主要是为自己写作毕业论文提供文献方面的帮助和指导的,所以,只要把自己所作题目的相关文献找准、找全(这是编写参考文献题录阶段必须做好的工作),然后对这些文献中的观点、方法、原理、材料等等进行归纳和总结,形成文字就可以了,完全没有必要像做毕业论文那样,把自己的发明和创新全写上去,更不要象写教科书那样,从古到今面面俱到。总之,一篇好的文献综述,应有较完整的文献资料,有评论分析,并能准确地反映主题内容。六、论文后参考文献表排写格式每一参考文献条目的最后均以“。”结束。参考文献按在正文中出现的先后次序列表于文后,表上以“参考文献”居中排作为标识;参考文献的序号左顶格,并用数字加方括号表示,如[1],[2],…,以与正文中的指示序号格式一致。

英语论文范文3000字

英语作文写作是英语学习的重要内容,也是英语学习的最终目标。下面,是我为你整理的高中英语作文议论文范文,希望对你有帮助!

高中英语作文议论文范文篇1

Encouraging Buying Cars Isn’t Fit For Today

目前不适合鼓励买车

Nowadays, we can often hear the discussion whether buying cars should be encouraged. Some people suggest that we should buy cars. But others claim that driving cars is not a wise idea. As far as I am concerned, I am in favor of the latter opinion.

To begin with, there are few parking lots, so the streets are made narrower by the cars parked along the roads. For example, my father could not find any place to park when we went to the supermarket.

Moreover, many drivers do not obey regulations, because people do not pay enough attention to the rule of traffic. For instance, I often see people cross the road when the traffic lights are still red.

Last but not least, the growth of new roads’construction is usually slower than the increasing number of cars. For example, the length of the road has gone up by 20% in 2002. However, the number of cars increased by 50% in the meantime.

From what have been discussed above, we could draw a conclusion that encouraging buying cars is not fit for today.

as far as I am concerned 就我看

in favor of 赞成

to begin with 首先

for example =for instance 例如

moreover 并且

last but not least 其次

in the meantime 同时draw a conclusion 得出结论

高中英语作文议论文范文篇2

The Good and Bad Sides of Setting off Firecrackers

燃放鞭炮的利与弊

Dear Editor,

I’m writing to tell you about our discussion we had on the afternoon of last Wednesday about the good and bad sides of setting off firecrackers during the Spring Festival. 20 boy and 20 girl students attended the discussion. As a result, 40% of them believe that setting off firecrackers certainly adds pleasure and joy to the festival, therefore, it is a wonderful tradition. But another 40% of the students think that setting off firecrackers causes air and noise pollution, and what’s worse, it sometimes causes terrible accidents to us and to our property. The other 20% have never thought about it or don’t care a bit.

Yours truly,

Li Hua

the good and bad sides of setting off firecrackers

燃放鞭炮的利与弊

as a result 结果

It is a wonderful tradition. 它是一个优良传统。

what’s worse 更糟的是

think about 想起,想到

高中英语作文议论文范文篇3

Disability

残疾

There are too many disabled people in the world. They have no differences from country to country. Some of them were disabled when they were born, the others were injured or hurt in all kinds of accidents, which made them disabled. Almost all of us feel sorry for them. We commiserate with them because they are another kind of people. But some disabled people refuse others’commiseration. They think they can do everything by themselves. They don’t consider themselves as people who have defects. They think they are the same as normal people.

In fact, a great number of people with disabilities should be taken care of by others. They get help from the government or some beneficent organizations in society. But that’s not enough. They must look after themselves on their own. When a baby with disabilities is born, it should be taught to learn some particular skills to live. Or else, it would fail in the future. So one with disabilities must have abundant confidence to fit the hard life without others’help.

too many disabled people 太多残疾人

commiserate with them 同情他们

consider themselves as 把自己当作……

the same as 和……同样

taken care of 照看,照顾

look after themselves on their own 自己照顾自己

or else 否则in the future 将来

In 2002 will be implemented in three 10 X college entrance examination system. College entrance examination system in the reform of English teaching reforms. The key lies in establishing the class-based teaching system (1) listening and speaking. Against the status quo of poor listening and speaking ability of students to open every Monday of English listening and speaking sections. Use the latest teaching listening "to the future", "traveled the United States," "expect English," and other tapes, video tapes and newspapers, using advanced listening equipment in the classroom teaching through listening, speaking, dialogue, performances, lectures and other lively, interesting students heard about the form of training to improve the communication skills of students, training students in the level of oral expression, reversing the pre-existing "dumb-style" English teaching status quo. (2) the addition of extensive reading classes, the establishment of Foreign Language Reading Room. Although the new textbooks to read the current increased, but far from what is needed. In order to expand the scope of the students exposure to English, optional printing a variety of genres, subjects suitable for students to read the article. According to the requirements of content and reading test, teachers will be articles to classify each article in the post-coupled with an appropriate amount of reading comprehension questions. In order to broaden the teaching of English extension, so that extensive reading in English from the curricular and extra-curricular extension to the establishment of foreign language reading acquisition have been published in a variety of domestic suitable for high school students to read English books, will be in English Extensive Reading from the classroom extended to Yuelan Shi to further stimulate students interest in reading and initiative. Subscribe for students in English newspapers and magazines, the establishment of English specialty health system, at any time to give them an open reading rooms and study rooms. Teaching through extensive reading, students can not only consolidate the textbooks and the basics, but also can improve the self-learning ability to develop intelligence, reading to be fun. (3) The creation of writing classes. Poor writing skills for students in English and Chinese-style English sentences in the written expression of uncommon situation, the school can fully use my existing computer software, according to the new textbooks written request, step by step training on the students writing. "English written expression and training", will be Practical, descriptive text, description text and carry out the purpose of discussion, sub-level guidance training. Writing Course opened for the entrance examination is not merely to prepare for the written expression, but also enable students to learn a variety of English style of writing methods and techniques to meet the future requirements of the community of foreign language experts. (4) The implementation of the different levels of English teaching, the successful introduction of English classes and increase class. Students according to their actual English proficiency, the free selection of the successful lessons to enhance our lessons. School teachers to take a listing. The basis of less successful lessons where students can make up for deficiencies in knowledge and a good grasp of double-base implementation, to develop their own non-intellectual factors, promote the improvement of performance and enjoy the joy of success. The basis of good students can participate in improving the high level of English classes comprehensive training to promote their own standard of English to the "high, precision and advanced the" development and outline the task ahead of schedule to prepare for the contest. 2002年全国将实施3十X高考制度。高考制度在改革,英语教学改革势在必行。 关键在于建立各课型教学体系 (1)听说课。针对学生听说能力差的现状,开设每周一节次的英语听说课。选用最新听力教材“走向未来”,“走遍美国”,“希望英语”等录音带,录像带及报纸,利用先进的听音设备,在课堂教学中通过听,说,对话,表演,演讲等各种生动,有趣的形式对学生进行听说训练,提高学生的交际能力,训练学生的口语表达水平,扭转以前存在的“哑巴式”英语教学的现状。 (2)增设泛读课,建立外文阅览室。现行新教材尽管阅读量增加,但远远不能满足需要。为了扩大学生对英语的接触范围,可选印各种体裁,题材适于学生阅读的文章。根据内容和阅读测试的要求,教师将文章进行分类,在每篇文章后配以适量的阅读理解题。为了拓宽英语课堂教学的外延,使英语泛读由课内延伸到课外,建立外文阅览室,购置国内现已出版发行的各种适合中学生阅读的英语读物,将英语泛读由教室扩展到阅览室,进一步激发学生的阅读兴趣和主动性。为学生订阅英文报刊和杂志,建立英语特长生制度,随时给他们开放阅览室和自修室。通过泛读课教学,学生不仅能巩固课本中出现的基础知识,而且能提高自学能力,开发智力,从阅读中得到乐趣。 (3)开设写作课。针对学生英文写作能力差,中国式英语句子在书面表达屡见不鲜的状况,可充分利用我校现有的电脑软件,根据新教材写作要求,循序渐进地对学生进行写作训练。 “英语书面表达与训练”,将应用文,描写文,说明文和论述进行有目的,分层次的指导训练。开设写作课不仅仅是单纯为高考的书面表达做准备,也是让学生学会各种英语文体的写作方法与技巧,适应未来社会对外语人才的要求。 (4)实施英语分层次教学,开设英语成功课与提高课。学生可以根据自己的实际英语水平,自由挑选上成功课还是提高课。教师采取挂牌上课。基础较差的学生可以在成功课里弥补知识的缺陷,抓好双基落实,开发自己的非智力因素,促进成绩的提高,享受成功的喜悦。基础较好的学生可以参加提高班的较高水平的英语综合训练,促使自己的英语水平向“高,精,尖”发展,提前完成大纲任务并为竞赛作好准备。

毕业论文3000字英文

毕业论文中英文翻译没有3000字需补足3000字。外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

INTO THE STORMFOR much of the past year the fast-growing economies of the emerging world watched the Western financial hurricane from afar. Their own banks held few of the mortgage-based assets that undid the rich world’s financial firms. Commodity exporters were thriving, thanks to high prices for raw materials. China’s economic juggernaut powered on. And, from Budapest to Brasília, an abundance of credit fuelled domestic demand. Even as talk mounted of the rich world suffering its worst financial collapse since the Depression, emerging economies seemed a long way from the centre of the storm.过去一年的大部分时间里,高速发展的新兴国家一直在远处观望着西方国家的金融风暴。他们的银行仅持有少量抵押资产,而类似的资产已经破坏了发达国家的金融公司。商品出口商因为原材料的高价格而日渐富有。中国不可抗拒的经济力量已然开启,而且信贷刺激的内需从布达佩斯到巴西利亚都表现得非常充足。尽管大萧条后关于西方国家受难于金融崩塌的话题与日俱增,但新兴国家似乎距离金融风暴的中心还有一段距离。No longer. As foreign capital has fled and confidence evaporated, the emerging world’s stockmarkets have plunged (in some cases losing half their value) and currencies tumbled. The seizure in the credit market caused havoc, as foreign banks abruptly stopped lending and stepped back from even the most basic banking services, including trade credits.不过目前的情况不再是那样了,随着境外资本的流失和经济信心的消失,新兴国家股市暴跌(有些地区已经腰斩),本币迅速贬值。由于外国银行突然中断贷款,并且收缩了包括贸易信贷在内的基础银行服务,新兴国家的信贷市场突发混乱,并引发了一场浩劫。Like their rich-world counterparts, governments are battling to limit the damage (see article). That is easiest for those with large foreign-exchange reserves. Russia is spending $220 billion to shore up its financial services industry. South Korea has guaranteed $100 billion of its banks’ debt. Less well-endowed countries are asking for help. Hungary has secured a EURO5 billion ($6.6 billion) lifeline from the European Central Bank and is negotiating a loan from the IMF, as is Ukraine. Close to a dozen countries are talking to the fund about financial help.新兴国家的政府和发达国家的政府一样都在为控制损失程度而奋斗。不过对于外汇储备充足的国家来说难度会小一些:俄罗斯斥资2200亿美元重振金融服务行业;韩国政府担保了1000亿美元的银行债务。而那些储备并不充足的国家正在四处求援:匈牙利成功向欧洲央行求得了50亿欧元(约66亿美元)的生命线,同时也在同国际货币基金组织协商借款事宜,同时向国际货币基金组织求援的还有乌克兰。近一打儿的国家在向基金组织求助。Those with long-standing problems are being driven to desperate measures. Argentina is nationalising its private pension funds, seemingly to stave off default (see article). But even stalwarts are looking weaker. Figures released this week showed that China’s growth slowed to 9% in the year to the third quarter-still a rapid pace but a lot slower than the double-digit rates of recent years.有持续问题的国家正棋行险招:阿根廷正在将私人养老金国有化,意图阻止违约的发生。即使强有力的国家也表现出虚弱一面:本周公布的数字表明今年中国的增长率在第三季度减缓为9%,虽然增速还算快,但是与近些年的两位数增率相比缓慢了不少。Blowing cold on credit对信贷没兴趣The various emerging economies are in different states of readiness, but the cumulative impact of all this will be enormous. Most obviously, how these countries fare will determine whether the world economy faces a mild recession or something nastier. Emerging economies accounted for around three-quarters of global growth over the past 18 months. But their economic fate will also have political consequences.众多新兴经济的意愿并不相同,但是累计在一起的影响力却非同一般。最明显的就是这些国家的表现将会决定世界经济所面临的是一个较为缓和的衰退还是更可怕的情况。在过去18个月的全球经济增长中,新兴经济贡献了75%。但是他们的经济命运也会有一些政治后果。In many places-eastern Europe is one example (see article)-financial turmoil is hitting weak governments. But even strong regimes could suffer. Some experts think that China needs growth of 7% a year to contain social unrest. More generally, the coming strife will shape the debate about the integration of the world economy. Unlike many previous emerging-market crises, today’s mess spread from the rich world, largely thanks to increasingly integrated capital markets. If emerging economies collapse-either into a currency crisis or a sharp recession-there will be yet more questioning of the wisdom of globalised finance.在类似东欧的很多地区,金融混乱目前的打击目标是软弱的政府;但强硬的政权同样会尝到苦果。一些专家认为中国每年需要7%的增长率来阻止社会动荡的发生。总体来说,如此争端必将影响全球经济一体化的讨论。与以往数次新兴经济危机不同,这次的混乱始于发达国家,很大程度上要归咎于一体化的资本市场。一旦新兴经济崩溃,无论是货币危机还是剧烈的经济萧条,大家对于金融全球化是否属明智之举会有更多的质疑。Fortunately, the picture is not universally dire. All emerging economies will slow. Some will surely face deep recessions. But many are facing the present danger in stronger shape than ever before, armed with large reserves, flexible currencies and strong budgets. Good policy-both at home and in the rich world-can yet avoid a catastrophe.幸运的是上述恐怖的场景没有发生在全球的每个角落:所有的新兴经济都会减缓发展速度,有一些也必将面临深度萧条;但是更多的国家在面临当下危机的时候却拥有比以往任何时候都强壮的形式,用充足的储备、弹性的货币和强大的预算武装自己。新兴国家及发达国家良好的政策可以避免大灾难的发生。One reason for hope is that the direct economic fallout from the rich world’s disaster is manageable. Falling demand in America and Europe hurts exports, particularly in Asia and Mexico. Commodity prices have fallen: oil is down nearly 60% from its peak and many crops and metals have done worse. That has a mixed effect. Although it hurts commodity-exporters from Russia to South America, it helps commodity importers in Asia and reduces inflation fears everywhere. Countries like Venezuela that have been run badly are vulnerable (see article), but given the scale of the past boom, the commodity bust so far seems unlikely to cause widespread crises.至少有一个原因值得抱有希望:发达国家此次灾难的直接经济影响还是在可控的范围内。欧美锐减的需求对出口来说无疑是一个打击,特别是对亚洲和墨西哥。商品价格走低:原油价格与巅峰时期比较已经下降了60%,很多粮食和金属类商品跌幅更大。这两个现象有混合效果:尽管从俄罗斯到南美的商品(能源)出口企业备受打击,但却帮助了亚洲的商品(能源)进口商,并且缓和了各地对通胀的恐惧。委内瑞拉的情形一直很糟糕,也很脆弱;不过由于过去极度的繁荣,商品价格下跌目前还不会引发大范围传播的危机。The more dangerous shock is financial. Wealth is being squeezed as asset prices decline. China’s house prices, for instance, have started falling (see article). This will dampen domestic confidence, even though consumers are much less indebted than they are in the rich world. Elsewhere, the sudden dearth of foreign-bank lending and the flight of hedge funds and other investors from bond markets has slammed the brakes on credit growth. And just as booming credit once underpinned strong domestic spending, so tighter credit will mean slower growth.比商品价格更令人震惊的事情发生在金融领域。由于资产价格的下降,财富水平正在被挤压缩水。以中国房价为例,目前已经开始下跌。尽管新兴国家的消费者比发达国家的负债水平低很多,上述情况还是会挫伤国内的经济信心。在其他方面,国外银行借款骤然匮乏、对冲基金以及其他投资者逃离债券市场,这些因素给信贷增长踩了一脚急刹车。正如发达的信贷曾经强力支撑国内支出那样,信贷紧缩将意味着增长放缓。Again, the impact will differ by country. Thanks to huge current-account surpluses in China and the oil-exporters in the Gulf, emerging economies as a group still send capital to the rich world. But over 80 have deficits of more than 5% of GDP. Most of these are poor countries that live off foreign aid; but some larger ones rely on private capital. For the likes of Turkey and South Africa a sudden slowing in foreign financing would force a dramatic adjustment. A particular worry is eastern Europe, where many countries have double-digit deficits. In addition, even some countries with surpluses, such as Russia, have banks that have grown accustomed to easy foreign lending because of the integration of global finance. The rich world’s bank bail-outs may limit the squeeze, but the flow of capital to the emerging world will slow. The Institute of International Finance, a bankers’ group, expects a 30% decline in net flows of private capital from last year.需要再次重申的是,冲击的表现会因国家的不同而有所区别。多亏中国和海湾产油国经常项目下的巨额顺差,新型经济整体还不断的向发达国家输送资本。但是80 多个国家的财政赤字已经超过GDP的5%,其中的多数是那些依靠国外救助过活得贫困国家;不过也有一些依靠私人资本的大国。对于类似土耳其和南非的国家来说,突然减缓的境外融资迫使其进行大幅调整。东欧的情况特别令人担忧,那里的不少国家赤字水平已经达到了两位数。另外,象俄罗斯这样处于顺差的国家,其银行也逐渐适应了可以轻易从外国取得的贷款,原因自然是全球金融一体化。发达国家的救助计划也许可以限制财富被挤压的水平,但资本流向新兴世界的速度无疑会减慢。国际金融研协会预测私人资本的净流量比去年回减少30%。A wing and a prayer飞行之翼与祈祷者This credit crunch will be grim, but most emerging markets can avoid catastrophe. The biggest ones are in relatively good shape. The more vulnerable ones can (and should) be helped.信贷紧缩必将令人生畏,不过多数新兴市场可以躲过一劫,最大的市场形势还相当不错。比较脆弱的市场可以(也应该)得到帮助。Among the giants, China is in a league of its own, with a $2 trillion arsenal of reserves, a current-account surplus, little connection to foreign banks and a budget surplus that offers lots of room to boost spending. Since the country’s leaders have made clear that they will do whatever it takes to cushion growth, China’s economy is likely to slow-perhaps to 8%-but not collapse. Although that is not enough to save the world economy, such growth in China would put a floor under commodity prices and help other countries in the emerging world.在那些坚强的巨人中,中国卓然不群:手握2万亿美元的储备,经常项下的顺差状态,与国外银行罕有关联,过剩的预算给推动支出留有足够空间。鉴于国家领导人已经明确表示将不惜一切代价为经济增长减速缓冲,中国的经济增长应该会减缓到大约8%的水平,但是决不会崩溃。虽然这不足以挽救世界经济,但是该增长率将会为商品价格建底并帮到新兴世界的其他国家。The other large economies will be harder hit, but should be able to weather the storm. India has a big budget deficit and many Brazilian firms have a large foreign-currency exposure. But Brazil’s economy is diversified and both countries have plenty of reserves to smooth the shift to slower growth. With $550 billion of reserves, Russia ought to be able to stop a run on the rouble. In the short-term at least, the most vulnerable countries are all smaller ones.其他的经济大国会受到更大的冲击,不过应该可以禁受住风暴侵袭。印度的财政赤字巨大,巴西很多公司面临巨大的外汇风险。但巴西经济已经实现多样化,同时上述两个国家拥有充足的储备来平稳过渡到缓慢的增长。俄罗斯掌握着5500亿美元的储备,应该能够阻止对卢布的抢购。至少在短期内,小国家才是最弱不禁风的。There will be pain as tighter credit forces adjustments. But sensible, speedy international assistance would make a big difference. Several emerging countries have asked America’s Federal Reserve for liquidity support; some hope that China will bail them out. A better route is surely the IMF, which has huge expertise and some $250 billion to lend. Sadly, borrowing from the fund carries a stigma. That needs to change. The IMF should develop quicker, more flexible financial instruments and minimise the conditions it attaches to loans. Over the past month deft policymaking saw off calamity in the rich world. Now it is time for something similar in the emerging world.受到紧缩信贷压力进行的调整必然带来痛苦,但快速的国际援助是明智之举,因为这会让结果很不相同。一些新兴国家已经向美联储求援以缓解流动性问题;有一些则希望中国可以拯救他们与水火。更佳的求救路线莫过于国际货币基金组织,因为它掌握大量的专门知识和2500亿美元的可出借款项。不幸的是人们认为向基金借款有辱其名,国际货币基金组织应该推出更快捷、更灵活的金融工具,同时实现借贷条件最小化。过去数月中,机敏的决策驱散了发达国家的灾难。现在也正是新兴世界发生类似事情的时候了。

In 2002 will be implemented in three 10 X college entrance examination system. College entrance examination system in the reform of English teaching reforms. The key lies in establishing the class-based teaching system (1) listening and speaking. Against the status quo of poor listening and speaking ability of students to open every Monday of English listening and speaking sections. Use the latest teaching listening "to the future", "traveled the United States," "expect English," and other tapes, video tapes and newspapers, using advanced listening equipment in the classroom teaching through listening, speaking, dialogue, performances, lectures and other lively, interesting students heard about the form of training to improve the communication skills of students, training students in the level of oral expression, reversing the pre-existing "dumb-style" English teaching status quo. (2) the addition of extensive reading classes, the establishment of Foreign Language Reading Room. Although the new textbooks to read the current increased, but far from what is needed. In order to expand the scope of the students exposure to English, optional printing a variety of genres, subjects suitable for students to read the article. According to the requirements of content and reading test, teachers will be articles to classify each article in the post-coupled with an appropriate amount of reading comprehension questions. In order to broaden the teaching of English extension, so that extensive reading in English from the curricular and extra-curricular extension to the establishment of foreign language reading acquisition have been published in a variety of domestic suitable for high school students to read English books, will be in English Extensive Reading from the classroom extended to Yuelan Shi to further stimulate students interest in reading and initiative. Subscribe for students in English newspapers and magazines, the establishment of English specialty health system, at any time to give them an open reading rooms and study rooms. Teaching through extensive reading, students can not only consolidate the textbooks and the basics, but also can improve the self-learning ability to develop intelligence, reading to be fun. (3) The creation of writing classes. Poor writing skills for students in English and Chinese-style English sentences in the written expression of uncommon situation, the school can fully use my existing computer software, according to the new textbooks written request, step by step training on the students writing. "English written expression and training", will be Practical, descriptive text, description text and carry out the purpose of discussion, sub-level guidance training. Writing Course opened for the entrance examination is not merely to prepare for the written expression, but also enable students to learn a variety of English style of writing methods and techniques to meet the future requirements of the community of foreign language experts. (4) The implementation of the different levels of English teaching, the successful introduction of English classes and increase class. Students according to their actual English proficiency, the free selection of the successful lessons to enhance our lessons. School teachers to take a listing. The basis of less successful lessons where students can make up for deficiencies in knowledge and a good grasp of double-base implementation, to develop their own non-intellectual factors, promote the improvement of performance and enjoy the joy of success. The basis of good students can participate in improving the high level of English classes comprehensive training to promote their own standard of English to the "high, precision and advanced the" development and outline the task ahead of schedule to prepare for the contest. 2002年全国将实施3十X高考制度。高考制度在改革,英语教学改革势在必行。 关键在于建立各课型教学体系 (1)听说课。针对学生听说能力差的现状,开设每周一节次的英语听说课。选用最新听力教材“走向未来”,“走遍美国”,“希望英语”等录音带,录像带及报纸,利用先进的听音设备,在课堂教学中通过听,说,对话,表演,演讲等各种生动,有趣的形式对学生进行听说训练,提高学生的交际能力,训练学生的口语表达水平,扭转以前存在的“哑巴式”英语教学的现状。 (2)增设泛读课,建立外文阅览室。现行新教材尽管阅读量增加,但远远不能满足需要。为了扩大学生对英语的接触范围,可选印各种体裁,题材适于学生阅读的文章。根据内容和阅读测试的要求,教师将文章进行分类,在每篇文章后配以适量的阅读理解题。为了拓宽英语课堂教学的外延,使英语泛读由课内延伸到课外,建立外文阅览室,购置国内现已出版发行的各种适合中学生阅读的英语读物,将英语泛读由教室扩展到阅览室,进一步激发学生的阅读兴趣和主动性。为学生订阅英文报刊和杂志,建立英语特长生制度,随时给他们开放阅览室和自修室。通过泛读课教学,学生不仅能巩固课本中出现的基础知识,而且能提高自学能力,开发智力,从阅读中得到乐趣。 (3)开设写作课。针对学生英文写作能力差,中国式英语句子在书面表达屡见不鲜的状况,可充分利用我校现有的电脑软件,根据新教材写作要求,循序渐进地对学生进行写作训练。 “英语书面表达与训练”,将应用文,描写文,说明文和论述进行有目的,分层次的指导训练。开设写作课不仅仅是单纯为高考的书面表达做准备,也是让学生学会各种英语文体的写作方法与技巧,适应未来社会对外语人才的要求。 (4)实施英语分层次教学,开设英语成功课与提高课。学生可以根据自己的实际英语水平,自由挑选上成功课还是提高课。教师采取挂牌上课。基础较差的学生可以在成功课里弥补知识的缺陷,抓好双基落实,开发自己的非智力因素,促进成绩的提高,享受成功的喜悦。基础较好的学生可以参加提高班的较高水平的英语综合训练,促使自己的英语水平向“高,精,尖”发展,提前完成大纲任务并为竞赛作好准备。

一.关于本专业毕业论文的选题英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行,即英语文学,语言学和翻译学。各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向,具体解释如下:1.英语文学:选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行:国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。在进行国别文学研究选题时,一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家(如海明威),某一经典作品(如《双城记》),某一写作手法(如象征手法的运用)或某一文学思潮(如浪漫主义运动)作深入研究。但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名,容易引起学生的兴趣,如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》,学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。在不可避免上述情况时,应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义,不能流于肤浅的分析。文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生,因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段,本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的(如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”),也可以是不同国别的(如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》)2.语言学:选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行:普通语言学和应用语言学。普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究,如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究(如“一般现在时及其交际功能”)。应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。在这个方向选题,也要避免过大范围的选题,而应对一个具体问题进行研究,最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有:“个性与英语教学”,“方言对英语学习的影响”等。3.翻译学:翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行:翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。相比之下,对翻译活动的研究更多一些,这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究(如“汉语成语的英译”)。应该注意的是,在对翻译活动作研究时,往往需要某种翻译理论支撑,总结规律,并对这一活动作出评价,要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。 二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求 学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分。(一)前置1.英文封面:由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成。2.目录:由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成,排在英文封面之后另页。3.中、英文内容摘要:摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论,是一篇完整的短文,可以独立使用,中文摘要一般在200字左右4关键词:关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。为便于文献检索,学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”,这些关键词就是论文的中心词,以显著的字符另起一行,分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方。各关键词之间用“分号”隔开。外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应。(二)主体部分主题部分包括引言(Introduction)、正文(Body)、结论(Conclusion)、参考文献(Bibliography)。主体部分必须由另页右页开始。1.引言:主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等。2.正文:论文的正文是核心部分,占主要篇幅。一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证。要求论据充分,论点明确。行文必须实事求是,客观真切,准确完备,合乎逻辑,层次分明,简练可读。正文部分要有分级标题,章、条、款、项的序号编码方法,采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法,论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列,依次从1开始,连续编号,中间用“.”相隔,最末级编号之后不加点。示例:1.2.…… 2.1 2.2…… 2.2.12.2.22.2.3.… 2.2.3.13.结论:学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论,它是对正文部分的论述的概述,也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等。4.参考文献:写作学位论文过程中,阅读或运用过某些文献所列出的书目清单,置于正文之后,另页开始。参考文献的著录按原文献语种为原则。(1)文献目录应另页书写,外文文献排前,中文文献排后。外文文献书名须用斜体。(2)文献目录一律按作者姓氏汉语拼音或外文字母顺序排列。(3)每条文献必须顶格写,回行时空两字或五个英语字母。(4)将各文献的类型代号(即文献英文名的首字母)注明在文献之后:专著[M] 学位论文[D] 论文集〔C〕 报纸文章〔N〕 期刊文章〔J〕 报告[R]专利 [P] 专著、论文集的析出文献[A] 其他未说明文件 〔Z〕电子文献中光盘图书 [M/CD](MONOGRAPH ON CD)网上期刊〔J/OL〕(serial online)5.文内所引文献:要求附夹注,应在引文后加括号注明作者姓名(英文只注姓),出版年和引文页码。若为转引文献,则加quoted in 字样。 例:(王佐良,1982:38) (Newmark,8:26-33)6.文献中列出的文献应该与正文中标注的文献一一对应。正文中没有出现的,不应出现在参考文献中。(三)附录部分附录包括所有与论文有关的补充材料,如图表或照片等。

英语论文3000字难度

呵呵,说真的,这要看学校要求啦!因为学校的有不同的等级之分,所以国家对学校所培养的学生毕业论文的要求也是不一样的!一般来说地方院校的外语系论文是3000字左右,省一级的学校的话要求大概是4000到5000左右,而且论文的要求是大不一样的!所以建议你最好咨询一下系里或学校!

呵呵,说真的,这要看学校要求啦!因为学校的有不同的等级之分,所以国家对学校所培养的学生毕业论文的要求也是不一样的!一般来说地方院校的外语系论文是3000字左右,省一级的学校的话要求大概是4000到5000左右,而且论文的要求是大不一样的!所以建议你最好咨询一下系里或学校!

这个没确定性的,因为灭个学校的要求都是不一样的。 这个你应该去问问你们老师。 一般英语论文最少3000字以上,至于具体是多少字,看你们学校的要求

这么说,你去你们学校图书馆看你们学姐的毕业论文或者直接问导师!

先写一万多点吧,老师肯定帮你改的,这样修修改改,精简一下,刚好。

建议您看看 根据我搜集的一些网站来看,建议看看这个,要做毕业论文以及毕业设计的,推荐一个网站 :lw54. ,里面的毕业设计什么的全是优秀的,因为精挑细选的,网上很少有,都是相当不错的毕业论文和毕业设计,对毕业论文的写作有很大的参考价值,希望对你有所帮助。 别的相关范文很多的,推荐一些比较好的范文写作网站,希望对你有帮助,这些精选的范文网站,里面有大量的范文,也有各种文章写作方法,注意事项,应该有适合你的,自己动手找一下,可不要照搬啊,参考一下,用自己的语言写出来那才是自己的。 如果你不是校园网的话,请在下面的网站找: 毕业论文网: :wsdxs. 分类很细 栏目很多 毕业论文: :lw54. 毕业设计: :wsdxs.sf/lw/2009/0928/146347. 开题报告: :wsdxs.lunwenzhidao/kaitibaogao 实习论文: :wsdxs.shixi 写作指导: :wsdxs.lunwenzhidao

我会帮你。我有论文范文,范文能够大致反映作者能否运用所学得的根底常识来剖析和处理本学科内某一根本疑问的学术水平缓才干。

本科5000,研究生15000英文

我有一个是英语文学方面的.不知道是不是你想要的.这可是我的得意之作.我就是靠这个论文拿了优秀毕业论文的.如果你满意,一定要把我选为最佳哦,谢谢! 题目是:The *** ysis of Symbolic Images in Tony Morrison's Beloved Thesis statement: The paper intends to *** yze the symbolic images in Tony Morrison's Beloved. I. Introduction A.The introduction of the author a.A brief review of symbolid b.The appraisal B.The brief of the paper II.The Origin of Tony Morrison's Symbolic Images A.The production of the work B.Comparing with other works in symbolic images III.Five Categories of Symbolic Images in Beloved A.symbolic figures B.Setting C. Body marks D. Linguistic application E.Event IV.Theme Interpreation with Reference to Symbolic Images A. Memory of the past B.Seeking self-recognition C.Recuperating Afro-American traditional culture D. Maternal love V.Conclusion A.The contribution to Afro-American literature. B.Social influence produced by Symbolic Images and its profound meaning.

英语专业论文格式规范 A Contrastive Study beeen English and Chinese Idioms (题目:二号,黑体,加粗,居中,除了英语小词外,其他单词首字母都要大写;另外:除了题目外,论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”) (学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名(小四号宋体字,加粗),依次排印在论文题目下,上空二行,居中) 【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… (英文摘要:上空二行;题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号;采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗;单倍行距。) 【Key Words】 idiom; parison; English; Chinese (英文关键词:题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,两个单词的首字母要大写,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用任何其他标点符号,采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗,除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写,各单词之间用分号“;”隔开,分号之后空一格;最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号;单倍行距。) 1. Introduction (顶格,除了第一个单词及专有名词外,其他单词首字母都不要大写;标题最后不用任何标点符号,上空两行) In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences beeen Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符;夹注的标注法:出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系;注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号,时间、页码等的标注法;另外,汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现,不能出现汉语姓氏;夹注出现在标点符号之前) 2. The similarities beeen English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples: (1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以(1),(2)…为序号排列,直至最后一个例子;而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号) 3. The differences beeen English idioms and Chinese idioms 3.1 The characteristics of English idioms (正文章节序号编制:章的编号:1. ,2., 3.,…;节的编号:1.1,1.2…,2.1,2.2…;小节的编号为:1.1.1, 1.1.2…。小节以下层次,采用希腊数字加括号为序,如(i),(ii)…;之后再采用字母加括号,如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格,小四号字,加粗;每节(及小节以下)题目左顶格,小四号字,不加粗但要斜体;所有章节的题目都单独一行,最后不加任何标点符号) …. In conclusion, …. 3.2 The characteristics of Chinese idioms …. Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法): (9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry. (10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it. …. 3.2.1 The *** ysis of the differences beeen English and Chinese idioms … (i) …. …. (ii) …. …. 4. Conclusion …. Bibliography (References) (小四号,加粗,后面不加任何标点符号) Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981. 一、英语论文的标题 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。 就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。 二、英语论文提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、 *** 数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。 三、英语论文正文 有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用 *** 数字标出页码; *** 数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。 四、英语论文的文中引述 正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。 1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如: The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9). 这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名); *** 数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9);作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号;句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。 2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示: Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas” is an admirable and characteristic diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it Whitman is unable to conceive the extreme crises of society, one is certain that no society would be tolerable whoses citizens could not find refreshment in its buoyant democratic ideali *** .(Chase 165) 这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。 3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如: Dr.Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate beeen evolutionary theory and biblical creationi *** ”(9). 值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。 4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号);点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如: Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43). 5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如: Professor Chen Jia's A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i). 圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线;规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字;其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。 6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如: Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35). Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Niachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15). 这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。 7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。 When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(1.1620-21). 这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格;圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写;21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。 五、英语论文的文献目录 论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点: 1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。 2.目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。 3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。 4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。 现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。 Two or More Books by the Same Author Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950. ---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats, Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963. 引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名;各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。 An Author with an Editor Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B. Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959. 本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth;如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如: Blackmur, Richard P.Introduction. The Art of the Novel: Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribner's, 1962.vii-xxxix. 如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可): Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery. London: Macmillan, 1972.v-vi. A Multivolume Work Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed. Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928. Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed. Geoffrey Keynes. Vol.2. London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols. 第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容;第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。 A Selection from an Anthology Abram, M. H.“English Romantici *** : The Spirit of the Age.” Romantici *** Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New York: Columbia UP,1963.63-88. 被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。 Articles in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers Otto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.” Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48

我是福建师范大学协和学院英语专业的大三学生,想选择福建师范大学的美术学...复试主要方式:1.专业素质和能力:专业写生(书法篆刻研究方向为不少于3000字...

3000字到5000字左右。

要看学校要求!因为学校的有不同的等级之分,所以国家对学校所培养的学生毕业论文的要求也是不一样的!一般来说地方院校的外语系论文是3000字左右,省一级的学校的话要求大概是4000到5000左右,而且论文的要求是大不一样的!

格式要求:

1、书写格式要求:填写项目必须用碳素或蓝黑墨水钢笔书写。

2、文稿要求:文字通顺,语言流畅,版面整洁,便于装订。Word文稿A4纸打印。

3、图纸要求:图面整洁,布局合理,线条粗细均匀,圆弧连接光滑,尺寸标准规范,文字注释必须使用工程字书写。

4、曲线图表要求:所有曲线、图表、线路图、流程图、程序框图、示意图等不得简单徒手画,须按国家规范标准或工程要求绘制。

5、公式要求:所有公式不得徒手书写,利用Microsoft公式编辑器或Mathtype编辑。

从最基本的说起,其实和语文的议论文一样, 有introduction,body and conclusion。 Introduction- topic, point of view(optional),a breif introduction that the student will mention in the following paragraph (1st para of body). Body- a thesis statement + supportive examples + a summary of the thesis(optional) NB: one thesis (idea)/para. Conclusion- rearrangement of introduction. REMEMBER students have no idea! That's the whole idea of academic writing. Thus there is a very IMPORTANT tip you need to tell your students- REFERENCES. References need to appear in introduction,body and conclusion of the whole acticle. Academic writings are usually expositive, hence you need tell your students to use passive languages. Active words are ONLY used in Creative Writing students.

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