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医学英语文献选读6Selected readings in medical English 6
你问的是专业性的问题，其实专业性的文章你最好是问一下有经验的人，还有就是在一般的词典中查到的意思是不恰当的，我也遇到过这样的事情
原文呢?????????????????
medical english?
第一段：当肺炎这个词被用在医学实践中，它最长指的是一种急性的反应，常见地细菌造成的综合征，它的特点是一半或一侧肺或两侧肺的临床的和/或放射照相的征象的实变。常用的这个词意然而已经很大程度上延伸到被各种各样的微生物造成的包括非细菌性的肺部的感染。肺炎也偶尔被用作是肺炎的一个同义词，特别的当炎症的肺由非感染因素造成比如化学或射线伤害。第二段：从实际目的出发，肺炎的分类应当既依解剖学部位，又指明病因：前者使用描绘性词语表达肺（一侧肺或左右两侧）病程的发展程度和分布，后者指明涉及的微生物。考虑到，作为最初的原因，肺炎感染的原因被认为是否是社区或者是医院的感染是不被知道的。它也被有帮助的认为是否肺炎也许能由咽部吸入造成和是否或不是发生在免疫力下降的宿主身上。第三段：从解剖学上肺炎习惯表明是否包括一个或更多进入肺叶或是否被限制在一节段或多节段的过程。在涉及面及小时，肺炎也许是节段的。对解剖部位的描述在实际中完全依赖胸透，（它透过X光检查）所显示的肺炎过程比体检所得到的的估计更准确。早期的诊断医生通过病理学组织在支气管肺炎和小叶性肺炎中分辨。支气管肺炎被认为是支气管在炎症性的过程被一小部分或中端的气管和肺叶对向它限制的并发症，因此是肺叶的交替性肺炎。小叶性肺炎，在另一方面，频繁地从头发生和特征是一种炎症性的外流或液体渗出物填充经过一叶或多叶肺。第四段;作为补充的是小叶肺炎被认为是在临床和放射上表现的融合性实变出现在一部分或一肺叶或两个肺。组织离段型肺炎被认为是合并不扩张的大多肺叶但是和解剖学上的支气管肺段在一侧或两侧更紧密。当X光阴影的区域出现更多的小的阴影，压迫性肺炎是一个适当的可描述的组织，虽然这仍是暗指一个融合的和局限的过程。如果显示亚段病变的阴影呈零星状（非融合的），散布于一肺或左右肺的一部分或全部，很难定位，则仍可以使用支气管肺炎。第五段：这种解剖学上的肺炎分类是完全的但是有用的是病因的分类，确定被认为很有价值的可能性大的原因是有传染性的因素，{老师课件}因为除了通常引起大叶性肺炎链球菌，其他微生物也可以引起大叶性肺炎，其他以解剖学分类的肺炎也如此，（所以解剖学分类是对病因性分类的补充，在确定可能引起肺炎的感染因子方面作用有限。）因为如果不了解致病菌的种类，一些本来可以康复的患者就不能康复，因此，要尽可能确定每个患者的病原，以使有针对性的选择特定的抗菌治疗。第六段;仅仅被猜到的组织原因当病人第一次见到和被认为区分是否是通过社区或是医院所感染的区别，作为感染组织不同的原因。医院获得性肺炎是一种特殊的问题在术后病人和在ICU治疗中的病人，后者的这些人有很高的易感染的机会通过呼吸道感染。不用类型的致病体发现在医院环境中的部分原因是那些患有严重疾病的人改变了免疫活性能力，部分细菌体的改变是由于抗生素的治疗和一部分器械使用或插管用于病人身上。因此医源性的感染更多的常见原因是有氧的革兰氏阴性杆菌和球菌的获得远远比在社区获得的多。
5(GDF-5生长分化因素)GDF-5充当信号,为chondrogenesis、成长的发展模式vertebrateskeleton。它被表达在发展interzone关节。会员GDF-5转化生长因子TGF_)-科的信号分子,参与关节软骨开发、维护、及再生(34)。GDF-5促进骨软骨细胞分化和刺激蛋白多糖合成GDF5_ / _老鼠(brachypodism指间建立手腕和踝关节缺陷(34)Mutations GDF5引起angel-shaped epiphyseal在办公具有发育不良,影响食欲臀部和手关节(遗传105835号)。个人现在与身材矮小,多epiphyseal发育障碍,hypodontia。在angel-shaped中间phalangeal缩短epiphyseal发育不全是类似于brachydactyly中观察到C,以及这个观察导致GDF5的识别这个实体的突变杂合的突变brachydactyly GDF5也会引起C类,其特点是短的中间第一趾骨逆行掌骨近端关节(35)。纯合子的GDF5突变导致的嘴上和Hunter-Thompson形式的acromesomelic骨骼dys - plasias、杜二盘不典型增生的癌前期病变(35)。多态性相GDF5的发起者(表3)也被认为对预测髋关节和膝关节骨性关节炎在亚洲人口结果的敏感性,降低了在transcriptionalactivity多态性chondrogenic细胞。Wnt-induced信号蛋白3(WISP-3)小精灵基因是家庭成员的成员在广东细胞生长分化与最初被发现有一种癌症中可能的作用(36)。Wnt信号调节软骨细胞表型、成熟、和功能。只有WISP3被视为伴随着人类疾病。WISP-3是synoviocytes分泌蛋白表达了和软骨细胞和人类是非常必要的软骨的完整性。WISP3隐性突变造成轻微的chondrodysplasia称为进步的pseudorheumatoid撕裂。hildhood(遗传208230号)。现在受到影响的个人年龄在3年,8年,进行性小型和大型联合polyarthritis、刚度,并减少机动性。没有临床证据的炎症。揭示了spondyloepiphyseal骨骼影像学特点,megaepiphyses发现:platyspondyly,以及扩展的两端趾骨射线巨型的示范操作系统trigonum能鉴别这个实体类风湿性关节炎。最近,多态性相已经被证明WISP3颁授对佳(表3)。一个特定的多形性Wnt拮抗剂,Frizzled-related蛋白质3,目前也被媒体作为OA易感基因的影响(表3)。
Subcortical ischemic cerebrovascular disease (with ischemic vascular subcortical, SIVD) is a group to become the main causes, small in subcortical multiple lacunar infarction and cerebral white matter lesions as main brain damage of ischemic cerebrovascular disease, is a cause of vascular cognitive impairment (vascular cognitive resulted VCI), the most common SIVD can cause gait obstacles, such as Parkinson's appearance, all lose tonal gait gait, walking instability or without apparent cause of frequent fall, a study showed that abnormal gait might be early vascular This paper will SIVD gait obstacles in pathological mechanism, gait types, gait obstacles and cognitive impairment of the relationship, gait obstacles analysis and evaluation,
医学英语文献选读6Selected readings in medical English 6
医学人文英语教程答案Unit History of medicineKeysText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given Change the form where necessary, and payattention to the tense, voice and collocations of the is credited with; are sometimes referred to as; was supposed to; were espoused by; in addition to; was attributed to; categorize; is given credit for; Sentence Simulation（略）Translate the following sentences into EHippocrates proposed the humoral theory that the body of man has four distinct bodily fluidsin itself: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile, different mixture of which leads todifferent In ancient Greece, career as a doctor was passed on from father to son, so Hippocrates studiedmedicine under his father from his early Ancient Greek medicine was a field restricted by religious superstition where wizards cureddiseases by means of prayer, magic or ritual recitation of It now appears that Hippocrates was incorrect in his explanation of the causes of humantemperament, but his temperament categories and names have been in use ever Ancient Western doctors about to enter medical practice were required to take an oath onmedical ethics, which was derived from the oath of Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physicianrevered as "father of medicine” in the WAs the father of Western medicine, Hippocrates is the first to formulate the code of ethics thatdoctors are required to comply Furthermore, his medical opinions and medical practicehave exerted a huge influence on the development of Western medicine for Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have Four traditional examination methods: looking, listening and smelling, asking, and ①TCM②thefundamentalsofTCMremainlargelyunchangedanditstheoriesinexplicable to ①the methodological quality of trials is ②Most of these trials are published in Chinese,inaccessible to western doctors, and not included in systematic ③Selective publicationof positive trials is another All natural phenomena could be categorised into Yin and Yang (two opposite, complementary,interdependent, and exchangeable aspects of nature), everything in the universe consisted of fivebasicelements(wood,fire,earth,metal,andwater),andtheuniversewasconstantlychangingtowards dynamic balance or Yin refers largely to the material aspects of the organismand Yang to There is a circulation of Qi (energy) and The organs work togetherby regulating and preserving Qi and blood through the so-called channels and Diseaseoccurs after a disturbance in Yin-Yang or flow of Qi or blood, or disharmony in the organs causedby pathogenic (eg, sadness, joy, lifestyle) and climatic factors (dampness, heat, cold) Treatmentaims to expel or suppress the cause and restore Unit 2Health professionals for a new centuryText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given Change the form where kept pace In view unterTranslate the following sentences into EMedical science is no longer simply biomedicine, but a comprehensive discipline ofhumanities, social sciences and Science and technology development, along with social progress, has put forward higherdemands and greater challenges on higher medical Medical education is characterized by a high degree of specialization and practicality, as wellas a comparatively high cost and a long training It is the main task of medical schools to train good doctors needed by the The objective of clinical medical education is to train capable and well qualified academicdoctors with a solid professional foundation and a broad spectrum of The innovation of teaching methods has not only improved the students' initiative andenthusiasm to learn, but also enhanced the quality of clinical teaching and In spite of its great progress, our country’s medical education still fails to keep pace withsocial progress, development of science and technology, and needs for medical and Translate the following passage/sentence into C过去一个世纪教育的进步在于三个时代的教育改革。第一个时代始于20世纪初，注重教授科学课程。大约于20世纪中期，第二个时代的改革开启了问题导向式的教学革新。现在，我们需要进行体系导向式的第三个时代的教育改革，通过调整核心专业技能使其适应特定环境，同时借鉴国际化知识，从而提升医疗体系的性能。迁移学习是一种重要成果，其包含了三个基本的转变：从对事实的记忆转变为对信息的搜索、分析和综合从而作出决策；从追求专业文凭转变为实现核心竞争力从而达到医疗体系里有效的团队协作；还有，从对教育模式不带批判的照搬应用转变为对整体资源的创造性改造以应对局部的重点问题。医护人员在过去一个世纪以来对人类健康和发展做出了巨大贡献，然而，自满只会让人们继续徒劳地采用20世纪的教育策略，而无法应对21世纪的挑战。Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have Because it is crucial to tackle the obstacles of the 21st The outcome-based core curriculum has served as a framework in many countries, and can beadjusted for specific local needs as postulated by the Studentsparticipateinaninternationalforumwhichbringstogetherstudentsofmedicine,nursing,pharmacy,andalliedhealthprofessions(namely,theWorldHealthcareStudentsSymposium) The benefits of the annual World Healthcare Students Symposia are for studentstolearntounderstandthedifferentprofessionsanddiscussthebestwaysofeffectiveandfruitful TAccordingtotheauthors,studentsfromlow-income countries with a lack of resources can especially benefit from such initiatives asthe website Health Sciences Online, although such free initiatives should not counteract theproposal to focus development assistance more strongly on health professionals’ YStudentinitiativeshavetackledclimatechange,migranthealth,andotherissuesofglobal and national Overall,medicalstudentsworldwidehavebeenplayinganactiveroleinimplementingtherecommendations of the Global Commission mainly by developing their own outcome-basedcorecurriculaandlaunchinganinternationalforumwhichbringstogetherstudentsofmedicine, nursing, pharmacy, and allied health professions, among other
翻译1-4，你自己连起来再加点东西cancer can be curednew resources are developed and used,so sb stop using the fuel like here are more convenient transportations turn out and the human race is able to take trips and be on vacations in the bots are available for the common familise to finnish many kinds of
医学英语文献选读6Selected readings in medical English 6
dominant-negative版本的表达两个营和CAAT磷酸腺苷反应要素结合蛋白质/ enhancer-binding蛋白质堵住了葡萄糖响应的地区近端”的态度。
Expression of dominant-negative versions of both cAMP response element-binding protein and CAAT/enhancer-binding protein blocked the glucose response of the proximal region in a dose-dependent mannerdominant-negative版本的表达两个营和CAAT磷酸腺苷反应要素结合蛋白质/ enhancer-binding蛋白质堵住了葡萄糖响应的地区近端”的态度