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医学英语文献选读6Selected readings in medical English 6
第一段：当肺炎这个词被用在医学实践中，它最长指的是一种急性的反应，常见地细菌造成的综合征，它的特点是一半或一侧肺或两侧肺的临床的和/或放射照相的征象的实变。常用的这个词意然而已经很大程度上延伸到被各种各样的微生物造成的包括非细菌性的肺部的感染。肺炎也偶尔被用作是肺炎的一个同义词，特别的当炎症的肺由非感染因素造成比如化学或射线伤害。第二段：从实际目的出发，肺炎的分类应当既依解剖学部位，又指明病因：前者使用描绘性词语表达肺（一侧肺或左右两侧）病程的发展程度和分布，后者指明涉及的微生物。考虑到，作为最初的原因，肺炎感染的原因被认为是否是社区或者是医院的感染是不被知道的。它也被有帮助的认为是否肺炎也许能由咽部吸入造成和是否或不是发生在免疫力下降的宿主身上。第三段：从解剖学上肺炎习惯表明是否包括一个或更多进入肺叶或是否被限制在一节段或多节段的过程。在涉及面及小时，肺炎也许是节段的。对解剖部位的描述在实际中完全依赖胸透，（它透过X光检查）所显示的肺炎过程比体检所得到的的估计更准确。早期的诊断医生通过病理学组织在支气管肺炎和小叶性肺炎中分辨。支气管肺炎被认为是支气管在炎症性的过程被一小部分或中端的气管和肺叶对向它限制的并发症，因此是肺叶的交替性肺炎。小叶性肺炎，在另一方面，频繁地从头发生和特征是一种炎症性的外流或液体渗出物填充经过一叶或多叶肺。第四段;作为补充的是小叶肺炎被认为是在临床和放射上表现的融合性实变出现在一部分或一肺叶或两个肺。组织离段型肺炎被认为是合并不扩张的大多肺叶但是和解剖学上的支气管肺段在一侧或两侧更紧密。当X光阴影的区域出现更多的小的阴影，压迫性肺炎是一个适当的可描述的组织，虽然这仍是暗指一个融合的和局限的过程。如果显示亚段病变的阴影呈零星状（非融合的），散布于一肺或左右肺的一部分或全部，很难定位，则仍可以使用支气管肺炎。第五段：这种解剖学上的肺炎分类是完全的但是有用的是病因的分类，确定被认为很有价值的可能性大的原因是有传染性的因素，{老师课件}因为除了通常引起大叶性肺炎链球菌，其他微生物也可以引起大叶性肺炎，其他以解剖学分类的肺炎也如此，（所以解剖学分类是对病因性分类的补充，在确定可能引起肺炎的感染因子方面作用有限。）因为如果不了解致病菌的种类，一些本来可以康复的患者就不能康复，因此，要尽可能确定每个患者的病原，以使有针对性的选择特定的抗菌治疗。第六段;仅仅被猜到的组织原因当病人第一次见到和被认为区分是否是通过社区或是医院所感染的区别，作为感染组织不同的原因。医院获得性肺炎是一种特殊的问题在术后病人和在ICU治疗中的病人，后者的这些人有很高的易感染的机会通过呼吸道感染。不用类型的致病体发现在医院环境中的部分原因是那些患有严重疾病的人改变了免疫活性能力，部分细菌体的改变是由于抗生素的治疗和一部分器械使用或插管用于病人身上。因此医源性的感染更多的常见原因是有氧的革兰氏阴性杆菌和球菌的获得远远比在社区获得的多。
学习通。学习通是基于微服务架构打造的课程学习，知识传播与管理分享平台。它利用超星20余年来积累的海量的图书、期刊、报纸、视频、原创等资源，集知识管理、课程学习、专题创作，办公应用为一体，为读者提供一站式学习与工作环境。学习通是考试吧教育开放平台的全新产品。考试吧教育开放平台涵盖国内各领域顶级教育机构，数千门课程。特点是实用和省钱。学习通为所有用户构建了一个网上虚拟的交互空间，或者说一个虚拟的网上学校。在这个虚拟学校中，有多个网络多媒体教室可供学生使用，每天根据需求不同，在这些教室里分别开设不同的课程，所有选修该课程的学生和授课教师可在指定时间里进入该教室进行教学活动，在这个虚拟课堂中，学生不光能够听到教师的讲课内容，还可以与教师进行问答与讨论。学习通采用带宽资源集中管理策略，保证在视频通讯应用中的对网络资源的利用是有效的、可控的，避免因大量或无序的带宽占用而给用户网络带来的资源危机。功能应用主要包括：1、支持多路视频。可根据需求设置并发视频数目；也可由教师控制打开的视频对象或学生端任意切换，灵活方便；并支持视频轮训、视频同步、远程控制摄像机等等。2、支持多人同时发言。可由教师选择和控制学生的发言权，灵活的话筒切换机制使使用自然而方便。系统支持语音会议分组、mic自动增益、回声抑制、自动降噪、唇音同步等等。3、提供数据共享功能。
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腹壁重建如果组织再生与alloderm蓄热式组织矩阵（ RTM中）在一结缔组织缺陷是成功的， RTM中成为repopulated与病人的细胞，一个成熟的血管网的发展和组织成为完善的集成到病人的这种程度鉴定新的组织内部的临床活检变得困难，无需特别学污渍。因为无论瘢痕组织，也不筋膜包含大量的弹性蛋白聚合物在一个网络组织， verhoeff的冯吉森染色弹性纤维是宝贵的工具来确定的RTM语境中的新的再生组织。 临床活检已获得来自不同的外科应用的RTM为组织再生和样本已研究了用微分染色素和曙红（在H ＆ E ）及verhoeff的染色。几个外植体的RTM衍生组织重建，在筋膜飞机已执行调整后，手术及病理分析。标本所采取的两个外科医生从不同的患者在8日， 12日， 24个月内进行了研究。在第一， RTM中被用来加强初级闭合前腹直肌筋膜以下腹疝修补术。在8个月，病人发达的另一个疝毗邻初步的RTM修复，这是无关的RTM自行修复。在H ＆ E和verhoeff的染色，这是外植体，如图1所示。粗暴， RTM中是区分周围的筋膜，但力度活检采取了中线的初步修复，通过怀疑的RTM组织到背后的腹直肌筋膜。与H急症室，组织细胞，以明显的细胞密度为筋膜，血管和良好的综合与周围组织。一个独特的组织平面之间的RTM和筋膜没有分辨。 经染色弹力，很明显的RTM （正面为一弹性网络）是当前和弹性蛋白似乎是在这一过程中重塑了细胞组织（见标注段） 。这将是一贯的与真皮支架被转换成筋膜样组织。胶原组织在这方面似乎维持不变，和稳健的，在面对这种弹性蛋白重塑。 在未来的情况下， RTM中，用在横向腹直肌肌abdominus （电车）皮瓣重建乳房下面的乳房。在电车捐助者的网站， RTM中被用来加强后腹直肌筋膜鞘，以尽量减少风险，腹部鼓胀或疝形成。在12个月后的重建，病人需要一个开放式子宫切除术的运作由另一外科医生。在入境时向腹部通过前电车捐助者的网站，活检组织的RTM ，其中总值的外观筋膜，被送往并提交学分析。
医学人文英语教程答案Unit History of medicineKeysText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given Change the form where necessary, and payattention to the tense, voice and collocations of the is credited with; are sometimes referred to as; was supposed to; were espoused by; in addition to; was attributed to; categorize; is given credit for; Sentence Simulation（略）Translate the following sentences into EHippocrates proposed the humoral theory that the body of man has four distinct bodily fluidsin itself: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile, different mixture of which leads todifferent In ancient Greece, career as a doctor was passed on from father to son, so Hippocrates studiedmedicine under his father from his early Ancient Greek medicine was a field restricted by religious superstition where wizards cureddiseases by means of prayer, magic or ritual recitation of It now appears that Hippocrates was incorrect in his explanation of the causes of humantemperament, but his temperament categories and names have been in use ever Ancient Western doctors about to enter medical practice were required to take an oath onmedical ethics, which was derived from the oath of Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physicianrevered as "father of medicine” in the WAs the father of Western medicine, Hippocrates is the first to formulate the code of ethics thatdoctors are required to comply Furthermore, his medical opinions and medical practicehave exerted a huge influence on the development of Western medicine for Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have Four traditional examination methods: looking, listening and smelling, asking, and ①TCM②thefundamentalsofTCMremainlargelyunchangedanditstheoriesinexplicable to ①the methodological quality of trials is ②Most of these trials are published in Chinese,inaccessible to western doctors, and not included in systematic ③Selective publicationof positive trials is another All natural phenomena could be categorised into Yin and Yang (two opposite, complementary,interdependent, and exchangeable aspects of nature), everything in the universe consisted of fivebasicelements(wood,fire,earth,metal,andwater),andtheuniversewasconstantlychangingtowards dynamic balance or Yin refers largely to the material aspects of the organismand Yang to There is a circulation of Qi (energy) and The organs work togetherby regulating and preserving Qi and blood through the so-called channels and Diseaseoccurs after a disturbance in Yin-Yang or flow of Qi or blood, or disharmony in the organs causedby pathogenic (eg, sadness, joy, lifestyle) and climatic factors (dampness, heat, cold) Treatmentaims to expel or suppress the cause and restore Unit 2Health professionals for a new centuryText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given Change the form where kept pace In view unterTranslate the following sentences into EMedical science is no longer simply biomedicine, but a comprehensive discipline ofhumanities, social sciences and Science and technology development, along with social progress, has put forward higherdemands and greater challenges on higher medical Medical education is characterized by a high degree of specialization and practicality, as wellas a comparatively high cost and a long training It is the main task of medical schools to train good doctors needed by the The objective of clinical medical education is to train capable and well qualified academicdoctors with a solid professional foundation and a broad spectrum of The innovation of teaching methods has not only improved the students' initiative andenthusiasm to learn, but also enhanced the quality of clinical teaching and In spite of its great progress, our country’s medical education still fails to keep pace withsocial progress, development of science and technology, and needs for medical and Translate the following passage/sentence into C过去一个世纪教育的进步在于三个时代的教育改革。第一个时代始于20世纪初，注重教授科学课程。大约于20世纪中期，第二个时代的改革开启了问题导向式的教学革新。现在，我们需要进行体系导向式的第三个时代的教育改革，通过调整核心专业技能使其适应特定环境，同时借鉴国际化知识，从而提升医疗体系的性能。迁移学习是一种重要成果，其包含了三个基本的转变：从对事实的记忆转变为对信息的搜索、分析和综合从而作出决策；从追求专业文凭转变为实现核心竞争力从而达到医疗体系里有效的团队协作；还有，从对教育模式不带批判的照搬应用转变为对整体资源的创造性改造以应对局部的重点问题。医护人员在过去一个世纪以来对人类健康和发展做出了巨大贡献，然而，自满只会让人们继续徒劳地采用20世纪的教育策略，而无法应对21世纪的挑战。Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have Because it is crucial to tackle the obstacles of the 21st The outcome-based core curriculum has served as a framework in many countries, and can beadjusted for specific local needs as postulated by the Studentsparticipateinaninternationalforumwhichbringstogetherstudentsofmedicine,nursing,pharmacy,andalliedhealthprofessions(namely,theWorldHealthcareStudentsSymposium) The benefits of the annual World Healthcare Students Symposia are for studentstolearntounderstandthedifferentprofessionsanddiscussthebestwaysofeffectiveandfruitful TAccordingtotheauthors,studentsfromlow-income countries with a lack of resources can especially benefit from such initiatives asthe website Health Sciences Online, although such free initiatives should not counteract theproposal to focus development assistance more strongly on health professionals’ YStudentinitiativeshavetackledclimatechange,migranthealth,andotherissuesofglobal and national Overall,medicalstudentsworldwidehavebeenplayinganactiveroleinimplementingtherecommendations of the Global Commission mainly by developing their own outcome-basedcorecurriculaandlaunchinganinternationalforumwhichbringstogetherstudentsofmedicine, nursing, pharmacy, and allied health professions, among other
医学英语文献选读1答案
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医学人文英语教程答案Unit History of medicineKeysText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given Change the form where necessary, and payattention to the tense, voice and collocations of the is credited with; are sometimes referred to as; was supposed to; were espoused by; in addition to; was attributed to; categorize; is given credit for; Sentence Simulation（略）Translate the following sentences into EHippocrates proposed the humoral theory that the body of man has four distinct bodily fluidsin itself: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile, different mixture of which leads todifferent In ancient Greece, career as a doctor was passed on from father to son, so Hippocrates studiedmedicine under his father from his early Ancient Greek medicine was a field restricted by religious superstition where wizards cureddiseases by means of prayer, magic or ritual recitation of It now appears that Hippocrates was incorrect in his explanation of the causes of humantemperament, but his temperament categories and names have been in use ever Ancient Western doctors about to enter medical practice were required to take an oath onmedical ethics, which was derived from the oath of Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physicianrevered as "father of medicine” in the WAs the father of Western medicine, Hippocrates is the first to formulate the code of ethics thatdoctors are required to comply Furthermore, his medical opinions and medical practicehave exerted a huge influence on the development of Western medicine for Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have Four traditional examination methods: looking, listening and smelling, asking, and ①TCM②thefundamentalsofTCMremainlargelyunchangedanditstheoriesinexplicable to ①the methodological quality of trials is ②Most of these trials are published in Chinese,inaccessible to western doctors, and not included in systematic ③Selective publicationof positive trials is another All natural phenomena could be categorised into Yin and Yang (two opposite, complementary,interdependent, and exchangeable aspects of nature), everything in the universe consisted of fivebasicelements(wood,fire,earth,metal,andwater),andtheuniversewasconstantlychangingtowards dynamic balance or Yin refers largely to the material aspects of the organismand Yang to There is a circulation of Qi (energy) and The organs work togetherby regulating and preserving Qi and blood through the so-called channels and Diseaseoccurs after a disturbance in Yin-Yang or flow of Qi or blood, or disharmony in the organs causedby pathogenic (eg, sadness, joy, lifestyle) and climatic factors (dampness, heat, cold) Treatmentaims to expel or suppress the cause and restore Unit 2Health professionals for a new centuryText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given Change the form where kept pace In view unterTranslate the following sentences into EMedical science is no longer simply biomedicine, but a comprehensive discipline ofhumanities, social sciences and Science and technology development, along with social progress, has put forward higherdemands and greater challenges on higher medical Medical education is characterized by a high degree of specialization and practicality, as wellas a comparatively high cost and a long training It is the main task of medical schools to train good doctors needed by the The objective of clinical medical education is to train capable and well qualified academicdoctors with a solid professional foundation and a broad spectrum of The innovation of teaching methods has not only improved the students' initiative andenthusiasm to learn, but also enhanced the quality of clinical teaching and In spite of its great progress, our country’s medical education still fails to keep pace withsocial progress, development of science and technology, and needs for medical and Translate the following passage/sentence into C过去一个世纪教育的进步在于三个时代的教育改革。第一个时代始于20世纪初，注重教授科学课程。大约于20世纪中期，第二个时代的改革开启了问题导向式的教学革新。现在，我们需要进行体系导向式的第三个时代的教育改革，通过调整核心专业技能使其适应特定环境，同时借鉴国际化知识，从而提升医疗体系的性能。迁移学习是一种重要成果，其包含了三个基本的转变：从对事实的记忆转变为对信息的搜索、分析和综合从而作出决策；从追求专业文凭转变为实现核心竞争力从而达到医疗体系里有效的团队协作；还有，从对教育模式不带批判的照搬应用转变为对整体资源的创造性改造以应对局部的重点问题。医护人员在过去一个世纪以来对人类健康和发展做出了巨大贡献，然而，自满只会让人们继续徒劳地采用20世纪的教育策略，而无法应对21世纪的挑战。Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have Because it is crucial to tackle the obstacles of the 21st The outcome-based core curriculum has served as a framework in many countries, and can beadjusted for specific local needs as postulated by the Studentsparticipateinaninternationalforumwhichbringstogetherstudentsofmedicine,nursing,pharmacy,andalliedhealthprofessions(namely,theWorldHealthcareStudentsSymposium) The benefits of the annual World Healthcare Students Symposia are for studentstolearntounderstandthedifferentprofessionsanddiscussthebestwaysofeffectiveandfruitful TAccordingtotheauthors,studentsfromlow-income countries with a lack of resources can especially benefit from such initiatives asthe website Health Sciences Online, although such free initiatives should not counteract theproposal to focus development assistance more strongly on health professionals’ YStudentinitiativeshavetackledclimatechange,migranthealth,andotherissuesofglobal and national Overall,medicalstudentsworldwidehavebeenplayinganactiveroleinimplementingtherecommendations of the Global Commission mainly by developing their own outcome-basedcorecurriculaandlaunchinganinternationalforumwhichbringstogetherstudentsofmedicine, nursing, pharmacy, and allied health professions, among other
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