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首先，我对于HPCE毫无了解，但是giveuponway的答案说明的很详细。对后来者的翻译提供了很大的帮助。我很愿意在他的工作基础上提出我的观点:HPCE可以翻译成高效毛细管电泳，我没有任何意见。work应该翻译成研究成果，这是我的意见。还有一个问题，就是inpart。在原文中，inpart是presented的状语，应该是表示“提出了一部分”的意思。但是翻译成汉语的话“一部分”最好变成定语，用来修饰和限制work,这样一来，句子可以变得流畅起来:该项研究的部分成果曾在HPCE会议(1999年1月23-28日，加州，棕榈泉)上发表。或者:该项研究的部分成果已在HPCE会议(1999年1月23-28日，加州，棕榈泉)上发表。我的这个翻译的原则是在不漏掉原文意思的基础上尽量使句子变得流畅，而不去理会句中成分和位置是否有变化，翻译得尽量不留痕迹。如果楼主要翻译全文的话，我想这样的最后一句话会比较合适。个人意见，仅供参考。
外文书籍的中文翻译版本作参考文献，格式应该如下所示：[1] [美]Bruce EC++编程思想[M]刘综田,等,译北京:机械工业出版社,[2] [美]William Ford,等 数据结构C++语言描述(第2版)[M]陈君,译北京:清华大学出版社,参考文献的作用：1、参考文献是反映论文研究的重要科学依据，通过指出论文的观点、方法结合一些材料等，将论文中所研究的来源出处表明，可以反映其科学性。2、可以将论文中取得的研究成果与前人的进行区别开，这不仅是对前人研究成果的尊重，而且避免了抄袭的嫌疑。3、可以方便读者查阅资料以及进一步的研究，标准规范的参考文献可以显示该研究领域的方向和背景，有着承上启下的作用。
参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是： 姓，名字的首字母 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, MR，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F & IG；②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。[2] （美）Bruce Eckel著． C++编程思想．刘综田等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2000[3] （美）William Ford等著． 数据结构C++语言描述（第2版）．陈君译鸡北京：清华大学出版社，2003
Thereferencereference包括了以下几种意思A参考书目：提示读者参考另外的篇章或资料的出版物注解T参考资料：供参考的篇章或资料A参考书：常被当作出处的作品Amarkorfootnoteusedtodirectare
更英语翻译 载app: 尾巴翻译官 谢谢
Principles of Accounting 的introductionACCOUNTING INFORMATIONYou likely have a general concept of what accountants They capture information about the transactions and events of a business, and summarize that activity in reports that are used by persons interested in the But, you likely do not realize the complexity of accomplishing this It involves a talented blending of technical knowledge and measurement artistry that can only be fully appreciated via extensive study of the The best analogy is to say that you probably know what a heart surgeon does, but you no doubt appreciate that considerable knowledge and skill is needed to successfully treat a If you were studying to be a surgeon, you would likely begin with some basic anatomy In this chapter, you will begin your study of accounting by looking at the overall structure of accounting and the basic anatomy of Be advised that a true understanding of accounting does not come It only comes with determination and hard But, if you persevere, you will be surprised at what you discover about Knowledge of accounting is very valuable to business And, once you conquer the basics, accounting is actually quite an interesting ACCOUNTING DEFINED: It seems fitting to begin with a more formal definition of accounting: Accounting is a set of concepts and techniques that are used to measure and report financial information about an economic The economic unit is generally considered to be a separate The information is potentially reported to a variety of different types of interested These include business managers, owners, creditors, governmental units, financial analysts, and even In one way or another, these users of accounting information tend to be concerned about their own interests in the Business managers need accounting information to make sound leadership Investors hold out hope for profits that may eventually lead to distributions from the business (, "dividends") Creditors are always concerned about the entity's ability to repay its Governmental units need information to tax and Analysts use accounting data to form their opinions on which they base their investment Employees want to work for successful companies to further their individual careers, and they often have bonuses or options tied to enterprise Accounting information about specific entities helps satisfy the needs of all these interested The diversity of interested parties leads to a logical division in the discipline of accounting: financial accounting and managerial Financial accounting is concerned with external reporting of information to parties outside the In contrast, managerial accounting is primarily concerned with providing information for internal You may have some trouble seeing why a distinction is needed; after all aren't we just reporting financial facts? Let's look closer at the FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING: Consider that financial accounting is targeted toward a broad base of external users, none of whom control the actual preparation of reports or have access to underlying Their ability to understand and have confidence in reports is directly dependent upon standardization of the principles and practices that are used to prepare the Without such standardization, reports of different companies could be hard to understand and even harder to As a result, there are well organized processes to bring consistency and structure to financial In the United States, a private sector group called the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is primarily responsible for developing the rules that form the foundation of financial With the increase in global trade, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has been steadily gaining prominence as a global accounting rule Financial reports prepared under the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) promulgated by such standard setting bodies are intended to be general purpose in This means they are not prepared especially for owners, or creditors, or any other particular user Instead, they are intended to be equally useful for all user As such, attempts are made to keep them free from bias (neutral)MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING: In sharp contrast to financial accounting, managerial accounting information is intended to serve the specific needs of Business managers are charged with business planning, controlling, and decision As such, they may desire specialized reports, budgets, product costing data, and other details that are generally not reported on an external Further, management may dictate the parameters under which such information is to be accumulated and For instance, GAAP may require that certain research costs be deducted immediately in computing a business's externally reported income; on the other hand, management may see these costs as a long-term investment and stipulate that internal decision making be based upon income numbers that exclude such This is their Hopefully, such internal reporting is being done logically and rationally, but it need not follow any particular set of A QUALITY INFORMATION SYSTEM: Both financial accounting and managerial accounting depend upon a strong information system to reliably capture and summarize business transaction Information technology has radically reshaped this mundane part of the practice of accounting during the past 30 The era of the "green eye-shaded" accountant has been relegated to the annals of Now, accounting is more of a dynamic, decision-making discipline, rather than a bookkeeping INHERENT LIMITATIONS: Accounting data is not absolute or Considerable amounts of judgment and estimation are necessary to develop the specific accounting measurements that are reported during a particular month, quarter, or year (, how much pension expense should be reported now for the future benefits that are being earned by employees now, but the amounts will not be known with certainly until many years to come?) About the only way around the problem of utilizing estimation in accounting is to wait until all facts are known with certainty before issuing any However, by the time any information could be reported, it would be so stale as to lose its Thus, in order to timely present information, it is considered to be far better to embrace reasonable estimations in the normal preparation of ongoing financial In addition, accounting has not yet advanced to a state of being able to value a business (or a business's assets) As such, many transactions and events are reported based upon on the historical cost principle (in contrast to fair value) This principle holds that it is better to maintain accountability over certain financial statement elements at amounts that are objective and verifiable, rather than opening the door to random adjustments for value changes that may not be For example, land is initially recorded in the accounting records at its purchase That historical cost will not be adjusted even if the fair value is perceived as While this enhances the "reliability" of reported data, it can also pose a limitation on its "" THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION AND CAREERS THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION: To decide to be an accountant is no more descriptive than deciding to be a Obviously, there are many specialty Many accountants engage in the practice of "public" accounting, which involves providing audit, tax, and consulting services to the general To engage in the practice of public accounting usually requires one to be licensed as a CPA (Certified Public Accountant) Auditing involves the examination of transactions and systems that underlie an organization's financial reports, with the ultimate goal of providing an independent report on the appropriateness of financial Tax services relate to the providing of help in the preparation and filing of tax returns and the rendering of advice on the tax consequences of alternative Consulting services can vary dramatically, and include such diverse activities as information systems engineering to evaluating production Many accountants are privately employed directly by small and large businesses (, "industry accounting") and not-for-profit agencies (such as hospitals, universities, and charitable groups) They may work in areas of product costing and pricing, budgeting, and the examination of investment They may focus on internal auditing, which involves looking at controls and procedures in use by their Objectives of these reviews are to safeguard company resources and assess the reliability and accuracy of accounting information and accounting They may serve as in-house tax accountants, financial managers, or countless other And, it probably goes without saying that many accountants work in the governmental sector, whether it be local, state, or national You would expect to find many accountants at the Internal Revenue Service, General Accounting Office, Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC" -- the USA governmental agency body charged with regulating accounting and reporting by companies whose shares of stock is bought and sold in public markets), and even the Federal Bureau of IACCOUNTING AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS: Because investors and creditors place great reliance on financial statements in making their investment and credit decisions, it is imperative that the financial reporting process be truthful and Accountants are expected to behave in an entirely ethical fashion, and this is generally the To help insure integrity in the reporting process, the profession has adopted a code of ethics to which its licensed members must In addition, checks and balances via the audit process, government oversight, and the ever vigilant "plaintiff's attorney" all serve a vital role in providing additional safeguards against the errant If you are preparing to enter the accounting profession, you should do so with the intention of behaving with honor and If you are not planning to enter the profession, you will likely rely upon accountants in some aspect of your personal or professional You have every right to expect those accountants to behave in a completely trustworthy and ethical After all, you will be entrusting them with your financial resources and confidential
论文翻译软件比较多，比如百度、谷歌、有道等等，软件其实大同小异吧。
翻译软件哪家强？学姐有窍门英文文献整段翻译，准确率高排版不变
百度翻译、谷歌翻译、金山词霸都是不错的翻译软件。1、百度翻译百度翻译app是一款集词汇、翻译、词典、例句于一体的翻译软件，免费提供高质量的中文、英语、日语、韩语、西班牙语、泰语、法语、阿拉伯语、葡萄牙语、俄语、德语、意大利语、粤语、文言文等语种翻译服务。还可以进行文言文翻译，支持语音实时翻译、拍照翻译、离线翻译、对话翻译、实用口语、实物翻译、菜单翻译、通知栏查词、跨软件翻译等，能很大程度上满足用户的需求，是一款非常强大的翻译软件。2、谷歌翻译Google翻译app来自国际互联网巨头Google（谷歌）推出的谷歌翻译手机版，Google翻译app是目前功能最强大的翻译软件之一。它可以支持全球 106 种语言之间的互译，谷歌翻译手机版支持手写文字和语音翻译以及朗读结果，还加入语音翻译和即时相机翻译功能，界面非常简洁，操作简单，可以帮助广大出国旅行的网友们轻松搞定语言不通的问题。3、金山词霸金山词霸手机版是来自金山软件旗下的一款久经考验的、功能强大的、翻译精准的手机词典App，可以中文翻译英文，也可以英文翻译中文。词汇覆盖性广阔，一词多意把所有的意思都讲全面。本地词典和本地语音不用联网也能查词查，省去了不少流量，词典支持免费下载。
对于一些专业的英语学术文献，一般需要翻译整个文档，这里安利一下网易有道词典，不仅可以翻译一段文字，还能翻译整个文档，还是比较方便的。
英文学术文献翻译的软件有很多，罗列后分为以下三个类型：根据泛读→精读→学习英语第一类是需要泛读英文文献材料，就需要一个软件能够大段大段的翻译，这个时候不要求翻译的一个精准度，只要求能够大概的意思能够翻译到位，不要把专业词汇翻译成口语化的词汇就行。这一类一般常用的知云文献翻译，一篇文献它可以给你广泛性的进行翻译，可以初步的对摘要进行一个整体的了解，来判断这篇文献是不是符合要求。第二类是精读的时候往往需要去对其中某一段的意思，做一个详细的翻译。这个时候推荐百度翻译、谷歌翻译和欧路词典结合，百度翻译能翻译出一些学术性的词汇，但是对一些你特别想要了解的词汇，还是需要借助词典来进行补充，也非常适合你平时想在iPad上面进行学习和翻译。第三类是精读的同时还希望能够把不认识的单词都给记录下来，一般用的是一个插件Burning Vocabulary，这个插件可以在网页上把不认识的单词通过双击给你展示出来，然后你可以复制在自己的word里头，甚至可以导入到不背单词里头进行学习。
翻译软件哪家强？学姐有窍门英文文献整段翻译，准确率高排版不变
4。化学和微生物分析分析糖尿病和蛋白的浓度在实验饮食，排泄物和益生菌产品，是根据（1990）的测定方法（05和05，分别）。本通用电气测量用弹式量热计（模型1261，幼鱼仪器有限，莫林，白介素），和铬浓度测定的自动分光光度计（总v-650，总公司，东京，日本）按照对程序的芬顿和芬顿（1979）。微生物的检测粪便样本（14和28）和肠道食糜（28）进行培养不同介质的测定总厌氧细菌（胰酶大豆琼脂），双歧杆菌。（琼脂），乳酸杆菌。（刘健琼脂+ 02%叠氮化钠+ 05%胱氨酸盐酸盐一水合物），（台糖琼脂）和梭菌属。大肠菌群（紫红胆汁琼脂）。微生物的检测益生菌产品进行了培养技术。对嗜酸乳杆菌是列举使用琼脂+ 02%叠氮化钠+ 05%胱氨酸盐酸盐一水合物，枯草杆菌采用平板计数琼脂，酿酒酵母和曲霉的马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂。厌氧条件的测定厌氧是由使用气体厌氧系统（桶，260678号；培养基，底特律，米）。胰蛋白酶大豆琼脂（号236950），琼脂（288130号），紫红胆汁琼脂（号216695），平板计数琼脂（247940号），和马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂（213400号）用来购买了从琼脂实验室（底特律，米），与台糖琼脂（cm0589）购买蛋白（新罕布什尔州，英国）。值的益生菌产品确定的值（基本表上举，缝纫机，德国）。5。小肠形态三横截面为每个肠道样本准备染色后，蔚蓝的和使用标准石蜡包埋程序。共有10个完整的，welloriented绒毛单位被选定为每个一式三份肠道截面如前所述（金等人。，2008）。绒毛高度测量从冰山的绒毛绒毛隐窝交界处，和隐窝深度的定义是深度凹陷相邻绒毛。所有形态测量（绒毛高度和隐窝深度）是在10-μ米递增使用图像处理分析系统（擎天柱软件版本5，媒体cybergenetics，北阅读，马）。
谷歌浏览器翻译和有道翻译，有道翻译可以直接提供文档翻译，译文也还不错。谷歌浏览器翻译 优点可以pdf直接翻译，准确率高。