发布时间：
哎哟 这个可有一点难度呢亲，需要的话 也可以给你呢。
Language and ThoughtLanguage and Thoughtby Dan Slobin of the University of California, BerkeleyNo one would disagree with the claim that language and thought interact in many significant There is great disagreement, however, about the proposition that each specific language has its own influence on the thought and action of its On the one hand, anyone who has learned more than one language is struck by the many ways in which languages differ from one But on the other hand, we expect human beings everywhere to have similar ways of experiencing the Comparisons of different languages can lead one to pay attention to 'universals'--the ways in which all languages are similar, and to 'particulars' --the ways in which each individual language, or type of language, is special, even Linguists and other social scientists interested in universals have formulated theories to describe and explain human language and human language behavior in general terms as species-specific capacities of human However, the idea that different languages may influence thinking in different ways has been present in many cultures and has given rise to many philosophical Because it is so difficult to pin down effects of a particular language on a particular thought pattern, this issue remains It comes in and out of fashion and often evokes considerable energy in efforts to support or refute Relativity and Determinism There are two problems to confront in this arena: linguistic relativity and linguistic Relativity is easy to In order to speak any language, you have to pay attention to the meanings that are grammatically marked in that For example, in English it is necessary to mark the verb to indicate the time of occurrence of an event you are speaking about: It's raining; It rained; and so In Turkish, however, it is impossible to simply say, 'It rained last night' This language, like many American Indian languages, has more than one past tense, depending on one's source of knowledge of the In Turkish, there are two past tenses--one to report direct experience and the other to report events that you know about only by inference or Thus, if you were out in the rain last night, you will say, 'It rained last night' using the past-tense form that indicates that you were a witness to the rain; but if you wake up in the morning and see the wet street and garden, you are obliged to use the other past-tense form--the one that indicates that you were not a witness to the rain Differences of this sort have fascinated linguists and anthropologists for They have reported hundreds of facts about 'exotic' languages, such as verbs that are marked or chosen according to the shape of an object that is being handled (Navajo) or for the relative ages of speaker and hearer (Korean) Such facts are grist for the mill of linguistic And, indeed, they can be found quite readily in 'nonexotic' languages as To cite a fact about English that is well known to linguists: It is not appropriate to say Richard Nixon has worked in Washington, but it is perfectly OK to say Gerald Ford has worked in W Why? English restricts the present perfect tense ('has worked') to assertions about people who are Exotic! Proponents of linguistic determinism argue that such differences between languages influence the ways people think--perhaps the ways in which whole cultures are Among the strongest statements of this position are those by Benjamin Lee Whorf and his teacher, Edward Sapir, in the first half of this century--hence the label, 'The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis', for the theory of linguistic relativity and Whorf proposed: 'We cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do, largely because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way--an agreement that holds throughout our speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language' (Whorf, 1940; in Carroll, 1956, 213-4) And, in the words of Sapir: 'Human are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built up on the language habits of the group' (Sapir, 1929; in Manlbaum, 1958, 162) Investigating Language and Thought How can such bold claims be substantiated beyond examination of individual languages themselves? If one takes the hypothesis seriously, it should be possible to show that Turks are more sensitive to evidence than are Americans, but that Americans are more aware of death than T Clearly, the hypothesis cannot be supported on so grand a Rather, experimental psychologists and cognitive anthropologists have sought to find small differences, on controlled tasks, between speakers of various Maybe Navajos are somewhat more sensitive to shapes of objects, for The results have been In most cases, human thought and action are overdetermined by an array of causes, so the structure of language may not play a central causal Linguistic determinism can best be demonstrated in situations in which language is the principal means of drawing people's attention to a particular aspect of For example, if you regularly speak a language in which you must pick a form of second-person address (you) that marks your social relationship to your interlocutor--such as Spanish tu ('you' for friends and family and for those socially subordinate) usted ('you' for those socially above in status or for those with whom you have no close connection) or French tu versus vous--you must categorize every person you talk to in terms of the relevant social (As a thought experiment of linguistic determinism, think of the categorizations of social relationships that would have to be made if Spanish became the common language of the United S) Going beyond thought experiments, some of the most convincing research demonstrating some degree of linguistic determinism is being conducted under the direction of Stephen C Levinson at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen, The N Levinson and his collaborators distinguish between languages that describe spatial relations in terms of the body (like English 'right/left', 'front/back') and those that orient to fixed points in the environment (like 'north/south/east/west' in some aboriginal Australian languages) In a language of the second type one would refer, for example, to 'your north shoulder' or 'the bottle at the west end of the table'; in narrating a past event, one would have to remember how the actions related to the compass Thus, in order to speak this type of language, you always have to know where you are with respect to the compass points, whether you are speaking or And Levinson's group have shown, in extensive cross-linguistic and cross-cultur studies, that this is, in fact, the Much more research needs to be done, but it is not likely that the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis will be supported in the strong form quoted For one, language is only one factor that influences cognition and For another, if the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis were really true, second language learning and translation would be far harder than they However, because language is so pervasive--and because we must always make cognitive decisions while speaking--weaker versions of the hypothesis will continue to attract scientific (For a lively debate on many of these issues, with much new evidence from several fields, read Gumperz and Levinson ) Suggested Readings Gumperz, J J, and Levinson, S C Rethinking linguistic Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University P Lucy, John A Language diversity and thought: A reformulation of the linguistic relativity Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University P Sapir, E "The status of linguistics as a science" Language 207- Reprinted in The selected writings of Edward Sapir in language, culture, and personality, by D G Mandelbaum, 160- Berkeley: University of California P Whorf, B L "Science and linguistics" Technology Review 42: 227-31, 247- Reprinted in Language, thought, and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf, by J B Carroll, 207- Cambridge, MA: The Technology Press of MIT/New York: W
英美文学方向的选题太多了啊，网上一搜一大堆，选一个你自己喜欢并感兴趣的就行了。 1、 透过《傲慢与偏见》看现代社会爱情观 2、生与死的抗争--《厄舍古厦的倒塌》主题解读 3、浅谈“欧·亨利式结尾”及其文学影响 4、从宗教角度解读简爱的多重性格 5、从女权主义角度剖析《小妇人》中的乔 6、 “英雄”的陨落--悲剧美学角度分析《老人与海》 7、 从《菊花》中看女主人公Elisa实现自我价值的障碍 8、奉献与宽容---浅析《双城记》中的仁爱精神 9、 《格列佛游记》中对理性的反思与批判 10、浅析《警察和赞美诗》的戏剧化特色 11、一场失败革命的反思---论《动物庄园》中所表现的象征意义 12、论詹姆斯·乔伊斯《阿拉比》的精神顿悟 13、从后印象主义角度解读《到灯塔去》中的双性同体观 14、 从中西方道德观差异谈《伊利亚特》与《封神演义》人物品德 15、 韦伯《猫》中的女性主义 16、 浅析《儿子与情人》中的心理冲突 17、浅析中西方喜剧文化---以《武林外传》和《老友记》为例 18、从女性主义看《傲慢与偏见》中的女性形象 19、《瓦尔登湖》中自然主义的现实意义 20、 从男性角色解读《简爱》中的女性反抗意识 21、论《荆棘鸟》中的女性意识 22、 论劳伦斯《虹》中的异化 23、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》与《梁祝》悲剧结局所体现的中西文化差异 24、从《在路上》看五六十年代美国社会价值观 25、 评希思克利夫被扭曲的心路历程 26、试论马克·吐温短篇小说的幽默特色 27、惠特曼的死亡哲学 28、 论《呼啸山庄》--原始古朴与文明理性的交错色彩 29、 论《了不起的盖茨比》中“二元主角”手法的运用 30、透过小说《威廉·威尔逊》和《黑猫》看艾伦·坡的善恶观
论《洛丽塔》中纳博科夫的现代意识 (文化冲突)The Dispiriting Incompatibility of European and American CulturesThroughout Lolita, the interactions between European and American cultures result in perpetual misunderstandings and Charlotte Haze, an American, is drawn to the sophistication and worldliness of Humbert, a E She eagerly accepts Humbert not so much because of who he is, but because she is charmed by what she sees as the glamour and intellect of Humbert’s Humbert has no such reverence for C He openly mocks the superficiality and transience of American culture, and he views Charlotte as nothing but a simple-minded However, he adores every one of Lolita’s vulgarities and chronicles every detail of his tour of America—he enjoys the possibilities for freedom along the open American He eventually admits that he has defiled the country rather than the other way Though Humbert and Lolita develop their own version of peace as they travel together, their union is clearly not based on understanding or Lolita cannot comprehend the depth of Humbert’s devotion, which he overtly links to art, history, and culture, and Humbert will never truly recognize Lolita’s unwillingness to let him sophisticate Eventually, Lolita leaves Humbert for the American Quilty, who does not bore her with high culture or grand 偶然和无常纳博科夫的《洛丽塔》中的混沌 (心里和心理学方面的混乱)The Inadequacy of PsychiatryHumbert’s passion for Lolita defies easy psychological analysis, and throughout Lolita Humbert mocks psychiatry’s tendency toward simplistic, logical In the foreword to Lolita, John Ray, J, PD, claims that Humbert’s tale will be of great interest to psychiatry, but throughout his memoir Humbert does his best to discredit the entire field of study, heaping the most scorn on Freudian For example, he enjoys lying to the psychiatrists at the He reports mockingly that Pratt, the headmistress of Lolita’s school, diagnoses Lolita as sexually immature, wholly unaware that she actually has an overly active sex life with her By undermining the authority and logic of the psychiatric field, Nabokov demands that readers view Humbert as a unique and deeply flawed human being, but not an insane Humbert further thwarts efforts of scientific categorization by constantly describing his feelings for Lolita as an enchantment or spell, closer to magic than to He tries to prove that his love is not a mental disease but an enormous, strange, and uncontrollable emotion that resists easy Nabokov himself was deeply critical of psychiatry, and Lolita is, in a way, an attack on the 以《洛丽塔》为例分析文学内在价值与社会道德规范的冲突解析《洛丽塔》中主人公的悲剧命运论《洛丽塔》的悲剧意义(这段3个主题都有相关,但是不详细)Humbert and Lolita are both exiles, and, alienated from the societies with which they are familiar, they find themselves in ambiguous moral territory where the old rules seem not to Humbert chooses exile and comes willingly from Europe to America, while Lolita is forced into exile when Charlotte She becomes detached from her familiar community of Ramsdale and goes on the road with H Together, they move constantly and belong to no single fixed The tourists Humbert and Lolita meet on the road are similarly transient, belonging to a generic America rather than to a specific In open, unfamiliar territory, Humbert and Lolita form their own set of rules, where normal sexual and familial relationships become twisted and Both Humbert and Lolita have become so disconnected from ordinary society that neither can fully recognize how morally depraved their actions Humbert cannot see his own monstrosity, and Lolita shows only occasional awareness of herself of a Though Humbert sweeps Lolita away so that they can find a measure of freedom, their exile ultimately traps Lolita is bound to Humbert because she has nowhere else to go, and though Humbert dreams of leaving America with Lolita, he eventually accepts that he will stay in America until he Though each of them undergoes one final exile, Lolita to Dick Schiller and Humbert to prison, it is clear that they are first and foremost exiled from their own selves, an exile so total that they could never return to their original places in the worlds they once Exile in L
皇帝的新衣快乐王子卖火柴的小女孩竞选市长小王子
A Brief Comment on Shakespeare's' The Merchant of Venice (浅谈莎士比亚的《威尼斯商人》)Hamlet: His Characters as a Humanist(哈姆雷特人物性格分析)Parallelism and Contrast of Shakespeare's Dramatic Language(莎士比亚戏剧的排比与对照用语)The Social Significance of Dickens's Oliver Twist(狄更斯《雾都孤儿》的社会意义)On the Structure of Dickens's Hard Times(谈狄更斯《艰难时世》的结构)Jane Austen's Art of Irony and Its Rhetoric Effects(简·奥斯丁的反语及其修辞效果)Appreciation of Literary Language of Pride and Prejudice(《傲慢与偏见》文学语言欣赏)
学术堂整理了十五个英语专业毕业论文选题供大家参考: 试从家庭视角探析《最蓝的眼睛》中女主人公皮克拉的悲剧 英语 浅析《雾都孤儿》中的善及其对恶的影响 英语 悲观与迷茫心理------浅析海明威小说《永别了武器》 英语 探析<<远大前程>>中郝维香的悲惨命运 英语 浅析《双城记》中的人道主义思想 英语 简爱与苔丝性格及命运的对比研究 英语 试论《飘》中女性主义的悲剧色彩 英语 浅析《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》中艾米丽的悲剧 英语 《威尼斯商人》中安东尼奥的人物特点分析 英语 从《哈克贝利o费恩历险记》看马克o吐温的写作特色 英语 麦琪悲剧的成因--《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》 英语 《蝇王》的主题分析 英语 迷失的灵魂--论奥尼尔晚期剧作《长日人夜行》 英语 青少年的烦恼--对《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的心理分析 英语 勃朗特姐妹的爱情观解析 英语
About European culture
不知道你是在问什么问题，要把问题说清楚，才好回答哦。如果你是想找小学美术教学论文，可以百度搜下：普刊学术中心，上面有很多免费分享的论文，当然还有很多论文方面的写作材料和教程知识，其实不管什么类型的教学论文，都是属于教育类的，这种研究领域就决定了只能发普刊级别的论文
The term English literature refers to literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; Joseph Conrad was Polish, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, Salman Rushdie is Indian, VS Naipaul was born in Trinidad, Vladimir Nabokov was R In other words, English literature is as diverse as the varieties and dialects of English spoken around the In academia, the term often labels departments and programmes practising English studies in secondary and tertiary educational Despite the variety of authors of English literature, the works of William Shakespeare remain paramount throughout the English-speaking This article primarily deals with literature from Britain written in E For literature from specific English-speaking regions, consult the see also section at the bottom of the Contents [hide]1 Old English2 Renaissance literature3 Early Modern 1 Elizabethan E2 Jacobean 3 Caroline and Cromwellian 4 Restoration 5 Augustan literature4 18th century5 Romanticism6 Victorian literature7 Modernism8 Post-modern literature9 Views of English literature10 See also11 External linksOld EnglishMain article: Anglo-Saxon literatureThe first works in English, written in Old English, appeared in the early Middle Ages (the oldest surviving text is Cædmon's Hymn) The oral tradition was very strong in early British culture and most literary works were written to be Epic poems were thus very popular and many, including Beowulf, have survived to the present day in the rich corpus of Anglo-Saxon literature that closely resemble today's Norwegian or, better yet, I Much Anglo-Saxon verse in the extant manuscripts is probably a "milder" adaptation of the earlier Viking and German war poems from the When such poetry was brought to England it was still being handed down orally from one generation to another, and the constant presence of alliterative verse, or consonant rhyme (today's newspaper headlines and marketing abundantly use this technique such as in Big is Better) helped the Anglo-Saxon peoples remember Such rhyme is a feature of Germanic languages and is opposed to vocalic or end-rhyme of Romance But the first written literature dates to the early Christian monasteries founded by S Augustine of Canterbury and his disciples and it is reasonable to believe that it was somehow adapted to suit to needs of Christian Even without their crudest lines, Viking war poems still smell of blood feuds and their consonant rhymes sound like the smashing of swords under the gloomy northern sky: there is always a sense of imminent danger in the Sooner or later, all things must come to an end, as Beowulf eventually dies at the hands of the monsters he spends the tale The feelings of Beowulf that nothing lasts, that youth and joy will turn to death and sorrow entered Christianity and were to dominate the future landscape of English Renaissance literatureMain article: English RenaissanceFollowing the introduction of a printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, vernacular literature The Reformation inspired the production of vernacular liturgy which led to the Book of Common Prayer, a lasting influence on literary English The poetry, drama, and prose produced under both Queen Elizabeth I and King James I constitute what is today labelled as Early modern (or Renaissance)Early Modern periodFurther information: Early Modern English and Early Modern BritainElizabethan EraMain article: Elizabethan literatureThe Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the field of The Italian Renaissance had rediscovered the ancient Greek and Roman theatre, and this was instrumental in the development of the new drama, which was then beginning to evolve apart from the old mystery and miracle plays of the Middle A The Italians were particularly inspired by Seneca (a major tragic playwright and philosopher, the tutor of Nero) and Plautus (its comic clichés, especially that of the boasting soldier had a powerful influence on the Renaissance and after) However, the Italian tragedies embraced a principle contrary to Seneca's ethics: showing blood and violence on the In Seneca's plays such scenes were only acted by the But the English playwrights were intrigued by Italian model: a conspicuous community of Italian actors had settled in London and Giovanni Florio had brought much of the Italian language and culture to E It is also true that the Elizabethan Era was a very violent age and that the high incidence of political assassinations in Renaissance Italy (embodied by Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince) did little to calm fears of popish As a result, representing that kind of violence on the stage was probably more cathartic for the Elizabethan Following earlier Elizabethan plays such as Gorboduc by Sackville & Norton and The Spanish Tragedy by Kyd that was to provide much material for Hamlet, William Shakespeare stands out in this period as a poet and playwright as yet Shakespeare was not a man of letters by profession, and probably had only some grammar school He was neither a lawyer, nor an aristocrat as the "university wits" that had monopolised the English stage when he started But he was very gifted and incredibly versatile, and he surpassed "professionals" as Robert Greene who mocked this "shake-scene" of low Though most dramas met with great success, it is in his later years (marked by the early reign of James I) that he wrote what have been considered his greatest plays: Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, and The Tempest, a tragicomedy that inscribes within the main drama a brilliant pageant to the new This 'play within a play' takes the form of a masque, an interlude with music and dance coloured by the novel special effects of the new indoor Critics have shown that this masterpiece, which can be considered a dramatic work in its own right, was written for James's court, if not for the monarch The magic arts of Prospero, on which depend the outcome of the plot, hint at the fine relationship between art and nature in Significantly for those times (the arrival of the first colonists in America), The Tempest is (though not apparently) set on a Bermudan island, as research on the Bermuda Pamphlets (1609) has shown, linking Shakespeare to the Virginia Company The "News from the New World", as Frank Kermode points out, were already out and Shakespeare's interest in this respect is Shakespeare also popularized the English sonnet which made significant changes to Petrarch's The sonnet was introduced into English by Thomas Wyatt in the early 16th Poems intended to be set to music as songs, such as by Thomas Campion, became popular as printed literature was disseminated more widely in See English Madrigal S Other important figures in Elizabethan theatre include Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Dekker, John Fletcher and Francis B Had Marlowe (1564-1593) not been stabbed at twenty-nine in a tavern brawl, says Anthony Burgess, he might have rivalled, if not equalled Shakespeare himself for his poetic Remarkably, he was born only a few weeks before Shakespeare and must have known him Marlowe's subject matter, though, is different: it focuses more on the moral drama of the renaissance man than any other Marlowe was fascinated and terrified by the new frontiers opened by modern Drawing on German lore, he introduced D Faustus to England, a scientist and magician who is obsessed by the thirst of knowledge and the desire to push man's technological power to its He acquires supernatural gifts that even allow him to go back in time and wed Helen of Troy, but at the end of his twenty-four years' covenant with the devil he has to surrender his soul to His dark heroes may have something of Marlowe himself, whose untimely death remains a He was known for being an atheist, leading a lawless life, keeping many mistresses, consorting with ruffians: living the 'high life' of London's But many suspect that this might have been a cover-up for his activities as a secret agent for Elizabeth I, hinting that the 'accidental stabbing' might have been a premeditated assassination by the enemies of The C Beaumont and Fletcher are less-known, but it is almost sure that they helped Shakespeare write some of his best dramas, and were quite popular at the It is also at this time that the city comedy genre In the later 16th century English poetry was characterised by elaboration of language and extensive allusion to classical The most important poets of this era include Edmund Spenser and Sir Philip S Elizabeth herself, a product of Renaissance humanism, produced occasional poems such as On Monsieur’s DCanons of Renaissance poetryJacobean literatureAfter Shakespeare's death, the poet and dramatist Ben Jonson was the leading literary figure of the Jacobean era (The reign of James I) However, Jonson's aesthetics hark back to the Middle Ages rather than to the Tudor Era: his characters embody the theory of According to this contemporary medical theory, behavioral differences result from a prevalence of one of the body's four "humours" (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) over the other three; these humours correspond with the four elements of the universe: air, water, fire, and This leads Jonson to exemplify such differences to the point of creating types, or clichéJonson is a master of style, and a brilliant His Volpone shows how a group of scammers are fooled by a top con-artist, vice being punished by vice, virtue meting out its Others who followed Jonson's style include Beaumont and Fletcher, who wrote the brilliant comedy, The Knight of the Burning Pestle, a mockery of the rising middle class and especially of those nouveaux riches who pretend to dictate literary taste without knowing much literature at In the story, a couple of grocers wrangle with professional actors to have their illiterate son play a leading role in a He becomes a knight-errant wearing, appropriately, a burning pestle on his Seeking to win a princess' heart, the young man is ridiculed much in the way Don Quixote One of Beaumont and Fletcher's chief merits was that of realising how feudalism and chivalry had turned into snobbery and make-believe and that new social classes were on the Another popular style of theatre during Jacobean times was the revenge play, popularized by John Webster and Thomas K George Chapman wrote a couple of subtle revenge tragedies, but must be remembered chiefly on account of his famous translation of Homer, one that had a profound influence on all future English literature, even inspiring John Keats to write one of his best The King James Bible, one of the most massive translation projects in the history of English up to this time, was started in 1604 and completed in It represents the culmination of a tradition of Bible translation into English that began with the work of William T It became the standard Bible of the Church of England, and some consider it one of the greatest literary works of all This project was headed by James I himself, who supervised the work of forty-seven Although many other translations into English have been made, some of which are widely considered more accurate, many aesthetically prefer the King James Bible, whose meter is made to mimic the original Hebrew Besides Shakespeare, whose figure towers over the early 1600s, the major poets of the early 17th century included John Donne and the other Metaphysical Influenced by continental Baroque, and taking as his subject matter both Christian mysticism and eroticism, metaphysical poetry uses unconventional or "unpoetic" figures, such as a compass or a mosquito, to reach surprise For example, in "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning", one of Donne's Songs and Sonnets, the points of a compass represent two lovers, the woman who is home, waiting, being the centre, the farther point being her lover sailing away from But the larger the distance, the more the hands of the compass lean to each other: separation makes love grow The paradox or the oxymoron is a constant in this poetry whose fears and anxieties also speak of a world of spiritual certainties shaken by the modern discoveries of geography and science, one that is no longer the centre of the Apart from the metaphysical poetry of Donne, the 17th century is also celebrated for its Baroque Baroque poetry served the same ends as the art of the period; the Baroque style is lofty, sweeping, epic, and Many of these poets have an overtly Catholic sensibility (namely Richard Crashaw) and wrote poetry for the Catholic counter-Reformation in order to establish a feeling of supremacy and mysticism that would ideally persuade newly emerging Protestant groups back toward CCaroline and Cromwellian literatureThe turbulent years of the mid-17th century, during the reign of Charles I and the subsequent Commonwealth and Protectorate, saw a flourishing of political literature in E Pamphlets written by sympathisers of every faction in the English civil war ran from vicious personal attacks and polemics, through many forms of propaganda, to high-minded schemes to reform the Of the latter type, Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes would prove to be one of the most important works of British political Hobbes's writings are some of the few political works from the era which are still regularly published while John Bramhall, who was Hobbes's chief critic, is largely The period also saw a flourishing of news books, the precursors to the British newspaper, with journalists such as Henry Muddiman, Marchamont Needham, and John Birkenhead representing the views and activities of the contending The frequent arrests of authors and the suppression of their works, with the consequence of foreign or underground printing, led to the proposal of a licensing The Areopagitica, a political pamphlet by John Milton, was written in opposition to licensing and is regarded as one of the most eloquent defenses of press freedom ever Specifically in the reign of Charles I (1625 – 42), English Renaissance theatre experienced its concluding The last works of Ben Jonson appeared on stage and in print, along with the final generation of major voices in the drama of the age: John Ford, Philip Massinger, James Shirley, and Richard B With the closure of the theatres at the start of the English Civil War in 1642, drama was suppressed for a generation, to resume only in the altered society of the English Restoration in Other forms of literature written during this period are usually ascribed political subtexts, or their authors are grouped along political The cavalier poets, active mainly before the civil war, owed much to the earlier school of metaphysical The forced retirement of royalist officials after the execution of Charles I was a good thing in the case of Izaak Walton, as it gave him time to work on his book The Compleat A Published in 1653, the book, ostensibly a guide to fishing, is much more: a meditation on life, leisure, and The two most important poets of Oliver Cromwell's England were Andrew Marvell and John Milton, with both producing works praising the new government; such as Marvell's An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's Return from I Despite their republican beliefs they escaped punishment upon the Restoration of Charles II, after which Milton wrote some of his greatest poetical works (with any possible political message hidden under allegory) Thomas Browne was another writer of the period; a learned man with an extensive library, he wrote prolifically on science, religion, medicine and the Restoration literatureMain article: Restoration LiteratureRestoration literature includes both Paradise Lost and the Earl of Rochester's Sodom, the high spirited sexual comedy of The Country Wife and the moral wisdom of Pilgrim's P It saw Locke's Treatises on Government, the founding of the Royal Society, the experiments of Robert Boyle and the holy meditations of Boyle, the hysterical attacks on theatres from Jeremy Collier, the pioneering of literary criticism from Dryden, and the first The official break in literary culture caused by censorship and radically moralist standards under Cromwell's Puritan regime created a gap in literary tradition, allowing a seemingly fresh start for all forms of literature after the R During the Interregnum, the royalist forces attached to the court of Charles I went into exile with the twenty-year old Charles II The nobility who travelled with Charles II were therefore lodged for over a decade in the midst of the continent's literary Charles spent his time attending plays in France, and he developed a taste for Spanish Those nobles living in Holland began to learn about mercantile exchange as well as the tolerant, rationalist prose debates that circulated in that officially tolerant The largest and most important poetic form of the era was In general, publication of satire was done There were great dangers in being associated with a On the one hand, defamation law was a wide net, and it was difficult for a satirist to avoid prosecution if he were proven to have written a piece that seemed to criticize a On the other hand, wealthy individuals would respond to satire as often as not by having the suspected poet physically attacked by John Dryden was set upon for being merely suspected of having written the Satire on M A consequence of this anonymity is that a great many poems, some of them of merit, are unpublished and largely
建议写沾中国文学边的，比如中英对比，英文相对于中文的异同。