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回答 您好，通常论文都由标题、摘要、正文、参考文献等四部分构成 标题要求直接、具体、醒目、简明扼要。标题应是整个论文总体内容的体现，要用词恰当，力求简短，能反映出论文的内容。 摘要要说明研究的目的、方法、成果和结论，要突出论文的新见解，语言精炼。提要应具有独立性和自含性，即不阅读论文的全文，就能获得必要的信息。要便于检索。中文摘要200字左右。 正文是毕业论文的核心内容，包括绪论、本论、结论三大部分。正文不要车轱辘话来回说，一句话表达准确即可，尤其不要多次出现主观感受性话语，类似于感受性的需要不可以作为论文的论据。绪论要明确、具体地提出所论述课题，本论主要阐述自己的观点及其论据，结论要写论证的结果，做到首尾一贯，同时要写对课题研究的展望，提及进一步探讨的问题或可能解决的途径等。 参考文献即撰写论文过程中研读的一些文章或资料，要选择主要的列在文后。 做好准备工作 准备工作重新审视文献/更新文献。决定你的受众： 1）这是什么类型的文章：研究论文，回顾类论文，教程。 2）想要投稿什么类的期刊。 3）读者是谁：本科生，专业研究者，还有总是要面对的审稿人。 更多8条
在英语词汇学习过程中，学习者要遵循第二语言习得的规律，掌握并灵活运用多种词汇学习策略。可分为词汇表策略、语境策略、精加工策略、语义场策略。
奉贤精锐英语老师为你解答：关于词汇的，比如语篇回指功能
英语词,汇学的
要具备足够的创新性sci论文最强调的是创新性。如果没有创新性，语言写得再好，都是不可能被SCI期刊接收。 文章的构思一定要逻辑清晰一篇科技论文，就像讲一个故事。你能够将工作的重要性是什么？或者说能解决什么样的问题？为什么要做这个工作？针对这样的问题，你采取了什么样的方法来解决这个问题？获得了什么样的新成果？获得的成果解决了前面提出的问题没有？如果将这样一个故事讲圆满了，那么你的文章也就写得比较成功。 摘要一定要写好摘要要用简洁的语言高度概括整个文章。摘要的好坏决定文章是否被期刊编辑送审。摘要的第一句一般提出研究背景，指出存在的问题。接下来针对这个问题，阐述采取的技术手段，如何解决问题。通过我们的技术路线和方案，得到了什么样的结论？最后得到的结论，对所在研究领域有什么样的作用和意义。
大家是否了解，SCI这个英文单词是什么意思呢？它和写论文到底有哪些关系？
一篇合格的SCI论文总有几点是必不可少的。以下，是学术堂集各方智慧总结的良心贴，与大家分享合格论文的写作技巧和方法~~排版是给人的第一印象，当然也需按要求。现在网上搜索还是比较强大的，有不同的排版格式，或者自己能够多练习如何灵活运用word等软件，不只是写论文，对于其它东西也是非常有帮助的。编程语言对于论文的作用也许很多人都听过，它对论文起着重要的作用。理工科的科研工作者应该感触尤其深，可以这么说，理工学科的基础和深入发展往往都是要转化为数学问题进行描述和解决。然而复杂的数学往往不便于理解，如何更好的展示我们的结果，往往是需要一些编程手段。比如利用matlab来绘制结果的曲线图。好的科学思想或者算法设计，一定是需要一个软件来实现的，这就是编程语言的重要性。 一、一些的理论与数学化描述 一个问题必须通过理论进行严格的阐述，这是科研的表达方式。实现这一点一定需要一些数学化的表述，集合论、图论、概率论、微积分，等等。一定要设法熟悉和使用数学化的描述。数学化描述的优点就是思路清晰，科学严谨，简洁精炼。写一篇论文，或者学一门科学知识，往往需要学习其对应的数学工具和数学表述，就是这个道理。这个学习过程就是科研的套路，怎么学的，我们就设法怎么照着去做、去发展。 二、专业化的术语与合格的分析结果 术语对于我们在科学研究中的重要性不言而喻。论文中常使用的术语，一定要熟悉和使用其专业化术语。大家都习惯了这种表述，你也这样说，才方便大家理解你的工作。结果分析也应该是合理的，分析的量是不是大家常分析的都关心的物理量。结果还要直观易懂，分析严谨等等。 三、模型图及结果的绘制和整理 一篇文章最一开始给人最直接的印象就是图。论文的图有两种，一个是模型图，另一个是结果图。模型图是为了文章中能够更直观的表达出你所要论述的观点。模型图是能为文章增添光彩的。好的模型图可以反映出问题的特征，让问题具有一定的可视性。很多好杂志的论文，文章中的模型图都画得非常好看，不仅是美观，也把文章要表述的问题描绘的生动、到位。 如果说模型图是锦上添花的效果，那么结果图就是关乎到文章的最直接最实在的部分。结果图顾名思义就是将文章的理论结论以图的形式展现，文章的结论正确与否就可以从结果图看出。对于结果图的绘制要做到清晰明了，尽量使信息丰富，同时能使人一目了然，看到你工作的意义、创新性。 四、数据库、手册、已有文献的实验 这部分是学者们都必须要掌握的，却常常容易忽略的内容。数据库、手册、已有文献的搜集是必须的。他们的作用是，可用来与你的结果进行验证对比。学术论文都提倡创新性及价值，但创新出来的理论或者方法一提出来，首先需要的是做详细的验证，验证它的可行性和优势。不可行就没意义了，可行但没优势，意义也不大了。 五、无错误的英语描述 虽然英语不是我们的母语，但是如果想写高质量的文章就必须得克服语言关，毕竟SCI多数是国际杂志，是用英语的。文章中表述不能有错误，如果文中思想和内容写的很好，但是在英文表述中出现了一些语法错误，即使问题不大，也会让审稿人的印象不好。如果英语错误漏洞百出，怎么让审稿人和编辑相信你的工作还有更深远的科研意义呢？
01、题目题目是个标签，好的题目能够确保你的文章被目标读者方便的找到，而没取好题目则会让你的文章纵使发表也彻底沉寂。写sci论文要尽早确定题目，写作的过程保持其余部分与标题的严格一致。在设计标题时，应该注意以下几点：①题目应该尽量简练，以10-12个词为最佳；②题目应该按照正常语序，常用词组（易被追踪、被搜索的词汇）组织语言，使文章的主题得以清晰完全的表达；③要使用专用而非通用词汇；④题目中不要用缩写、分子式、罗马数字、阿拉伯数字、标点和特殊字符。02、摘要摘要是全文内容的凝练版，字数允许范围内，包含尽量多信息：研究目标；关键材料/方法；理论机理；主要结论（注意一定是主要结论，而不是把所有的结论都上）。摘要简明易读、涵盖文中要点；首句为点睛，是摘要中的摘要，即是前面要求一句话概括全文的句子。03、前言前言的撰写需要你做好足够的文献调研和前期问答，撰写的目标是提供理解文章所需要的背景信息，刺激读者的阅读兴趣，同时也诱导审稿人对文章的重要性做出公正判断。前言主要包含以下内容：描绘工作目标，为什么提出这个课题，课题的背景、历史、现状，现存的研究有什么问题和不足，你打算用什么方法解决这个课题，预期的结果和贡献是什么，文章的创新点和应用前景是什么。注意事项：①尽量少用行话，对于专业术语，要交代清楚，并且所有的缩写和术语在首次出现时都要给出明确定义；②引言一定要提出具体的研究目标；③中肯的总结前人的工作，清楚的提出你的假说，并进行客观的对比，引导审稿人建立起对你工作的意义的认识；④做到言必有据，具有可推敲性；⑤谈及重要文献时，要引用原始文献。04、实验方法及实验结果分析实验方法部分主要描述实验执行的步骤、条件参数、仪器、材料等，这部分只要表达清楚就可以，没有必要繁琐。
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高考英语作文常用写作句式句型汇总一．开头用语：良好的开端等于成功的一半．在写作文时，通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。也就是说, 直截了当地提出你对这个问题的看法或要求，点出文章的中心思想。 1．议论论文： A Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages．B Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more C When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of However,D Opinions are divided on the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the E As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily F Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of 书信：A I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting B I read an advertisement in today’s China Daily and I apply for the C Thank you for your letter of May D How happy I am to receive your letter of January E How nice to hear from you 口头通知或介绍情况：A Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, I have an announcement to B Attention, I have something important to tell C M Green, Welcome to our To begin with, let me introduce M Wang to 演讲稿：A Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject -- A Balance Diet and HB Good morning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished 二．并列用语：as well as, not only…but (also), including,A Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but also play an informative role in our daily B All of us, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the C He speaks French as well as E=He speaks English, and French as =He speaks not only English but also F D E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily 三．对比用语：on one hand ,on the other hand, on the contrary/contrary to , though, for one thing ;for another, neverthelessA I know the Internet can only be used at home or in the office, but on the other hand, it is becoming more and more popular for much information as well as clear and vivid B It is hard work; I enjoy it C Contrary to what I had originally thought, the trip turned out to be 四 递进用语：even, besides, what’s more, as for, so…that…, worse still, moreover, furthermore; but for, in addition, to make matters worse A The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore/besides/what’s more/moreover /in addition/worse still , it is in a bad 五 例证用语：in one’s opinion, that is to say, for example, for instance, as a matter of fact, in fact, namely A As a matter of fact, advertisement plays an informative role in our daily life．B There is one more topic to discuss, namely/that is ( to say ), the question of 六 时序用语：first/firstly, meanwhile, before long, ever since, while, at the same time, in the meantime, shortly after, nowadays,A They will be here Meanwhile, let’s have B Firstly, let me deal with the most important 七 强调用语：especially, indeed, at least, at the most, What in the world/on , not at all , A Noise is unpleasant, especially when you are trying to B What in the world/on earth are you doing? 八 因果用语：thanks to, because, as a result, because of/as a result of , without, with the help , owe A The company has a successful year, thanks mainly to the improvement in export B As a result, many of us succeeded in passing the College Entrance E 九 总结用语：in short; briefly/ in brief ; generally speaking, in a word, as you know, as is known to all A Generally speaking, sending an e-mail is more convenient than sending B In short, measures must be taken to prevent the environment being 常用句型（一）段首句 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……There are different opinions among people as to……Some people suggest that …… 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。There is an old saying……It's the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。Today, …… which have brought a lot of harms in our daily First, ……Second,……What makes things worse is that…… 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。Nowadays，it is common to …… Many people like …… because …… Besides，…… 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。Everything has two sides and …… is not an exception，it has both advantages and 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，…… People’s opinions about …… vary from person to Some people say that ……To them,…… 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。Man is now facing a big problem …… which is becoming more and more ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。……has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。 ……has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢？ According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that…… Obviously，……but why? （二）中间段落句 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。 On the contrary，there are some people in favor of……t the same time，they say…… 但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。But I don't think it is a very good way to solve ……For example，……Worst of all，…… ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，（也是）非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是…… ……is necessary and important to our country's development and First，……What's more, ……Most important of all,…… 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。There are several measures for us to First, we can…… 面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面，Confronted with……we should take a series of effective measures to…… For one thing，For another， 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。 It is high time that something was done about For ……In ……All these measures will certainly…… 为什么……？第一个原因是……；第二个原因是……；第三个原因是……。总的来说，……的主要原因是由于…… Why…… The first reason is that ……The second reason is ……The third is……For all this, the main cause of ……use to …… 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ……also has its own disadvantages, such as …… 尽管如此，我相信……更有利。Nonetheless, I believe that ……is more 完全同意……这种观点（陈述），主要理由如下：I fully agree with the statement that ……because……（三）结尾句 至于我，在某种程度上我同意后面的观点，我认为……As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some I think that …… 总而言之，整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样，我们才能在将来……。 In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ……Only in this way can ……in the 但是，……和……都有它们各自的优势（好处）。例如，……，而……。然而，把这两者相比较，我更倾向于（喜欢）…… But ……and……have heir own For example, …… while…… Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to…… 就我个人而言，我相信……，因此，我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……Personally, I believe that…… Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because…… 随着社会的发展，……。因此，迫切需要……。如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自己的一份力量，这个社会将要变得越来越好。 With the development of society, ……So it's urgent and necessary to ……If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and 至于我（对我来说，就我而言），我认为……更合理。只有这样，我们才能……For my part, I think it reasonable to…… Only in this way can you…… 对我来说，我认为有必要……。原因如下：第一，……； 第二，……；最后……但同样重要的是…… In my opinion, I think it necessary to……The reasons are as First ……second …… Last but not least,…… 在总体上很难说……是好还是坏，因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而，就我个人而言，我发现……。 It is difficult to say whether ……is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of……however, from a personal point of view find…… 综上所述，我们可以清楚地得出结论……From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that…… 如果我们不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了这种趋势，就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我们应该做的是……If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is 常用句型：开头： When it comes to , some think There is a public debate today that A is a commen way of , but is it a wise one? Recentaly the problem has been brought into 提出观点： Now there is a growing awareness It is time we explore the truth of Nowhere in history has the issue been more 进一步提出观点： but that is only part of the Another equally important aspect is A is but one of the many Another is Besides, other reasons 提出假想例子的方式： Suppose Just imagine what would be like It is reasonable to It is not surprising 举普通例子： For example(instance), such as A,B,C and so on (so forth) A good case in point A particular example for this 引用： One of the greatest early writers said "Knowledge is power", such is the reward of "" That is how sb comment ( criticize/ ) "" How often we hear such words like 讲故事 （先说故事主体），this story is not , such delimma we often meet in daily , the story still has a realistic 提出原因： There are many reasons for Why , for one thing, The answer to this problem involves many Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves The first reason can be obiviously Most people would agree Some people may neglect that in fact Others suggest Part of the explanation is 进行对比： The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages Although A enjoys a distinct advantage Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is A maybe , but it suffers from the disadvantage 承上启下： To understand the truth of , it is also important to A study of will make this point clear 让步： Certainly, B has its own advantages, such I do not deny that A has its own 结尾： From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that In summary, it is wiser In 希望能帮上你，建议你保存好，经常背诵。
from my point of view
那个报告怎么写论文？报告首先写了他的论点是什么？然后再找出充分的论据，一天一天的加以论证理论，没有人的标题，这样就可以写出来了
水一点的话就是格式去知网下几篇论文看看，最好是和你课题相关的论文，模仿看的论文的目录，从相似论文或者百度、知乎上搜一些相关内容，复制粘贴改一改。认真的就自己多看几篇论人，做些调查问卷发放回收，自己整理分析资料，模仿知网论文格式写一篇，就是比较耗时间也耗精力。
开题报告？
基本上是的，毕竟四级是大学四级，等级就比高中英语高，但是由于应试教育的侧重点不一样，所以在核心词汇方面自然也是不一样的，所以不管怎么样，建议还是不要掉以轻心，对于应试教育还是最好做到面面俱到的好。
这是两个完全不一样的概念，考研词汇8000，雅思1万，你自己考虑清楚了，考研考的是词汇的深度，考的都是最熟悉的单词最陌生的含义，所以考研词汇每个含义都必须记住，而雅思考的只是个量，每个单词只需记最常用意义的即可。二者是不可兼得的！
高中是高中 四级有另外的词汇大纲 只能说掌握高中词汇是一个前提 四级词汇的话新东方有四级词汇书。