有些事可为,有些事不可为问好朋友!希望能合作;中国驰名商标、省著名商标、省名牌、国家龙头、
这个。。。只有中国在网上下载东西是免费 国外的基本都要收钱 但是英文的会计文献 没有很多中国人需要 所以应该不会很好找。。。。。。我就是在国外学的会计 有机会可以交流下哈
一个渠道是,如果在学校,通常可以通过学校购买的中国知网文献资源查找,输入诸如accounting之类的关键词,在搜索页面选择外文文献,点击搜索即可;另一个渠道是查找免费英文文献网站,例如等有很多。
提供两个外文链接。希望有用
环境会计产生的环境 回顾环境会计产生和发展二十多年的历史,可以看出环境会计是在自然环境遭受严重破坏、生态环境严重恶化、经济发展的物质基础受到威胁的背景下,人们在分析了传统会计理论和方法的局限性基础上提出的。 环境状况的恶化对经济活动主体提出新的要求。 人类在生产和生活过程中,不断从自然界取得资源,同时又将生产和生活中产生的废物排放到环境中去。随着经济的发展和人口的增长,人类要求从自然界取得的资源越来越多,同时排放到自然界中的废物也越来越多,超过了自然界的承受能力,导致生态破坏、环境污染等一系列环境问题。目前,世界各国都不同程度的存在着环境污染和生态破坏问题,各国的环境问题又共同造成了全球性的环境问题。 面对越来越严重的环境问题,各国提高了对环境问题的重视程度,在世界范围内寻求合作以解决治理环境的国际协调问题。1987年,联合国世界环境与发展委员会提出了可持续发展战略,作为指导各国环境与发展实践的共同战略。所谓可持续发展是指既满足当代人的需要,以不对后代人满足其需要的能力构成危害的发展模式,其实质在于限制、调整人类的各种活动特别是经济活动,在经济社会的发展过程中解决各种环境问题,使经济社会的发展建立在环境资源可以承受的基础上,并促使其充分、持久地发展,从而最大限度地满足当代人和后代人的需要。 我国20年来的改革开放促进了经济发展和国民经济高速增长,创造了巨大的物质财富,人民生活有了较大提高,但由于对资源开发强度过大,造成环境污染,水土流失,耕地面积减少,资源耗竭速度提高,大量物种濒临灭绝等环境问题。98年特大洪水在一定程度上就是由于沿江植被遭到破坏,水土流失严重造成的。 我国政府近年来加大了环境保护方面的法制建设和资金投入,取得了一定的效果,但也存在着投入总量不足、环保效益和经济效益差等问题。在总量上,发达国家环境保护投入平均占GNP的1%-2%,我国仅占7%,且由于我国环保历史欠帐较多,投入总量更显不足。在效益上,由于对环境资源的过度开发和浪费缺乏有效的监督和控制,现阶段仅仅从法律监督和行政管理方面对破坏环境的行为进行控制,而没有健全、系统的量化指标把企业的环保责任和经济效益联系起来,把保护环境变为企业的自觉行为。企业还没有把环境保护作为企业生存和发展的一个必要条件,没有把环境保护作为企业扩大市场占有率、提高经济效益的重要手段,认为进行环保投入和技改得不到切实的回报,积极性较差。为提高环保投入产出率,改善环保工作的效果,确保人类社会的可持续发展,利用会计手段对环境资源和环保责任进行计量和控制,研究专门的会计方法体系是十分必要的。 企业适应环境要求,提高经济效益的必由之路。 企业要实现长期生存和稳定发展,必须树立适应环境的观念,社会环境是企业生存和发展的制度基础,而自然环境则是企业生存和发展的物质基础。传统观点认为:企业必须尽可能地适应社会环境,寻求最佳投资环境、融资环境、市场环境和政策环境,才能求得长期生存和稳定发展。而从可持续发展观点看来:企业的生存和发展需要不断地从自然环境中取得资源,又要不断地将废物排放到环境中去,如果企业没有一个持续、稳定的自然环境作为物质基础,求得与自然环境的和谐共生,企业的长期生存和稳定发展只能是空谈。 现实生活中,人们的环境保护意识不断增强,越来越要求企业提供更多的绿色产品,企业立足自身经济利益,也应增强环保意识,增大环保投入,降低能源消耗,细化环保投入和产出的计量,计量取得的环境资源、负有的环保责任和发生的环境费用,确认取得的环境收益或损失。这样才能全面的衡量企业的效益状况,为企业目标的实现提供真实、可靠的信息。 传统会计模式的局限性 传统会计的目标是借助会计对经济活动进行核算和监督,为经营管理提供财务信息,并考核经营责任,从而取得最大的经济效益。传统会计侧重于从人类经济活动的角度出发,着眼于对自然资源的开发利用,没有将环境所带来的经济问题纳入会计研究的范围,表现为会计信息披露不充分和会计循环过程的不完整。传统会计没有将环境所带来的经济问题纳入会计研究的范围,缺乏对企业环境资源、环境责任和环境费用的计量,缺乏对企业取得的环境收益或损失的确认。传统会计没有把企业视为与环境共生的经济体,没有认识到经济运转和自然环境循环是紧密联系在一起的。认为经济循环从企业从环境中取得资源开始,到企业实现其产品,取得经济收益结束。忽视了环境对企业的影响和企业对环境的影响,忽视了环境自身的物质补偿过程和企业环境中取得资源造成的企业对环境的补偿责任。具体而言,没有将环境资源确认为资产,没有将企业应承担的环保责任确认为负债,没有将环境资本确认为所有者权益,没有确认环境收入和费用以及环境利润。导致上述问题的原因是,传统会计认为没有凝结人类一般劳动的环境资源是没有价值的,不必对之进行确认和计量。应当看到,环境资源具有社会产品具有的有效用性和稀缺性,应当并可能对其进行确认和计量。environmental accounting environmental Recalling the development of environmental accounting and have more than two decades of history, can be seen in the natural environment, environmental accounting is severely damaged, a serious deterioration of the ecological environment, the material basis of economic development against the backdrop of threats to people in the traditional analysis of accounting theory and methods On the basis of the The deterioration of environmental conditions on the economic activities of the main new In the production and life of mankind, made from natural resources will have a life of the production and discharge of waste into the With the economic development and population growth, from the nature of human resources to achieve more and more, at the same time released into the nature of the waste more and more, exceeding the tolerance of the natural world, leading to ecological damage, environmental pollution, such as a Series of environmental At present, all countries in the world there are different levels of environmental pollution and ecological damage, environmental problems also led to a common global environmental In the face of increasingly serious environmental problems, raised the importance of environmental issues, around the world to seek cooperation to address environmental issues of international In 1987, the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development put forward a strategy of sustainable development as a national guidance on Environment and Development, the common practice of the The so-called sustainable development means not only meets the needs of the people, not to future generations to meet their own needs the ability to pose a hazard model of development and its essence is to limit the adjustment of human activities, especially economic activities in the economic and social development In solving environmental problems, so that the economic and social development in the establishment of environmental resources to bear on the basis of, and to its full and lasting development in order to satisfy current and future China's 20 years of reform and opening to promote the economic development of the national economy and rapid growth has created tremendous material wealth, the people's living standard has improved greatly, but on the strength of resource development is too large, causing environmental pollution, soil erosion, reduction of arable land , To increase the speed of resource depletion, a large number of endangered species such as the 98-year flood to a certain extent is due to the destruction of vegetation along the river, caused serious soil In recent years, China's government increased the legal system of environmental protection and investment, has achieved some results, but there is a total lack of inputs, inefficiency and poor economic In total, the Environmental Protection developed into an average of 1% of GNP accounted for -2%, China accounted for only 7 percent, and as a result of China's environmental history, more debt, the total investment is even more In terms of effectiveness, as a result of over-exploitation of environmental resources and a waste of a lack of effective supervision and control at this stage only from a legal and administrative supervision of the destruction of the environment control, and no sound system of quantitative indicators of the enterprises Responsibility for environmental and economic benefits linked to the protection of the environment into a business conscious Environmental protection enterprises have not as a corporate survival and development of a necessary condition, not as an environmental protection enterprises to expand market share, an important means to enhance economic efficiency, environmental protection that are not practical technical inputs and the return of the more active P In order to enhance environmental protection input-output, improving the effectiveness of environmental protection to ensure sustainable development of human society, the means of accounting for the use of environmental resources and environmental responsibility and control measures, the study of specialized accounting system is Enterprises to adapt to environmental requirements, the only way to increase economic To achieve long-term business survival and development of a stable, we must foster the idea to adapt to the environment, social environment for enterprises to survive and develop on the basis of the system, and the natural environment is the existence and development of enterprises on the basis of the The traditional view: companies must adapt to the social environment as much as possible, to seek the best investment environment, financial environment, the market environment and policy environment in order to achieve stability and development of long-term From the point of view of sustainable development: the survival and development of enterprises need to obtain resources from the natural environment, but also will continue to discharge waste into the environment, if companies do not have a sustained and stable environment as a material foundation, To achieve harmony with the natural environment, Symbiotic, enterprises and the steady development of long-term survival can only be empty In real life, people's awareness of environmental protection, growing more and more requests to provide more green products, companies based on their own economic interests, should also enhance environmental awareness, increasing environmental protection input and reduce energy consumption, environmental protection, investment and Refinement The output measures, measures to achieve environmental resources, has the responsibility for environmental protection and environmental costs, to obtain recognition of the environmental gains or Only in this way can a comprehensive measure of the effectiveness of business conditions, corporate objectives to provide a true and reliable Limitations of the traditional accounting model Traditional accounting with the goal of accounting for economic activities and supervision of accounting, business management for the provision of financial information, assessment and accountability, so as to maximize economic The traditional emphasis on accounting from the human point of view of economic activity, focusing on the development and utilization of natural resources, not the economic environment into the accounting of the scope, accounting for the performance of inadequate disclosure and accounting of the cycle is not complete Traditional accounting does not brought about by the economic environment into the accounting of the scope, lack of resources in the enterprise environment, environmental responsibility and environmental costs of the measures, lack of access to the corporate environment or loss of revenue Not the traditional accounting business environment, Symbiotic and as the economy has not recognized the functioning of the economic cycle and the natural environment are closely That the economic cycle from the corporate environment to obtain resources from the beginning to achieve its business products, to obtain the end of the economic Ignoring the environmental impact of corporate and business impact on the environment, environmental neglect their own material and the process of compensation and business environment to obtain resources of the corporate environmental In particular, there is no environmental resources will be recognized as assets, not companies should bear the responsibility for environmental protection recognized as liabilities, not the environment identified as the owner's equity capital, there is no confirmation of income and the cost of the environment and environmental These led to the cause of the problem is that traditional accounting in general do not think there is condensation of human labor, environmental resources is of no value, no need for the confirmed and It should be noted that the community has the resources and the environment with the products and effective use of scarce, it should be and could be identified and
外文文献可以用你们图书馆的外文数据库检索, 如, 自己去找吧 学校里面可以下载到的!英文关键词可以利用网站翻译~
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知道你要会计哪个具体分类:研究、理论、成本、审计还是管理!!下面给你一篇研究方面的论文也谈会计国际化随着国际投资、融资的迅速发展和全球经济一体化趋势的日益加强,会计的国际化问题已日益成为各个国家不可回避的现实问题。本文拟就会计国际化的相关问题作一分析。 一、什么是会计国际化 会计领域中的国际化行为,会计界常简称为会计国际化,它是指由于国际经济发展的需要,客观上要求各国在制定会计政策和处理会计事务中,逐步采用国际通行的会计惯例,以达到国际间会计行为的相互沟通、协调、规范和统一,亦即采用国际上公认的会计原则和方法来处理和报告本国的经济业务。 从会计专业分类角度看,会计国际化主要包括以下几方面内容:(1)会计政策惯例国际化。即在制定会计法规、会计准则、会计制度的过程中,在内容、结构体系、制定方法和程序等方面趋同国际会计政策惯例,其中核心是会计准则的国际化。因为会计准则是会计规范的核心,一国的会计准则在结构、体系和规范的内容及方法上是否与国际会计准则惯例趋同,是影响会计国际需求的主要因素。(2)会计管理体制惯例国际化。主要是指会计组织管理体制和会计人员管理体制两方面趋同国际会计管理惯例,它包括本国会计管理机构设置、企业会计机构和人员的管理模式、民间会计组织设置与运行模式,特别是积极参加国际性会计组织等内容。(3)会计教育惯例国际化。包括会计教育目标的定位、专业层次的设置、课程体系的编排、教育管理模式等趋同国际惯例。(4)执业会计惯例国际化。包括注册执业人员的认定、考核方法、机构的审批、民间审计的运作和监管模式等趋同国际惯例。(5)会计确认、计量、记录与报告惯例国际化。即建立与国际惯例相同的会计确认标准、计量记录方法和报告体系等,促进所供会计信息满足国际经贸往来和国际资本市场等的需要。(6)积极引进和运用国际上通用的先进会计思想、管理方法和技术方法。(7)促使与各国会计事务处理的协调化、标准化和规范化。(8)积极参加国际会计活动,努力促使其他会计事务处理方法趋同国际惯例。 二、我国为何要实行会计国际化 首先,这是我国市场国际化的需要。当今世界经济发展的重要趋向之一就是市场已突破了时空界限,形成全球性的统一大市场。我国作为世界经济大家庭中的一员,不可避免地要进入国际市场,参与国际竞争。市场国际化的结果要求会计为进入国际市场的企业提供真实、公允、可比并能满足国外投资者、债权人需要的会计信息,因此要求我国会计必须国际化。 其次,这是企业实施跨国经营的需要。企业实施跨国经营,必须了解其他国家的有关政策特别是会计政策,母公司为了加强各子公司间的经济联系和实施国际经营,需要了解公司整体及其子公司的财务状况和经营业绩,而跨国公司的股东和债权人等为维护自身利益,也要求跨国公司按国际惯例提供会计信息和处理利润分配等会计事务,这些都要求会计国际化。 再次,这是资本市场发展的客观需要。资本市场发展已成为推动我国会计向国际接轨的最主要动力,它客观上要求我国必须尽快实现会计国际化。目前,我国沪深交易所已有1000多家上市公司,其中100多家为B股公司,在境外市场有50家H股公司,还有大量在其他国家注册并上市的中资公司。随着我国企业在香港、纽约等国际资本市场融资规模的进一步扩大和发展,我国企业也必须按国际惯例向国际投资者和债权人提供真实、公允、可比的会计信息。 最后,这是为投资者提供真实可靠的会计资料、避免资源浪费的需要。不同的会计准则所产生的财务资料是不同的。投资者的资金是有限的,而市场需要的资金是无限的,怎样把稀缺的资源配置到效率更高的地方,这就需要为投资者提供真实可靠的会计资料,方便他们作出投资选择。如果会计准则不一样,不仅投资者无法比较判断作出正确决策,还会导致资源浪费。如国内一家大型企业在到海外上市之前,为了使其近3年的会计报表符合国际投资者的要求,毕马威华振会计师事务所花费了约一年半时间去调账,整个审计工作共花了53万人时。
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