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论文开题报告基本要素标题开题摘要目录介绍文献综述研究问题与假设方法论工作安排预期结果和结果的意义暂定论文章节大纲参考文献列表各部分撰写内容标题论文标题应该简洁，且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。 开题摘要摘要是对论文提纲的总结，通常不超过1或2页，摘要包含以下内容：问题陈述研究的基本原理假设建议使用的方法预期的结果研究的意义目录目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题， 副标题应缩进。 介绍这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景，缩小研究问题的范围，适当列出相关的参考文献。 文献综述这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要，而是必须对其进行批判性评论，并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。 研究问题与假设这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下，主要研究问题应该足够广泛，而次要研究问题和假设则更具体，每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。
对比观点题型（1） 要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。1． 有一些人认为。。。2． 另一些人认为。。。3． 我的看法。。。 The topic of ①-----------------（主题）is becoming more and morepopular There are two sides of opinions about Some people say Ais their They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------（支持A的理由一）What is more, ③-------------理由二) Moreover, ④---------------(理由三) While others think that B is a better choice in the following three Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一) Secondly (besides),⑥------------------（理由二） Thirdly (finally),⑦------------------(理由三) From my point of view, I think ⑧-----------（我的观点） The reason is that ⑨----------(原因) As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my For me, the former is surely a wise choice （2） 给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点Some people believe that ①----------------（观点一） For example, they think ②-----------------（举例说明）．And it will bring them ③-----------------(为他们带来的好处) In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the For one thing,④-------------(我不同意该看法的理由一) For another thing, ⑤-----------------(反对的理由之二)．Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥------------------(我对文章所讨论主题的看法)．阐述主题题型要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述．1． 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义．2． 分析并举例使其更充实． The good old proverb ----------------（名言或谚语）reminds us that-------------(释义) Indeed, we can learn many things form First of all,-----------------(理由一) For example, -------------------(举例说明) Secondly,----------------(理由二) Another case is that ----------(举例说明) Furthermore , ------------(理由三)． In my opinion, ----------------(我的观点) In short, whatever you do, pleaseremember the say------A If you understand it and apply it to your study orwork, you”ll necessarily benefit a lot from 解决方法题型要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径1． 问题现状2． 怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more andmore First, ------------(说明A的现状)．Second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状)Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope withthe For one thing, ---------------(解决方法一) For another -------------(解决方法二) Finally, --------------(解决方法三)Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法) Consequently, I’m confidentthat a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处)说明利弊题型这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测）1． 说明事物现状2． 事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）3． 你对现状（或前景）的看法Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our Generally, its advantages can be seen as First ----------------(A的优点之一) Besides -------------------（A的优点之二）But every coin has two The negative aspects are also One ofthe important disadvantages is that ----------------(A的第一个缺点)．To make mattersworse,------------------(A的第二个缺点)．Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh thenegative Therefore, I would like to ---------------(我的看法)．(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, weshould take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are Only by this way, ---------------(对前景的预测)．)议论文的框架 (1) 不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ） There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目___ But it is well knownthat the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to Amajority of people think that _ 观点一 In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二___ So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____ People, however, differ in their opinions on this Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______ In their point ofview, on the one hand， ___原因一_______ On the other hand,____原因二_____ Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______ As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______ It is not only because ________, but also because _________ The more _______, the more ________ （2）利弊型的议论文 Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______ In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____ Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as Firstly, ___优点一______ And secondly ___优点二_____ Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative To begin with, ___缺点一______ In addition, ____缺点二______ To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, andreduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same In that case, we willdefinitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___( 3 ) 答题性议论文 Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ It is really an important concern to every one of As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this First of all, 途径一 In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is 途径二 Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find anumber of various But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solvethe problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____( 4 ) 谚语警句性议论文 It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profoundsignificance and value not only in our job but also in our It means ____谚语的含义_______ The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as ( also theoretically ) A case in point is ___例子一______ Therefore, it is goes withoutsaying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasingnumber of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick tothe saying: ____谚语_____ The more we are aware of thesignificance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our dailystudy and
一，议论文的格式： 议论文的格式应由三个部分组成：立论部分，论证部分。结论部分。二，一般说来，议论文可分三个基本段落来写：第一段引出话题，第二段立论且加以论证，第三段给出明确的结论。第二段是中心段落，应试者应将主要的内容放在第二段中，同时也要注意开篇及结尾段落的完整性，且应尽量做到首尾呼应，切忌前后矛盾。 三，写作攻略：初中生在写议论文时要首先考虑自己的观点是什么，明确观点后要围绕观点进行论证，最后再进行总结。议论文在写作手法上以议论为主，但有时也要运用说明，叙述，描写等手法。初中议论文的写作格式一般为三段式：开头，主体和结尾。四，一般写作步骤如下：确定主题，引出论点。通过摆事实，讲道理来支持自己的观点。所用的事实，原因，理由应紧密地同结论联系在一起。得出结论。要简明扼要，回扣全文。扩展资料：模板范文Many students think that they do not need to learn Engish, because they don't plan to go abroad。But as to me, I am not in favour of this point of view。I think that English is very important to us, so we should learn English well。First of all, in the opening times, if you want to do business with foreigners, you must use English because most of them speak and write in English。Secondly, in the world today most books are written in English。If you know much English, you can read newspapers and magazines in English。Most important of all, you can learn something more widely。All in all, I hold the opinion that we should learn English well。 And I hope that all the students can use English freely。参考资料：百度百科——英语作文
therefore，however，furthermore，besides，what‘s more， in a meanwhile， in the point of mine，in a word，even though，last but not the least，to begin with ，to start with，at the end of，all above，above all ，
Recently,the problem of__________has aroused people's However, different people hold different attitudes A lot of people seem to think that__________________ There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of______________It does us much harm(good)I quite agree with the statement that ________________,The reason are chiefly as follows, to start with___________,in addition_________,perhaps the primary reason is ___________,It has more advantages than disadvantages(disadvantages thanadvantages)。In my opinion, Taking all these factors into consideration, We naturally came to the conclusion that_________________ Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the 最近，_______问题已引起人们的关注，然而，人们的态度各不相同，很多人似乎以为_________ 毫无疑问，对________问题应该给予足够的重视。它对我们很有坏处（好处）。我十分赞同这一论述_________________，主要的原因包括_____________一个原因是_________ 另一个原因_________或许最主要的是_________________它的利多弊少。弊多利少 在我的观点，把所有这些因素加以考虑，我们自然会得出结论_______________________。显然，现在我们提出解决问题方案正是时候。
1、题目：题目是论文内容的概括，向读者说明研究的主要问题。一个好的学术论文题目应当是准确概括论文内容，文字简练、新颖，范围明确，便于分类的2、前言：前言又或者序言、导言、绪论，写在正文之前，用于说明写作目的、问题的提出、研究的意义等。3、正文：正文部分占全文大部分篇幅。这部分必须对研究内容进行全面的阐述和论证。写作时以观点为轴心，贯穿全文用材料说明观点，使观点与材料相统一，用观点去表现主题，使观点与主题相一致。4、结论：结论是经反复研究后形成的总体论点。结论应指出所得的结果是否支持假设，或指出哪些问题已经解决了，还有什么问题尚待进一步探讨。5、参考文献：这部分包括参考的文章、书目等，附在论文的末尾。论文结构框架，主要包括题目、摘要、关键词、引言、正文、致谢、参考文献。(1)题目的写作技巧①题目应简明、确切，不要太长太笼统;②题目可省去定冠词和不定冠词;③题目中不应列入非公知公用的符号、代号，以及数学公式、化学 结构式等。(2)摘要的写作技巧①使用短而简单的句子，表达要准确、简洁、清楚;②注意表述的逻辑性，尽量使用指示性的词语来表达论文的不同部 分(层次);③不应出现公式、图表、参考文献的序号;④用过去时态叙述自己的工作，用现在时态叙述自己的结论;⑤尽量用主动语态代替被动语态。(3)关键词的写作技巧①论文所属科学名称②成果名称③所用方法名称④研究对象⑤便于文献检索利用的名称(4)引言的写作技巧①采取适当的方式强调研究中最重要的发现或贡献，让读者顺着逻 辑的演进阅读论文。②解释或定义专门术语或缩写词，以帮助编辑、审稿人和读者阅读 稿件。③适当地使用“I”，“We”或“Our”，以明确地指示自己的工作。④叙述前人工作的欠缺以强调自己研究的创新时，应慎重且留有余地。(5)正文的写作技巧①思路清晰，逻辑性强，层次清晰。②引用已有的方法及结论要标明所出文献及其编号。③推导及论证过程简洁而准确，实验数据及结论准确无误。④力求避免中国式英语和论证思路，多参看外文文献及相关外文教材。(6)致谢的写作技巧致谢是对整个过程中给予帮助的个人或团体的感谢，内容应尽量具体、用词要恰当、格式要遵从拟投稿期刊的习惯和相关规定。(7)参考文献的写作技巧①参考文献要精选;②参考文献的所在期刊、出版的年月及卷期要准确无误，确保与文中引用参考文献的一一对应，其书写格式应参考
是难的，毕竟撰写英文论文的难度比中文论文大，这是因为在技术内容之上增加了语言要求。由于多数SCI或EI论文都是英文的，因此发表英文论文已成为科研成果考核的常见要求。论文基本框架包含：Title、Abstract、Keywords、Introduction、Main body、Conclusion、Reference。
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1、引言：引出话题2、正文：阐明观点 阐述理由 分析利弊 提出举措 列举实例3、结论/倡议：重申观点/发出倡议
这里有不少英语论文,你可以来看下: _htm
浙江周边那个省石子（四六子）便宜我要采购四十万吨。
这里有不少英语论文,你可以来看下: _htm
论文最后不是都有一章来总结？概括地说下自己的研究，包括策略、分析、研究结论等，可以再说下自己研究的不足，再进行下展望。
找我。的建立覆盖的了现在了f是对