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Government regulations In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) These activities include the use of commercial e-mails, online advertising and consumer The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e- The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-[1] Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers’ personal [2] As result, any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC
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你需要论文名字 还是原始文献
电子商务网络信息安全问题来源：中国论文网 _html【内容提要】构筑安全电子商务信息环境是网络时代发展到一定阶段的“瓶颈”性课题。本文侧重讨论了其中的信息安全技术、数字认证、信息安全协议、信息安全对策等核心问题。【摘 要 题】信息法学【关 键 词】电子商务/网络/信息安全/信息安全技术/数字认证/信息安全协议/信息安全对策 美国著名未来学家阿尔温·托夫勒说：“电脑网络的建立和普及将彻底改变人类生存及生活的模式，控制与掌握网络的人就是未来命运的主宰。谁掌握了信息，控制了网络，谁就拥有整个世界。”的确，网络的国际化、社会化、开放化、个人化诱发出无限的商机，电子商务的迅速崛起，使网络成为国际竞争的新战场。然而，由于网络技术本身的缺陷，使得网络社会的脆性大大增加，一旦计算机网络受到攻击不能正常运作时，整个社会就会陷入危机。所以，构筑安全的电子商务信息环境，就成为了网络时代发展到一定阶段而不可逾越的“瓶颈”性问题，愈来愈受到国际社会的高度关注。 电子商务中的信息安全技术 电子商务的信息安全在很大程度上依赖于技术的完善，这些技术包括：密码技术、鉴别技术、访问控制技术、信息流控制技术、数据保护技术、软件保护技术、病毒检测及清除技术、内容分类识别和过滤技术、网络隐患扫描技术、系统安全监测报警与审计技术等。 防火墙技术。防火墙（Firewall）是近年来发展的最重要的安全技术，它的主要功能是加强网络之间的访问控制，防止外部网络用户以非法手段通过外部网络进入内部网络（被保护网络）。它对两个或多个网络之间传输的数据包和链接方式按照一定的安全策略对其进行检查，来决定网络之间的通信是否被允许，并监视网络运行状态。简单防火墙技术可以在路由器上实现，而专用防火墙提供更加可靠的网络安全控制方法。 防火墙的安全策略有两条。一是“凡是未被准许的就是禁止的”。防火墙先是封闭所有信息流，然后审查要求通过的信息，符合条件的就让通过；二是“凡是未被禁止的就是允许的”，防火墙先是转发所有的信息，然后再逐项剔除有害的内容，被禁止的内容越多，防火墙的作用就越大。网络是动态发展的，安全策略的制定不应建立在静态的基础之上。在制定防火墙安全规则时，应符合“可适应性的安全管理”模型的原则，即：安全=风险分析+执行策略+系统实施+漏洞监测+实时响应。防火墙技术主要有以下三类： ●包过滤技术（Packct Filtering）。它一般用在网络层，主要根据防火墙系统所收到的每个数据包的源IP地址、目的IP地址、TCP/UDP源端口号、TCP/UDP目的端口号及数据包中的各种标志位来进行判定，根据系统设定的安全策略来决定是否让数据包通过，其核心就是安全策略，即过滤算法的设计。 ●代理（Proxy）服务技术。它用来提供应用层服务的控制，起到外部网络向内部网络申请服务时的中间转接作用。内部网络只接受代理提出的服务请求，拒绝外部网络其它节点的直接请求。运行代理服务的主机被称为应用机关。代理服务还可以用于实施较强的数据流监控、过滤、记录等功能。 ●状态监控（Statc Innspection）技术。它是一种新的防火墙技术。在网络层完成所有必要的防火墙功能——包过滤与网络服务代理。目前最有效的实现方法是采用 Check Point）提出的虚拟机方式（Inspect Virtual Machine）。 防火墙技术的优点很多，一是通过过滤不安全的服务，极大地提高网络安全和减少子网中主机的风险；二是可以提供对系统的访问控制；三是可以阻击攻击者获取攻击网络系统的有用信息；四是防火墙还可以记录与统计通过它的网络通信，提供关于网络使用的统计数据，根据统计数据来判断可能的攻击和探测；五是防火墙提供制定与执行网络安全策略的手段，它可以对企业内部网实现集中的安全管理。 防火墙技术的不足有三。一是防火墙不能防止绕过防火墙的攻击；二是防火墙经不起人为因素的攻击。由于防火墙对网络安全实施单点控制，因此可能受到黑客的攻击；三是防火墙不能保证数据的秘密性，不能对数据进行鉴别，也不能保证网络不受病毒的攻击。 加密技术。数据加密被认为是最可靠的安全保障形式，它可以从根本上满足信息完整性的要求，是一种主动安全防范策略。数据加密就是按照确定的密码算法将敏感的明文数据变换成难以识别的密文数据。通过使用不同的密钥，可用同一加密算法，将同一明文加密成不同的密文。当需要时可使用密钥将密文数据还原成明文数据，称为解密。 密钥加密技术分为对称密钥加密和非对称密钥加密两类。
Domestic more and more enterprises have already fully aware that in to computers, communications, a representative's information industry development of electronic commerce, to be able to stay the spread of the globalization market competition to survival and this is the only because of e-commerce in enterprise management, planning, organization and control into the study, but also for the enterprise development, purchase, production, processing, manufacture, storage，Sales and customers also had great this paper tries to link from the angle of the value analysis of e-commerce for enterprise purchases, the operation of production, marketing, customer service and of learning for its through electronic commerce for the effects of the analysis, let us have a profound understanding of e-commerce, enterprises and electronic commerce in the proper and improve enterprise the comprehensive
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电子商务发展战略 政府牵头战略 加快扬州信息化、发展电子商务既是一项高技术事业，更是一项社会事业。在信息化建设过程中，百分之二十是技术、资金，百分之八十是组织、协调，这就要求政府必须将信息化工作摆上重要议事日程，制定切实可行的目标和组织管理措施。电子商务是一项庞大的系统工程，牵涉到政策法规、认证体系、金融部门、物流配送等一系列相关因素，因此政府必须统筹规划，加强领导。 以电子政务带动电子商务战略 网上“中国扬州”（-）建站以来，取得了较好的效果，成了扬州政府对外的一扇重要窗口。电子商务的主体不是政府，而是广大企业，但扬州企业特别是中小企业对电子商务普遍认识不足，即使建站，大多数也是“拉动式”和“推动式”的，企业自身缺乏应有的热情，所以，这些网站发挥的作用并不大，再加上人才、资金等其它因素的制约，影响了电子商务的发展。 所以，必须实施以电子政务带动电子商务战略，如网上交税、网上通关、网上政策法规咨询、网上企业资信查询等，使广大企业充分认识到，没有互联网，根本就无法进行日常的企业经营管理，使电子政务成为广大企业一日不可无的重要手段。 要做到这一点，扬州政府网站任重道远，还需要加大投入，现在的扬州政府网站许多是“电子展示”性质的，里面许多内容不经常更新，数据库建设有待加强，业务管理系统几乎是一片空白，因此必须加强建设，真正实现网上报税，网上招标、网上行政审批等功能。 人才培养战略 电子商务需要战略管理人才、项目管理人才、工程技术人员、业务操作人员等不同知识结构，不同层次的人才，人才已经成为制约电子商务发展的瓶颈，扬州市是教育大市，历来有尊师重教的传统。扬州现有扬州大学、扬州职大电大、扬州教育学院等一批高校，从2000年开始，陆续开设了电子商务专业，目前电子商务专业在校生已经有数百人，但就目前的情况看，这些高校电子商务专业普遍存在规模小、力量薄弱问题，另外电子商务本科人才及高层次人才领域还是空白，必须引起足够的重视。此外，政府应出台相关政策，从外地吸引人才，留住人才。 企业门户网站战略 建立扬州企业门户网站，已经成为迫在眉睫的首要问题，请看如下数据。 2003年3月18日网上主要搜索引擎关键字“扬州”搜索结果：搜狐471个、新浪348个、网易334个、中国雅虎259个、3721网络实名321个。 需要说明的是，以上搜索结果包括所有含有“扬州”关键词的网站，包括政府、教育、经济、电信等，其中企业网站约占80%。另外，在以上几家搜索引擎登记的企业有不少是重复的，如果我们取这些企业网站的并集，能在这些搜索引擎上找到的扬州企业也不足1000家。据2003年1月CNNIC的调查报告，江苏省国际域名网站总数为37万，江苏省国际域名网站是3万，估计扬州市约有3000家网站，如果算上一些免费网站，再加上“扬州企业上网”工程网站（这些网站并不都有自己的域名）,扬州企业上网总数应该在20000家左右，但在网上能够查到只有5%。 造成这些情况的原因是多方面的，如搜索引擎开始收费，企业对搜索引擎登记不够重视等。企业上网的目的是为了拓展市场，增强竞争力，而扬州市绝大多数企业都是中小企业，普遍存在着对电子商务重视不够，技术力量薄弱，人才缺乏等问题，因此，政府和工业主管局必须牵头，共同建好扬州企业门户网站，凡是在扬州工商局注册的广大工商企业，都可以免费链接，政府负责扬州企业门户网站的宣传和推介工作，以一点带动一片，使扬州企业门户网站变成全国乃至全球了解扬州企业的重要窗口，将扬州企业门户网站建成扬州电子商务的重要平台，成为扬州企业的名片。 这里需要指出的是，扬州企业门户网站只能有一个，不能是一批，要下大力气搞好门户网站，以点带面，避免资金分散投入。其次是免费链接，扬州门户网站是为广大企事业单位服务的，必须才有人气，千万不能将扬州企业门户网站办成商业性网站。 企业信息化战略 企业信息化是电子商务的基础，没有企业内部管理的信息化，根本谈不上电子商务，企业信息化并不是指企业拥有多少台电脑，而是这些电脑用于企业经营管理的广度和深度。目前扬州市企业信息化面偏低，水平不高，完整实施ERP的企业还很少，已经严重影响了电子商务的发展。政府应出台相关政策，鼓励企业实施信息化。 电子商务基础平台建设战略 电子商务是一项系统工程，涉及到政府、商家、银行、物流配送等诸多环节，目前有两件事情是要尽快实施的。一是金融电子化，可以考虑由人民银行组织推进金融电子化进程，首先在网上将各商业银行卡互联互通，同时可以进行网上支付。二是要加快建立电子商务认证中心，完善网上企业身份认证系统。这两方面已经成为制约扬州电子商务发展的瓶颈，必须加快建设。 面向全球战略 随着INTERNET的出现和中国加入WTO，地球真正成为地球村。发展电子商务，必须面向全球，绝大多数企业业务是可以面向国际市场的，这些企业必须建好英文网站。 扬州市电子商务模式 B2B优先发展原则 据统计，目前电子商务交易额中，企业与企业之间的电子商务交易额是整个电子商务交易额的80%，因此，广大企业是电子商务的的主要力量，应该采取措施，鼓励广大企业加入到综合型和垂直型的一些大型电子商务平台网站中去，如阿里巴巴全球贸易信息网、易创化工网、中国纺织在线等。 逐步强制推行B2G 采取措施，逐步强制推行企业与政府之间的电子商务，初期可以在一些具备条件的领域进行，如政府采购、网上税务申报、网上进出口退税、网上报关等，以后可以逐步推广到其它政府服务项目，如网上企业资信查询、网上行政审批、网上政府办公等。 立足全国，建好C2C门户 广大网民的存在是电子商务的基础，扬州目前专门的消费者与消费者之间的电子商务平台还没有，C2C只是作为一些大型网站的一项很小的内容。对C2C门户的建设必须引起足够的重视，要立足全国，建成一个在全国具有较大影响的C2C平台，在平台上可以开展多种服务，这些服务许多是免费的，如聊天、免费域名和空间、免费新闻等，必须有长远眼光，真正将C2C平台建设成国内一流的门户网站，这是扬州电子商务的名片。 信息化包括信息化基础设施、信息化技术和信息化应用，电子商务就是信息化应用的具体体现。电子商务是一项系统工程，在经济转轨阶段，政府牵头，制订区域电子商务战略并付诸实施，对于加快信息化进程，进而带动工业化，推进城市现代化，具有十分重要的意义。
标题、作者、年份《E-commerce: the role of familiarity and trust》D Gefen - Omega, 2000 《What trust means in e-commerce customer relationships: an interdisciplinary conceptual typology》DH McKnight,2001《 Fuzzy decision support system for risk analysis in e-commerce development》EWT Ngai, 2005 《 Interactive decision aids for consumer decision making in e-commerce: the influence of perceived strategy restrictiveness》W Wang, 2009
一篇电子商务英文文献(The development of e-commerce )-A perfect marketMay 13th 2004 From The Economist print editionE-commerce is coming of age, says Paul Markillie, but not in the way predicted in the bubble years WHEN the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses The survivors plugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet Now valuations are rising again and some of the dotcoms are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internet’s The funny thing is that the wild predictions made at the height of the boom—namely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspace—are, in one way or another, coming The raw numbers tell only part of the According to America’s Department of Commerce, online retail sales in the world’s biggest market last year rose by 26%, to $55 That sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 6% of total retail The vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old “bricks-and-mortar” But the commerce department’s figures deal with only part of the retail For instance, they exclude online travel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e- InterActiveCorp (IAC), the owner of and , alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last year—and it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell Nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in America last year, according to Adult Video News, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion worldwide) They also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that Americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in C Tip of the icebergAnd there is The commerce department’s figures include the fees earned by internet auction sites, but not the value of goods that are sold: an astonishing $24 billion-worth of trade was done last year on eBay, the biggest online Nor, by definition, do they include the billions of dollars-worth of goods bought and sold by businesses connecting to each other over the Some of these B2B services are proprietary; for example, Wal-Mart tells its suppliers that they must use its own system if they want to be part of its annual turnover of $250 So e-commerce is already very big, and it is going to get much But the actual value of transactions currently concluded online is dwarfed by the extraordinary influence the internet is exerting over purchases carried out in the offline That influence is becoming an integral part of e- To start with, the internet is profoundly changing consumer One in five customers walking into a Sears department store in America to buy an electrical appliance will have researched their purchase online—and most will know down to a dime what they intend to More surprisingly, three out of four Americans start shopping for new cars online, even though most end up buying them from traditional The difference is that these customers come to the showroom armed with information about the car and the best available Sometimes they even have computer print-outs identifying the particular vehicle from the dealer’s stock that they want to Half of the 60m consumers in Europe who have an internet connection bought products offline after having investigated prices and details online, according to a study by Forrester, a research consultancy (see chart 1) Different countries have different In Italy and Spain, for instance, people are twice as likely to buy offline as online after researching on the But in Britain and Germany, the two most developed internet markets, the numbers are evenly Forrester says that people begin to shop online for simple, predictable products, such as DVDs, and then graduate to more complex Used-car sales are now one of the biggest online growth areas in APeople seem to enjoy shopping on the internet, if high customer-satisfaction scores are any Websites are doing ever more and cleverer things to serve and entertain their customers, and seem set to take a much bigger share of people’s overall spending in the Why websites matterThis has enormous implications for A company that neglects its website may be committing commercial A website is increasingly becoming the gateway to a company’s brand, products and services—even if the firm does not sell A useless website suggests a useless company, and a rival is only a mouse-click But even the coolest website will be lost in cyberspace if people cannot find it, so companies have to ensure that they appear high up in internet search For many users, a search site is now their point of entry to the The best-known search engine has already entered the lexicon: people say they have “Googled” a company, a product or their The search business has also developed one of the most effective forms of advertising on the And it is already the best way to reach some consumers: teenagers and young men spend more time online than watching All this means that search is turning into the internet’s next big battleground as Google defends itself against challenges from Yahoo! and MThe other way to get noticed online is to offer goods and services through one of the big sites that already get a lot of Ebay, Yahoo! and Amazon are becoming huge trading platforms for other But to take part, a company’s products have to stand up to intense price People check online prices, compare them with those in their local high street and may well take a peek at what customers in other countries are Even if websites are prevented from shipping their goods abroad, there are plenty of web-based entrepreneurs ready to What is going on here is arbitrage between different sales channels, says Mohanbir Sawhney, professor of technology at the Kellogg School of Management in C For instance, someone might use the internet to research digital cameras, but visit a photographic shop for a hands-on “I’ll think about it,” they will tell the sales Back home, they will use a search engine to find the lowest price and buy In this way, consumers are “deconstructing the purchasing process”, says Professor S They are unbundling product information from the transaction All about meIt is not only price transparency that makes internet consumers so powerful; it is also the way the net makes it easy for them to be If they do not like a website, they swiftly move “The web is the most selfish environment in the world,” says Daniel Rosensweig, chief operating officer of Yahoo! “People want to use the internet whenever they want, how they want and for whatever they ”Yahoo! is not alone in defining its strategy as working out what its customers (260m unique users every month) are looking for, and then trying to give it to The first thing they want is to become better informed about products and “We operate our business on that belief,” says Jeff Bezos, Amazon’s chief Amazon became famous for books, but long ago branched out into selling lots of other things too; among its latest ventures are health products, jewellery and gourmet Apart from cheap and bulky items such as garden rakes, Mr Bezos thinks he can sell most And so do the millions of people who use eBAnd yet nobody thinks real shops are finished, especially those operating in niche Many bricks-and-mortar bookshops still make a good living, as do flea But many record shops and travel agents could be in for a tougher Erik Blachford, the head of IAC’s travel side and boss of Expedia, the biggest internet travel agent, thinks online travel bookings in America could quickly move from 20% of the market to more than Mr Bezos reckons online retailers might capture 10-15% of retail sales over the next That would represent a massive shift in How will traditional shops respond? Michael Dell, the founder of Dell, which leads the personal-computer market by selling direct to the customer, has long thought many shops will turn into There are already signs of change on the high The latest Apple and Sony stores are designed to display products, in the full expectation that many people will buy To some extent, the online and offline worlds may Multi-channel selling could involve a combination of traditional shops, a printed catalogue, a home-shopping channel on TV, a phone-in order service and an e-commerce-enabled But often it is likely to be the website where customers will be encouraged to place their One of the biggest commercial advantages of the internet is a lowering of transaction costs, which usually translates directly into lower prices for the So, if the lowest prices can be found on the internet and people like the service they get, why would they buy anywhere else? One reason may be convenience; another, concern about fraud, which poses the biggest threat to online But as long as the internet continues to deliver price and product information quickly, cheaply and securely, e-commerce will continue to Increasingly, companies will have to assume that customers will know exactly where to look for the best This market has the potential to become as perfect as it [1]Singh M P， An Evolutionary Look at E-Commerce， IEEE Internet Computing，5，P77～78[2]Rabinovitch E, The state of E-commerce, IEEE Communications magazine,3,P12～12[3]Amit R, Zott C Value creation in e- Strategic Management Journal 2001;22:493–520
YanGuoBin 《discussed shallowly new economy accounting personnel》 quality modern accounting" 2009 (2) LuoHong ZhuKaiXi ．"do not do false account" education "with accounting quality accounting friends of 2008(1)
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