eep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of
学术堂来告诉你Introduction与abstract的区别:An abstract is a summary of a research It contains the most essential details of your research, including the findings, methods, and It is meant to help readers, who are often busy scientists, decide whether they wish to read the entire article and can be especially useful in case of paywalled It also helps journal editors to determine whether to consider articles for peer 摘要(Abstract)是对论文的总体概括,通常包含研究结果、方法、结论等精华信息。对于时间有限的科学家来说,这一小截摘要是他们判断文章是否可读的线索,也是读者考量付费文章的指标。此外,期刊编辑也会根据摘要来决定论文是否送审。Now let us understand what purpose the Introduction The Introduction is the beginning of your research paper and provides background for your research topic, helping the reader understand the motivation for conducting the It sets the context for your research by introducing the research topic, providing a brief overview of previously published literature, identifying the gaps or problems that existing research has failed to address, and finally introducing the problem that you intend to solve, ideally via an explicit ‘aim’ statement at the end of the introduction—more on this in the next section!接着讲讲引言(Introduction)。引言放在文章开头,交代研究背景,有助于读者理解研究动机。具体来讲,作者要依次阐明研究主题,综述相关文献,讨论现有研究的不足,引出研究问题,最好再以研究目标结尾(研究目标下面会展开讲)。The abstract is written to give readers a sneak peek into your research and engage their interest, and so it should briefly encapsulate the entire study; the Introduction, meanwhile, is written to provide specific context for the research question being explored, particularly for readers who may not be familiar with the specific subfield of your 摘要既要概括文章的主要内容,又要让读者产生读下去的兴趣。而引言则为研究问题提供详细的背景说明,方便垂直领域以外的读者理解。One notable difference that you must keep in mind is that the abstract includes the methods and results of your research but the Introduction does 从结构上来看,摘要中包含的研究方法和结果两部分内容是引言中没有的。
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms(题目:二号,黑体,加粗,居中,除了英语小词外,其他单词首字母都要大写;另外:除了题目外,论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”)(学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名(小四号宋体字,加粗),依次排印在论文题目下,上空二行,居中) This paper centers on the different expressions of …… (英文摘要:上空二行;题目采用五号“Times NewRoman”字体,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号;采用五号“TimesNew Roman”字体,不加粗;单倍行距。) idiom; comparison; English; Chinese(英文关键词:题目采用五号“Times NewRoman”字体,加粗,两个单词的首字母要大写,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用任何其他标点符号,采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗,除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写,各单词之间用分号“;”隔开,分号之后空一格;最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号;单倍行距。) (顶格,除了第一个单词及专有名词外,其他单词首字母都不要大写;标题最后不用任何标点符号,上空两行)In both English and Chinese, … So, this essay is trying tofocus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in termsof their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression(Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999)(段落第一行缩进4个英文字符;夹注的标注法:出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系;注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号,时间、页码等的标注法;另外,汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现,不能出现汉语姓氏;夹注出现在标点符号之前) The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idiomsIn English, … And it can be clearly seen in the below examples: 正文中的例子以(1),(2)…为序号排列,直至最后一个例子;而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号) (正文章节序号编制:章的编号: ,, ,…;节的编号:1,2…,1,2…;小节的编号为:1, 2…。小节以下层次,采用希腊数字加括号为序,如(i),(ii)…;之后再采用字母加括号,如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格,小四号字,加粗;每节(及小节以下)题目左顶格,小四号字,不加粗但要斜体;所有章节的题目都单独一行,最后不加任何标点符号)In conclusion, … 2 The characteristics of Chinese idioms Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the followingexamples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):idioms 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:D/PCPrager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。 1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。(内容基本与中文摘要相同,但不用完全逐句对应)。2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页(1页即可),放在中文摘要页之后。3、英文字体与行间距: 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”,5倍行间距。4、英文题目: 使用三号字加粗。5、英文摘要: “Absract”顶格,使用四号字,并加粗。英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。6、英文关键词: “Key Words”顶格,使用四号字并加粗。每个关键词使用四号字 正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。 若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如: The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9)这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名);阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成9);作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号;句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。 被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示: Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”is an admirable and characteristic And if one is sorry that in it Whitman is unable to conceive theextreme crises of society, one is certainthat no society would be tolerable whosescitizens could not find refreshment in itsbuoyant democratic (Chase 165)这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。 如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如: Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9) 值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。 如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号);点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如: Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and with undisguised scorn and (Nitchie 43) 若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如: Professor Chen Jia's A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i)圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线;规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字;其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。 如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如: Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35)Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15)这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。 评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。 When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all ”(1620-21)这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格;圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写;21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。 论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点: 目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。 目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为6cm;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为6cm,不必留出更多空白。 各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。 各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。 现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。Two or More Books by the Same AuthorBrooks, C Fundamentals of Good Writing: AHandbook of Modern R NewYork: Harcourt, ---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats,Eliot, and W New Haven: Yale UP,引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名;各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。An Author with an EditorShake speare, W The Tragedy of M E Louis B New York: Washington Square, 本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth;如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如:Blackmur, Richard PI The Art of the Novel:Critical P By Henry J New York: Scribner's, vii- 如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可):Emery, D P English F By ELondon: Macmillan, v-A Multivolume WorkBrowne, T The Works of Sir Thomas B EGeoffrey K 4 London: Faber, Browne, T The Works of Sir Thomas B EGeoffrey K V London: Faber, 4 第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容;第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。A Selection from an AnthologyAbram, M H“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the A”Romanticism R E Northrop F NewYork: Columbia UP,63-被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。Articles in Journals, Magazines, and NewspapersOtto, Mary L“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for P”Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-报刊杂志名需划线,但其后不需任何标点符号。62为卷号或期号,如既有卷号,又有期号,则要将二者以句号分开。如:(3);1984为出版年份,应置于圆括弧中。Arnold, M“Willa Cather's Nostalgia: A Study in ”Research Studies M1981:23-24, 月刊或双月刊须同时注明出版年月;23-24,28表示该文的前一部分刊于第23和24两页,后一部分则转至第28页。Gorney, C“When the Gorilla S”Washington Post31 July,1985:B引用日报上的英语论文必须同时注明报纸出版的年、月、日。B1为该文在报纸中的版面及页码。参考文献(略)(摘自《外语与外语教学》1999年第8期,原文:“英语论文写作规范”作者刘新民)五:英语论文摘要英语论文摘要又称文摘,是论文的重要组成部分,它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不需阅读全文,就可获得重要的信息。摘要通常置于文题之后,文章之首。在论文发表后,论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词,并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。
二者有如下三种区别:1、含义不同:Abstract是论文正文前面的摘要,是用简洁的语言指出论文的主要内容、研究方法和成果发现。Introduction是论文主体部分的开端词,用较为详细的语言指出论文写作所涉及的内容或者要着力解决的问题。2、论文出现位置不同:Abstract先于Introduction出现,位于论文目录之前,而Introduction位于论文目录之后的第一部分。3、语言风格不同:Abstract有一定的篇幅限制和相对固定的格式,行文简洁,逻辑性强的特点,一般为70-150词左右。Introduction是引出全文的内容,衔接下一部分,也可对全文的结构做一定的概述,语言风格较为详细和细致。扩展资料1、Introduction(引言)的内容分为三到四个层次。第一层由研究背景、意义、发展状况等内容组成;第二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题,从而引出自己的研究动机与意义;第三层说明自己研究的具体目的与内容;最后是引言的结尾,可以介绍一下论文的组成部分。2、Abstract的可以让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容,以补充题名的不足。以及为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。参考资料:百度百科 - 引言参考资料:百度百科 - 摘要
Summary: China's marketization process has now entered a critical stage, but as a core part of the market mechanism, modern corporate governance structure has as yet not after the reform of state-owned enterprises must have role to Corporate governance structure is a product of modern business The beginning of this century, the birth of the modern enterprise is a prominent feature of the separation of ownership and management rights, which created a professional class of managers and managers of marketing, management disciplines have gained a revolutionary But instead of professional managers control the business owner has created a "client" and "agent" In order to ensure the client's interests are not violated and abused, the contractual relationship between the need for appropriate institutional arrangements, this is the corporate governance structure to solve the Keywords: state-owned enterprises; governance structure; Analysis
Content abstract: China's process of market now has entered a critical stage, but as a core part of the market mechanism, the modern enterprise corporate governance structure but can't in after the restructuring of the state-owned enterprise will have to play a Corporate governance is the product of development of modern At the beginning of this century the birth of the modern enterprise a prominent feature is the property rights and the right of management separation, it produced a professional managers class and managers market, management discipline is so revolutionary change But professional managers to replace owners to control the management of the enterprise and produced "client" and "agent" In order to ensure that the rights and interests shall not be violated and abused, both of the contractual relationships need institutional arrangement, this is company corresponding governance structure will solve the
April 2006, Shandong Province by the Department of Homeland increase and decrease as urban and rural construction land first pilot, had the honor of the town has experienced this dynamic movement of the In the process, Shandong Province because of its complicated geographical environment, a large regional differences, uneven economic conditions, and grass-roots policies vary, derived from several different urbanization Among these are "Zhucheng" across the board except the "village" of negative reports, but also one village level, the implementation of enterprise management Xixia successful example of the village How to make a truly benefits the country town of good policy? How to make joy to live in high buildings of farmers? How to make the villagers after the lost not unemployed? How to make a variety of bloodshed from subside, petitioners no longer be a "professional"? Urbanization of the road, we go from here?
这和老师的喜好有关 谁能猜到老师会提啥问题啊总之你对自己的论文做到心中有数 他再怎么问你都不用怕
就用ppt自带的模版 越素越好 推荐蓝底白字或白底黑字 字都加粗在ppt中不要出现句子 顶多是词组大概15页左右第一页写题目 作者 导师第二页写 outline 讲的时候注意介绍各部分的逻辑关系第三页写 literature review 或者叫 theoretical basis 几句话带过就行 这个不重要第四页开始写主体部分 多用表格 最后是conclusion 要写limitations 答辩一般是十到十五分钟 千万别超时
Giving Life Meaning
论文(Paper)或:dissertation(论文)或:thesis(论文)经常说的:)~English dissertation(英语论文)Graduation thesis(毕业论文)
gavin7991 - 举人 四级 说的很详细,但更加简洁明了的说法是:硕士论文用thesis, MA thesis (文学硕士论文),博士论文用dissertation, 学期论文或发表的文章可用paper,essay指篇幅较短小的文章,相当于作文类或散文类
gavin7991 - 举人 四级 说的很详细,但更加简洁明了的说法是:硕士论文用thesis, MA thesis (文学硕士论文),博士论文用dissertation, 学期论文或发表的文章可用paper,essay指篇幅较短小的文章,相当于作文类或散文类
论文(Paper)或:dissertation(论文)或:thesis(论文)经常说的:)~English dissertation(英语论文)Graduation thesis(毕业论文)