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这个太难搞了！
随着互联网的迅速的发展，基于互联网的各种应用日益受到人们的重视，基于Web的考试系统在这种形势下应运而生，它可以利用网络，随时随地对学生进行考试，是传统考场的延伸。本文在基于一般考试系统的设计与实现技术上，结合公务员考试的特点，通过对系统的结构设计、后台设计、前端开发，构建了一个基于B/S三层结构的、以JSP为开发平台和Oracle9i为数据库的公务员考试系统。本系统基本实现了招考信息发布、学生注册报名、单位进行资格审查、管理员对用户及角色进行管理等功能。本公务员考试系统采用的技术较为新奇，在今后的应用将会很广泛。该系统既可以用于政府机关招聘公务员，也可用于各事业单位招聘。Along with the rapid development of the Internet, Web based applications increasingly attention, the test system based on Web in this situation arises at the historic moment, it can use the network to students, anytime, anywhere, is a traditional examination Based on the general test system based on the design and implementation of the technology, combining the characteristics of the civil service examination system, the structure design, development, design, front back to construct a three layers based on B/S structure, with the JSP development platform of Oracle9i and the civil service examination system for This system realizes the recruitment information release, student registration, unit of user credentials, administrator management role and The civil service exam system adopts the technology of the future, in relatively novel application will be very This system not only can be used for civil servants, and can also be used for each business
本论文为小学英语教师在现代教育技术广泛运用的环境下，如何有效融合信息技术与英语教学提供了借鉴和经验，引导教师要擅于利用、挖掘丰富的教学资源开展教学活动；要擅于模拟现实语境辅助教学，把学生置身于情境之中学习英语；建议教师要用心学习现代教育技术，制作微课帮助学生自学、课前预习及课后复习；建议教师要跟上时代步伐，利用网络等先进科学技术改善师生双边互动关系，提高教育教学效果。 《英语课程标准》在“实施建议”部分明确指出，教师要充分利用现代教育技术，开发英语教学资源，拓宽学生英语学习渠道，改变学生英语学习方式，提高学生的学习效率。教师要努力学习现代教育技术，开发并合理利用以现代信息技术为载体的英语教学资源，实现现代信息技术与英语教学的有效融合。 选用合适的教学方法和手段，合理运用计算机、投影仪、幻灯片、录像等多媒体教学资源能给英语课堂教学带来巨大的变化。现在我从以下几个方面展开论述：一、信息技术为教师提供丰富的教学资源 教师在教学过程中，需要大量的资料及信息源。在传统的教学中，这些资料主要是通过书本、教科书等各种参考材料获得，来源有限，而且缺乏灵活性、方便性和交互性。现在计算机的集成特征与网络化和存储技术相结合，为教学提供大量的信息资源以及各种教学软件，如光盘、录像带、幻灯片、多媒体课件等，有利于教师开展各种引人入胜的教学方法和手段。例如在课堂导入时，我们可以灵活运用以下几种利用现代教育技术的导入方式：1、播放歌曲，情趣导入。优美的音乐、欢快的节奏，既愉悦身心，又陶冶情操，还能激发学趣。新教材为我们提供大量孩子们爱唱、乐唱的英文歌曲，有的歌曲还可以配上与歌词相对应的动作，如闽教版三年级下册Unit5 Parts of the Body之PartC的Follow me等歌曲，一则活跃了课堂气氛，激发了学生的学习情绪，二则为本课的教学定下基调，做好铺垫。2、利用幻灯片等电教手段导入。如教学三年级下册Unit1 Birthday 之PartA时，我们可以把a football，a present，a card，a cake等四张幻灯片逐一呈现在屏幕上，同时配上录音，这有利于增强学生的感性认识，让学生就这些内容在课堂上展开讨论，交流学习，突出上课主题，达到良好的教学效果。3、制作多媒体课件复习导入。如在教学三年级下册Unit7 Clothes（2）新课之前，教师先做好课件利用“头脑风暴”复习一下Unit6 Clothes（1）的相关词汇、句型，让旧知在头脑中闪过一遍，承前启后，有利于拓展新内容的学习，达到温故而知新的良好效果。另外，利用课件教学新单词也是一个很好的教学方法，能收到预想不到的教学效果,如教学单词“clothes”时,我们在制作课件时利用计算机的特殊效果让单词中的7个字母c-l-o-t-h-e-s逐一“飞入” 屏幕，让学生把熟悉的字母“串”起来，达到轻松拼写单词的教学目的。二、利用信息技术模拟现实语境 这种方法是指教师在教学过程中，将现实情境借助信息技术处理后在课堂上播出，通过模拟现实语境（Virtual Reality）组织课堂教学的方式，可以让学生进入真实的、在Cyberspace的语言情境中、在与计算机交互过程中完成某一项特定的学习任务。这是一种为了达到某个预定的教学目标，从教学实际需要出发引入或创设的，与教学内容相适应的具体场景或氛围（即语言情境），易于集中学生学习注意力，能够引起学生的情感体验，帮助学生正确理解教学内容，使学生身临其境，增强教学效果的先进科技方法。经常运用的形式有：镜头定格、慢放画面、循环播放等。其中慢放画面，特别能引起学生的注意力，让生活中转瞬即逝的现象或过程清晰地重现在学生面前，帮助学生理解难点，无须教师花费很多时间去讲解就能学懂。 这种直观新型的知识表达技术超越了时间和空间、静止和运动、语言和形象的障碍，能模拟现实情况下难以实现和完成的任务，变静态为动态、变抽象为形象，它是常规教学手段所无法比拟的。例如，在试听媒体的辅助下，模拟国外生活或学习情境（如在街上乘坐公交车、到医院看望病人、在商场购物、在学校学习等），要求学生与不同外国人对话，进行模拟训练。这种利用信息技术的训练方式，让学生置身于模拟的语言情境之中，对于提高学生对情境、学习内容的适应能力具有很大的帮助，尤其适用于口语教学。三、制作微课拓宽学生学习渠道 微课是一种简单的多媒体演示方式，它以教学视频为主要载体，便于家里备有电脑的学生观看学习。它主要包括：微课堂（视频）、微设计、微反思、微练习、微资源和微简介。其中以微课堂为核心内容，基于问题解决，针对小学英语教学中的某一个问题或一个知识点展开教与学，灵活、合理利用信息技术，在较短的时间内实现突破重难点、传授技能、培养兴趣、启迪智慧等教育教学目的的数字化资源整合，每个视频时长在10分钟以内, 这符合小学生注意力持续时间相对较短的年龄特点。例如在教学闽教版四年级上册Unit7 Christmas的内容之前，教师可以把圣诞节的相关文化及礼物用文字或图像以解说的形式介绍给学生并录制成微课堂，课前提供给学生学习、了解,这有利于学生带着对圣诞节的浓浓兴趣参与课堂学习。再如当学生学过数词一到一百以后，老师把相关的数词进行归纳比较，辨别词形及读音的变化，如six-sixteen-sixty，做成微课，课后供给学生复习巩固。微课有利于培养学生自主学习能力，有利于学生按照自己的学习进度进行预习，有利于学生课后进行复习，补缺补漏。从另一个层面来看，“微课” 也是课堂的延伸与拓展，有利于学生学习、了解更多的相关知识与文化，在极大程度上支持了“反转课堂”的进行，节省了课堂时间，使师生在课堂上有更多的时间应用于交流与互动，达到更好的教学效果。四、信息技术条件下造就了新型的师生关系 作为当代教师，我们要勇于接受新鲜事物，主动学习新知识，努力学习现代教育技术，迎难而上，把现代教育技术运用于教育教学之中，把信息技术融入到小学英语课堂, 致力于改变传统的教学模式,改变学生的学习方式和师生的交往方式,增强学生的认知能力,激发学生的英语学习兴趣。只有这样，我们才能够成为时代的佼佼者，成为学生喜欢的老师。 信息技术条件下必然造就了新型的师生双边互动关系,促进了师生关系朝着良好的方向发展,而良好的师生关系反过来可以提高教育教学质量,有助于教师开展教育教学活动。例如，教师可以通过校讯通给学生布置作业或向家长反映学生在校表现情况，并与家长取得联系、沟通，让家长督促、指导自己的孩子学习，有利于老师了解学生在家的学习动态，并有针对性地进行教育教学。另外，教师还可以利用“新课标形式下小学英语网络作业形式探究”课题组创建的“一起作业网”给学生布置相应的作业，让学生在家独立完成作业并进行网上批改，使学生及时了解知识掌握情况，让老师轻而易举地在网上检查学生完成作业情况，方便快捷，同时也减少了教师批改学生作业的工作量。再说，网上的作业形式多样，图、文、声、像并茂，游戏性强，富有挑战性，能够激起学生的学习欲望，真可谓是“玩中学、学中玩”，很受学生欢迎，充分调动了学生的学习积极性，发挥了他们的主体作用，提高了他们的英语学习兴趣。这种信息技术影响下的良性循环，很好地改善了师生之间的关系，促使新型的师生双边互动关系更和谐、更融洽。 “十二五” 第3期泉州市小学英语骨干教师培训教育见习期间，泉州实验小学、师院附小及德化实验小学三所学校给我们提供了十来节的观摩研讨课，他们上课独具特色、各有千秋，导入方式五花八门，教具使用多种多样，语境创设逼近生活，教学评价丰富多彩，所有这些无不体现了执教老师的教育智慧和用心，体现了他们对信息技术的利用和研发，以及对现代教育技术的热爱和追求。 总之，作为小学英语教师，我们要敢于面对现实，抓住机遇，跟上时代步伐，不断学习现代教育技术，擅于把信息技术有效融入到小学英语教学之中，充分发挥我们的聪明才智，挖掘教育智慧，创新教育理念，想尽各种教学方法和手段，激发学生的英语学习兴趣，努力提高小学英语教学效率。
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在1972年， IBM推出了灵活的软磁盘作为一个中型载货节目到电脑主机由于磁盘这么灵活的，他们被戏称为软盘。他们是物美价廉，规模小，易于处理，存储，并通过发送邮件。大多数的计算机都至少有一个软盘驱动器。软盘，又称为软盘，有两种规格： 5 25英寸。为MS - DOS的基于计算机， 5英寸磁盘，可在720千字节（双-密度） ， 1 44兆字节（高-密度），以及 88兆字节（扩展-密度）的能力。该25英寸磁盘有一个密度的48铁轨每英寸，而高密度磁盘有一个密度的96铁轨每英寸。几乎所有的5英寸软盘的密度135tracks每英寸。最早型号的软盘被单一片面的。加上另一个读/写头在磁盘驱动导致使用双面软盘，并增加一倍的容量磁盘。今天，所有软盘是双面的如果你研究了5英寸的软盘上，你会看到一个金属套涵盖读/写插槽。当你插入磁盘到磁盘到磁盘驱动器，金属套幻灯片回来，揭露读/写插槽。读/写头的软盘驱动器，可以清楚自己的定位超过特定的轨道。由于金属套筒和僵化的塑料外壳， 5英寸软盘是那么容易受到损害比25英寸软盘。 利用档案或程式，是在软碟上，你必须先插入磁盘到软盘驱动器软盘驱动器通常被称为甲驱动器和乙驱动器。看看哪个驱动器是甲或者乙有译不正之处见谅!
In 1972, IBM introduced flexible diskettes as a medium for loading programs into mainframe Because the disks were so flexible, they were nicknamed floppy They are inexpensive, small, and easy to handle, store, and send through the Most computers have at least one floppy disk Floppy disks, also called diskettes, are available in two sizes: 5 and 25 For MS-DOS based computers, the 5-inch disks are available in 720-kilobyte (double - density), 44-megabyte (high - density), and 88-megabyte (extended - density) The 25-inch disks have a density of 48 tracks per inch, whereas high-density disks have a density of 96 tracks per Almost all 5-inch floppy disks have a density of 135tracks per The earliest models of floppy disks were single- The addition of another read/write head in the disk drive led to the use of double-sided floppy disk, and doubled the capacity of the Today, all floppy disks are double- If you examine a 5-inch floppy disk, you will see that a metal sleeve covers the read/write When you insert the disk into a disk into a disk drive, the metal sleeve slides back, exposing the read/write The read/write head of the floppy disk drive can position itself over specific Because of the metal sleeve and the rigid plastic casing, the 5-inch floppy disk is less vulnerable to damage than the 25-inch floppy To use the files or programs that are on a floppy disk, you must first insert the disk into a floppy disk Floppy disk drives are commonly referred to as the A drive and the B Check your computer manual to see which drive is A and which is B
What Is Grid Storage? Based on current and proposed products, it appears that a grid storage system should include the following: Modular storage arrays: These systems are connected across a storage network using serial ATA The systems can be block-oriented storage arrays or network-attached storage gateways and Common virtualization layer: Storage must be organized as a single logical pool of resources available to Data redundancy and availability: Multiple copies of data should exist across nodes in the grid, creating redundant data access and availability in case of a component Common management: A single level of management across all nodes should cover the areas of data security, mobility and migration, capacity on demand, and Simplified platform/management architecture: Because common management is so important, the tasks involved in administration should be organized in modular fashion, allowing the autodiscovery of new nodes in the grid and automating volume and file Three Basic Benefits Applying grid topology to a storage network provides several benefits, including the following: R A well-designed grid network is extremely Rather than providing just two paths between any two nodes, the grid offers multiple paths between each storage This makes it easy to service and replace components in case of failure, with minimal impact on system availability or P The same factors that lead to reliability also can improve Not requiring a centralized switch with many ports eliminates a potential performance bottleneck, and applying load-balancing techniques to the multiple paths available offers consistent performance for the entire S It’s easy to expand a grid network using inexpensive switches with low port counts to accommodate additional servers for increased performance, bandwidth and In essence, grid storage is a way to scale out rather than up, using relatively inexpensive storage building
计算机，方面的英语论的
In 1972, IBM introduced flexible diskettes as a medium for loading programs into mainframe Because the disks were so flexible, they were nicknamed floppy They are inexpensive, small, and easy to handle, store, and send through the Most computers have at least one floppy disk Floppy disks, also called diskettes, are available in two sizes: 5 and 25 For MS-DOS based computers, the 5-inch disks are available in 720-kilobyte (double - density), 44-megabyte (high - density), and 88-megabyte (extended - density) The 25-inch disks have a density of 48 tracks per inch, whereas high-density disks have a density of 96 tracks per Almost all 5-inch floppy disks have a density of 135tracks per The earliest models of floppy disks were single- The addition of another read/write head in the disk drive led to the use of double-sided floppy disk, and doubled the capacity of the Today, all floppy disks are double- If you examine a 5-inch floppy disk, you will see that a metal sleeve covers the read/write When you insert the disk into a disk into a disk drive, the metal sleeve slides back, exposing the read/write The read/write head of the floppy disk drive can position itself over specific Because of the metal sleeve and the rigid plastic casing, the 5-inch floppy disk is less vulnerable to damage than the 25-inch floppy To use the files or programs that are on a floppy disk, you must first insert the disk into a floppy disk Floppy disk drives are commonly referred to as the A drive and the B Check your computer manual to see which drive is A and which is B
随着互联网的迅速的发展，基于互联网的各种应用日益受到人们的重视，基于Web的考试系统在这种形势下应运而生，它可以利用网络，随时随地对学生进行考试，是传统考场的延伸。本文在基于一般考试系统的设计与实现技术上，结合公务员考试的特点，通过对系统的结构设计、后台设计、前端开发，构建了一个基于B/S三层结构的、以JSP为开发平台和Oracle9i为数据库的公务员考试系统。本系统基本实现了招考信息发布、学生注册报名、单位进行资格审查、管理员对用户及角色进行管理等功能。本公务员考试系统采用的技术较为新奇，在今后的应用将会很广泛。该系统既可以用于政府机关招聘公务员，也可用于各事业单位招聘。Along with the rapid development of the Internet, Web based applications increasingly attention, the test system based on Web in this situation arises at the historic moment, it can use the network to students, anytime, anywhere, is a traditional examination Based on the general test system based on the design and implementation of the technology, combining the characteristics of the civil service examination system, the structure design, development, design, front back to construct a three layers based on B/S structure, with the JSP development platform of Oracle9i and the civil service examination system for This system realizes the recruitment information release, student registration, unit of user credentials, administrator management role and The civil service exam system adopts the technology of the future, in relatively novel application will be very This system not only can be used for civil servants, and can also be used for each business
电脑的学名为电子计算机，是由早期的电动计算器发展而来的。1946年，世界上出现了第一台电子数字计算机“ENIAC”，用于计算弹道。是由美国宾夕法尼亚大学莫尔电工学院制造的，但它的体积庞大，占地面积170多平方米，重量约30吨，消耗近100千瓦的电力。显然，这样的计算机成本很高，使用不便。1956年，晶体管电子计算机诞生了，这是第二代电子计算机。只要几个大一点的柜子就可将它容下，运算速度也大大地提高了。1959年出现的是第三代集成电路计算机。最初的计算机由约翰·冯·诺依曼发明(那时电脑的计算能力相当于现在的计算器)，有三间库房那么大，后逐步发展。 从20世纪70年代开始，这是电脑发展的最新阶段。到1970年，由大规模集成电路和超大规模集成电路制成的“克雷一号”，使电脑进入了第四代。超大规模集成电路的发明，使电子计算机不断向着 小型化、微型化、低功耗、智能化、系统化的方向更新换代。20世纪90年代，电脑向“智能”方向发展，制造出与人脑相似的电脑，可以进行思维、学习、记忆、网络通信等工作。 进入21世纪，电脑更是笔记本化、微型化和专业化，每秒运算速度超过100万次，不但操作简易、价格便宜，而且可以代替人们的部分脑力劳动，甚至在某些方面扩展了人的智能。于是，今天的微型电子计算机就被形象地称做电脑了。世界上第一台个人电脑由IBM于1981年推出。IBM推出以英特尔的x86为硬体架构，以微软公司的MS-DOS为操作系统的个人电脑，并制定以PC/AT为PC的规格。之后，由英特尔推出的微处理器以及微软推出的操作系统的发展几乎等同于个人电脑的发展历史。Wintel架构全面取代了IBM在个人电脑世界的主导地位。 通常说到“世界公认的第一台电子数字计算机”大多数人都认为是1946年面世的“ENIAC”，它主要是用于计算弹道。是由美国宾夕法尼亚大学莫尔电气工程学院制造的，它的体积庞大，占地面积170多平方米，重量约30吨，消耗近150千瓦的电力。显然，这样的计算机成本很高，使用不便。这个说法被计算机基础教科书上普遍采用,事实上在1973年根据美国最高法院的裁定,最早的电子数字计算机,应该是美国爱荷华州立大学的物理系副教授约翰·阿坦那索夫和其研究生助手克利夫·贝瑞(Clifford E Berry ，1918-1963）于1939年10月制造的"ABC"(Atanasoff- Berry-Computer）。之所以会有这样的误会，是因为“ENIAC”的研究小组中的一个叫莫克利的人于1941年剽窃了约翰·阿坦那索夫的研究成果，并在1946年时，申请了专利。由于种种原因直到1973年这个错误才被扭转过来。（具体情况参阅百度百科----“约翰·阿坦那索夫”词条，希望大家记住ABC和约翰·阿坦那索夫，希望以后的教科书能够修改这个错误）。后来为了表彰和纪念约翰·阿坦那索夫在计算机领域内作出的伟大贡献，1990年美国前总统布什授予约翰·阿坦那索夫全美最高科技奖项----“国家科技奖”。 中国电脑 中国的算盘是最早的运算工具。在人类文明发展的历史上中国曾经在早期计算工具的发明创造方面写过光辉的一页。远在商代，中国就创造了十进制记数方法，领先于世界千余年。到了周代，发明了当时最先进的计算工具——算筹。这是一种用竹、木或骨制成的颜色不同的小棍。计算每一个数学问题时，通常编出一套歌诀形式的算法，一边计算，一边不断地重新布棍。中国古代数学家祖冲之，就是用算筹计算出圆周率在1415926和1415927之间。这一结果比西方早一千年。 珠算盘是中国的又一独创，也是计算工具发展史上的第一项重大发明。这种轻巧灵活、携带方便、与人民生活关系密切的计算工具，最初大约出现于汉朝，到元朝时渐趋成熟。珠算盘不仅对中国经济的发展起过有益的作用，而且传到日本、朝鲜、东南亚等地区，经受了历史的考验，至今仍在使用。 中国发明创造指南车、水运浑象仪、记里鼓车、提花机等，不仅对自动控制机械的发展有卓越的贡献，而且对计算工具的演进产生了直接或间接的影响。例如，张衡制作的水运浑象仪，可以自动地与地球运转同步，后经唐、宋两代的改进，遂成为世界上最早的天文钟。 记里鼓车则是世界上最早的自动计数装置。提花机原理与计算机程序控制的发展有过间接的影响。中国古代用阳、阴两爻构成八卦，也对计算技术的发展有过直接的影响。莱布尼兹写过研究八卦的论文，系统地提出了二进制算术运算法则。他认为，世界上最早的二进制表示法就是中国的八卦。 经过漫长的沉寂，新中国成立后，中国计算技术迈入了新的发展时期，先后建立了研究机构，在高等院校建立了计算技术与装置专业和计算数学专业，并且着手创建中国计算机制造业。 中国是在1956年研制成功国产计算机的。1958年和1959年中国先后自主研制成功国产小型和大型电子管计算机。60年代中期，中国研制成功一批晶体管计算机，并配制了ALGOL等语言的编译程序和其他系统软件。60年代后期，中国开始研究集成电路计算机。70年代，中国已批量生产小型集成电路计算机。80年代以后，中国开始重点研制微型计算机系统并推广应用；在大型计算机、特别是巨型计算机技术方面也取得了重要进展；建立了计算机服务业，逐步健全了计算机产业结构。 在计算机科学与技术的研究方面，中国在有限元计算方法、数学定理的机器证明、汉字信息处理、计算机系统结构和软件等方面都有所建树。在计算机应用方面，中国在科学计算与工程设计领域取得了显著成就。在有关经营管理和过程控制等方面，计算机应用研究和实践也日益活跃。The scientific name for electronic computer by early computer, is developed from electric In 1946, the world appeared the first electronic digital computer "ENIAC", used for calculating By the university of Pennsylvania electrician college manufacturing, Moore, the huge volume, but it occupies an area of more than one hundred seventy square meters, weight is about 30 tons, consumption by nearly 100 kilowatts of Obviously, this computer cost is high, difficult to In 1956, transistor electronic computer was born, this is the second generation of Only a few bigger cabinet can will it hold, speed also greatly 1959 appeared in the third generation integrated circuit Early computer by John and von neumann invention (then the computing power of computer now, there are three calculators) is so large, warehouse after between gradual From 20th century since the 1970s, this is the latest stage of computer To 1970, by large scale integrated circuit and vlsi circuits made of "1", make the computer clay into the fourth The invention of vlsi, make the electronic computer constantly toward miniaturization, miniaturization, low power consumption, intelligent, systematic direction During the 1990s, the computer to "smart" direction development, produce and the brain computer, can undertake similar thinking, learning and memory, network communication, Entering the 21st century, the computer is notebook change, miniaturization and specialization, gigabits per second operation speed over 100 million times, not only operate simple, cheap, and can replace people part mental work, even in some ways expanded the human's So, today's microcomputer is what has been aptly called The world's first personal computers launched by IBM in Introduction to Intel's x86 IBM for hardware structure, with Microsoft's ms-dos for the personal computer operating system and formulated to PC/AT for PC Later, launched by Intel microprocessor and Microsoft introduced the development of the operating system almost as fast as the development history of personal Wintel architecture comprehensive replaced in the PC world of IBM's Usually said "the world recognized as the first electronic digital computer" most people think that is available in 1946, "it" ENIAC is mainly used for calculating By the university of Pennsylvania is made of electrical engineering college Mohr, its huge volume, covers an area of more than one hundred seventy square meters, weight is about 30 tons, costs nearly 150 kilowatts of Obviously, this computer cost is high, difficult to This statement is widely used Computer basic textbooks in 1973, in fact, according to the United States Supreme Court ruled that the earliest digital electronic computers, should is the Iowa state university physics department associate professor John o SuoFu and its Tampa that graduate assistant cliff Berry (Clifford Berry , 1918-1963) in October 1939 manufacturing "ABC" (Atanasoff - Berry - Computer) Have this misunderstanding, because "ENIAC" one of the research team at Cleveland, called mo 1941, o John plagiarism SuoFu research achievements of the Tampa in 1946, and apply for a Due to various reasons until 1973 this error is turn them (particular case refer to baidu - "John o wikipedia entries and SuoFu" Tampa that hope everyone remember ABC and John o SuoFu, hoped later tantra that can modify this error of Later in order to commend and commemorative John o SuoFu in computer field tantra it within a great contribution in 1990, former US President bush awarded Tampa SuoFu John o across the highest technology awards - "the state" eeffect "Chinese computer Chinese abacus is the earliest computing In the history of the development of human civilization in China was once early computing tools invention aspects wrote a glorious Shang, China will have created a decimal numeration method, leading in more than 1,000 To the zhou dynasty, invented the most advanced computing tools - count This is a kind of bamboo, wood or bone of different colors made of small Computing every math problems, usually make up a set of GeJue forms of algorithm, side calculation, side constantly to cloth Ancient Chinese mathematician zu chongzhi, is calculated by numerical raised in 1415927 1415926 and between of PI The results earlier than the west for a thousand Abacus plate is another original Chinese, but also in the history of computing tools in the first major This light and flexible, convenient to carry, and people's living close calculation tool, first emerged when YuHanChao maturity, to the yuan Abacus in Chinese economy not only dish played beneficial effects of the development, and spread to Japan, Korea, southeast Asia and other regions, withstand the test of the history, are still in Chinese inventions, it was the direction-guiding cart in waterway written instrument, such as car, jacquard machine drums, not only to the development of automatic control machines have outstanding contributions to computing tools, and the evolution produced direct or indirect For example, it was made of zhang heng waterway, can automatically instrument with earth in moving synchronization, by the tang, song after two generations of improvement, thus became the world's first The car is written in the world drum, the earliest automatic counting Jacquard machine principle and the development of the computer program control have indirect Ancient Chinese Yao with Yang, Yin constitutes a gossip, and two of the development of computing technology have direct Leibnitz wrote research papers, systematically tabloid forward binary arithmetic He thinks, the world's first binary representation is China's After a long silence, after the founding of new China, Chinese computing entered the new developing period, has established a research organization, in universities and colleges to establish computing technology and device professional and computational mathematics, and hands to create China professional computer China is developed successfully in 1956 in home In 1958 and 1959 China has successfully developed independently domestic small and large tube In the mid 60, China has successfully developed computer, and configuration of the transistor such language ALGOL compiler and other system In the late 1960's, China began to study computer integrated In the 1970s, China has batch production small integrated circuit In the 1980s, China began after key development microcomputer system and popularized; In large computer, especially huge computer technology has also made important progress; Established computer services, and gradually improve the computer industry In computer science and technology research, China in finite element calculation method, mathematical theorems machine proof, Chinese information processing, computer system structure and software all aspects In computer applications, in Chinese scientific computing and engineering design fields have achieved remarkable In the related management and process control, computer application research and practice is increasingly
计算机，方面的英语论的
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