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Financing for Development: DebtWEDO/UNIFEM Women’s Consultation Briefing P By Gail Lerner, Rebecca Desiree Lozada and Viola TThere is a strong consensus in the international community that the debt burden is a serious barrier to the creation of any meaningful development The Secretary General’s report of earlier this year rightly identifies debt as a significant obstacle to development in low-income, middle-income and transition economy It recognizes that debt financing ought to be an integral part of a country's development effort and not a The foreign debt is growing Debt relief continues to be an exercise of power and control through the conditionalities imposed by the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) impose unacceptable conditions on debtor nations and drain them of precious Present debt-management proposals such as those devised by creditors—the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative, to include the Enhanced HIPC—offer too little, too late, to too few Because these are designed by creditors, their purpose is debt collection, not debt Both lenders and borrowers must take responsibility for the debt It is unjust that creditors dominate the debt relief Unless present debt-management plans are transformed into effective, equitable, development-oriented and durable debt release opportunities, the devastating cycle of debt accumulation will repeat itself, condemning millions more people to Debtor governments are obliged to prioritize debt repayments over spending on health, education, sanitation, clean water and other social This undermines accountability by debtor governments to the people, which in turn erodes local democratic Debt and loan negotiations are always conducted in secret between elites in the North and elites in the South, fostering Finally, if the debt problem is to be resolved in a way that contributes in an integral way to sustainable community, attention must be paid to how concurrent channels of development financing contribute towards the creation and expansion of external For example, attention needs to be given to how existing trade and investment agreements might inhibit rather than enhance revenue-generating opportunities for developing Vigilance needs to be maintained so that development efforts are not financed through modalities, instruments or mechanisms that create additional burdensome International fora of civil society convened by the international Jubilee campaigns call for the cancellation of all illegitimate debts of all Southern The prevailing opinion is that there are several categories of illegitimate debt, which can be identified as follows: Debts that are illegitimate to repay, that is, they cannot be serviced without causing harm to people and Debts incurred by illegitimate debtors and creditors acting illegitimately which includes both “odious debt” (that is any debt incurred not for the needs or interests of the state but to strengthen a despotic regime that represses its own population) Debts incurred for illegitimate uses, such as debts for projects which were never built or did not befit the people as they were intended; debts contracted for fraudulent purposes; Debts incurred with illegitimate terms, included debts incurred at usurious interest rates; debts that became unpayable as a result of external factors (unilateral increase in interest rates) over which debtors have no Caught as they are at the divide between the productive and reproductive spheres of life, women have borne the full impact of debt dependence, adherence to SAPs and In their multitude roles of worker, caregiver, home manager, wife and mother, women’s time and energies are stretched to breaking point as they strive to enable the family to survive economic Instead of perpetuating this set-up, the Financing for Development process must work for systemic, structural and policy changes and programmes that will free countries from the debt trap, prevent the repetition of these problems and promote political and economic democracy and equity, gender equality, popular empowerment and sustainable From this framework and towards this end, we recommend that the international community ensure the: * Immediate cancellation of 100% of the debts of low-income countries, immediate debt relief for severely indebted middle income countries, and cancellation of the illegitimate debts of all Southern countries * Active participation of civil society in decision-making processes that determine the allocation of funds from new loans and debt relief * Elimination of any conditionalities attached to new loans and debt relief that perpetuate indebtedness, as articulated in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) and the enhanced HIPC initiatives, starting with heavily indebted poor countries in Africa * Introduction of a new, independent and transparent arbitration process for negotiating and agreeing upon international debt cancellation which ensures that losses and gains are equally shared along with the introduction of ethical lending and borrowing policies to prevent future recurrence of the debt crisisDebt FinancingDebt financing involves any money that a business borrows in order to run Also referred to as loans, it can be a long-term or short-term solution to needed cash There are various options for obtaining the money a business may need to operate For any viable business, loans are Terms may vary, but every loan is set to be repaid with interest at a future This cash flow option can be attractive to business owners because they do not have to sacrifice any ownership interests in their Furthermore, the interest on borrowed money may be tax- Finally, the costs are relatively fixed, and therefore predictable in planning for future business When looking for a short- or long-term cash flow solution, a business may find that a loan is the most viable By definition, short-term debt financing provides money needed for day-to-day business operations with plans for repayment in less than one Day-to-day business operation needs may include purchasing inventory or supplies or paying employee Short-term financing is also referred to as operating loans, and can include lines of credit or credit On the other hand, long-term loans provide greater amounts of money that are paid back over a longer period of A business may use long-term debt financing to purchase equipment, land, buildings or This money then is used to purchase business assets in which the scheduled loan repayment and the usefulness of the asset extends longer than one A business can obtain money from different sources depending on its needs and financial Banks and credit unions are traditional sources for borrowing money and offer a variety of options especially for If a business does not yet have established credit, or its credit is poor, it still may be able to get the money needed through a commercial finance company, which offers loans with higher interest rates to high-risk Also, commercial financial institutions are available for loaning money, as well as for providing funds for inventory or equipment Debt financing can be a useful tool for a business in need of additional cash However, it is meant to be a means to an end, namely of generating more money for a business in order to grow Business owners should try to avoid falling into the revolving trap of getting their business into an unmanageable state of Remember that "he that loveth silver shall not be satisfied with silver; nor he that loveth abundance with increase" (Ecclesiastes 5:10)
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Financing for Development: DebtWEDO/UNIFEM Women’s Consultation Briefing P By Gail Lerner, Rebecca Desiree Lozada and Viola TThere is a strong consensus in the international community that the debt burden is a serious barrier to the creation of any meaningful development The Secretary General’s report of earlier this year rightly identifies debt as a significant obstacle to development in low-income, middle-income and transition economy It recognizes that debt financing ought to be an integral part of a country's development effort and not a The foreign debt is growing Debt relief continues to be an exercise of power and control through the conditionalities imposed by the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) impose unacceptable conditions on debtor nations and drain them of precious Present debt-management proposals such as those devised by creditors—the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative, to include the Enhanced HIPC—offer too little, too late, to too few Because these are designed by creditors, their purpose is debt collection, not debt Both lenders and borrowers must take responsibility for the debt It is unjust that creditors dominate the debt relief Unless present debt-management plans are transformed into effective, equitable, development-oriented and durable debt release opportunities, the devastating cycle of debt accumulation will repeat itself, condemning millions more people to Debtor governments are obliged to prioritize debt repayments over spending on health, education, sanitation, clean water and other social This undermines accountability by debtor governments to the people, which in turn erodes local democratic Debt and loan negotiations are always conducted in secret between elites in the North and elites in the South, fostering Finally, if the debt problem is to be resolved in a way that contributes in an integral way to sustainable community, attention must be paid to how concurrent channels of development financing contribute towards the creation and expansion of external For example, attention needs to be given to how existing trade and investment agreements might inhibit rather than enhance revenue-generating opportunities for developing Vigilance needs to be maintained so that development efforts are not financed through modalities, instruments or mechanisms that create additional burdensome International fora of civil society convened by the international Jubilee campaigns call for the cancellation of all illegitimate debts of all Southern The prevailing opinion is that there are several categories of illegitimate debt, which can be identified as follows: Debts that are illegitimate to repay, that is, they cannot be serviced without causing harm to people and Debts incurred by illegitimate debtors and creditors acting illegitimately which includes both “odious debt” (that is any debt incurred not for the needs or interests of the state but to strengthen a despotic regime that represses its own population) Debts incurred for illegitimate uses, such as debts for projects which were never built or did not befit the people as they were intended; debts contracted for fraudulent purposes; Debts incurred with illegitimate terms, included debts incurred at usurious interest rates; debts that became unpayable as a result of external factors (unilateral increase in interest rates) over which debtors have no Caught as they are at the divide between the productive and reproductive spheres of life, women have borne the full impact of debt dependence, adherence to SAPs and In their multitude roles of worker, caregiver, home manager, wife and mother, women’s time and energies are stretched to breaking point as they strive to enable the family to survive economic Instead of perpetuating this set-up, the Financing for Development process must work for systemic, structural and policy changes and programmes that will free countries from the debt trap, prevent the repetition of these problems and promote political and economic democracy and equity, gender equality, popular empowerment and sustainable From this framework and towards this end, we recommend that the international community ensure the: * Immediate cancellation of 100% of the debts of low-income countries, immediate debt relief for severely indebted middle income countries, and cancellation of the illegitimate debts of all Southern countries * Active participation of civil society in decision-making processes that determine the allocation of funds from new loans and debt relief * Elimination of any conditionalities attached to new loans and debt relief that perpetuate indebtedness, as articulated in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) and the enhanced HIPC initiatives, starting with heavily indebted poor countries in Africa * Introduction of a new, independent and transparent arbitration process for negotiating and agreeing upon international debt cancellation which ensures that losses and gains are equally shared along with the introduction of ethical lending and borrowing policies to prevent future recurrence of the debt crisisDebt FinancingDebt financing involves any money that a business borrows in order to run Also referred to as loans, it can be a long-term or short-term solution to needed cash There are various options for obtaining the money a business may need to operate For any viable business, loans are Terms may vary, but every loan is set to be repaid with interest at a future This cash flow option can be attractive to business owners because they do not have to sacrifice any ownership interests in their Furthermore, the interest on borrowed money may be tax- Finally, the costs are relatively fixed, and therefore predictable in planning for future business When looking for a short- or long-term cash flow solution, a business may find that a loan is the most viable By definition, short-term debt financing provides money needed for day-to-day business operations with plans for repayment in less than one Day-to-day business operation needs may include purchasing inventory or supplies or paying employee Short-term financing is also referred to as operating loans, and can include lines of credit or credit On the other hand, long-term loans provide greater amounts of money that are paid back over a longer period of A business may use long-term debt financing to purchase equipment, land, buildings or This money then is used to purchase business assets in which the scheduled loan repayment and the usefulness of the asset extends longer than one A business can obtain money from different sources depending on its needs and financial Banks and credit unions are traditional sources for borrowing money and offer a variety of options especially for If a business does not yet have established credit, or its credit is poor, it still may be able to get the money needed through a commercial finance company, which offers loans with higher interest rates to high-risk Also, commercial financial institutions are available for loaning money, as well as for providing funds for inventory or equipment Debt financing can be a useful tool for a business in need of additional cash However, it is meant to be a means to an end, namely of generating more money for a business in order to grow Business owners should try to avoid falling into the revolving trap of getting their business into an unmanageable state of Remember that "he that loveth silver shall not be satisfied with silver; nor he that loveth abundance with increase" (Ecclesiastes 5:10)
可以去sciencedirect，springerlink等外文数据库下载或者到知网，维普等中文数据库下载很多的校园网内免费获取校园网外可以利用google学术搜索，有部分能免费下载
论文写作，先不说内容，首先格式要正确，一篇完整的论文，题目，摘要（中英文），目录，正文（引言，正文，结语），致谢，参考文献。规定的格式，字体，段落，页眉页脚，开始写之前，都得清楚的，你的论文算是写好了五分之一。然后，选题，你的题目时间宽裕，那就好好考虑，选一个你思考最成熟的，可以比较多的阅读相关的参考文献，从里面获得思路，确定一个模板性质的东西，照着来，写出自己的东西。如果时间紧急，那就随便找一个参考文献，然后用和这个参考文献相关的文献，拼出一篇，再改改。正文，语言必须是学术的语言。一定先列好提纲，这就是框定每一部分些什么，保证内容不乱，将内容放进去，写好了就。参考文献去中国知网搜索，校园网免费下载。谷歌学术搜索关键词，一般可以的
论文写作，先不说内容，首先格式要正确，一篇完整的论文，题目，摘要（中英文），目录，正文（引言，正文，结语），致谢，参考文献。规定的格式，字体，段落，页眉页脚，开始写之前，都得清楚的，你的论文算是写好了五分之一。然后，选题，你的题目时间宽裕，那就好好考虑，选一个你思考最成熟的，可以比较多的阅读相关的参考文献，从里面获得思路，确定一个模板性质的东西，照着来，写出自己的东西。如果时间紧急，那就随便找一个参考文献，然后用和这个参考文献相关的文献，拼出一篇，再改改。正文，语言必须是学术的语言。一定先列好提纲，这就是框定每一部分些什么，保证内容不乱，将内容放进去，写好了就。参考文献去中国知网搜索，校园网免费下载。谷歌学术搜索关键词，一般可以的
可以去sciencedirect，springerlink等外文数据库下载或者到知网，维普等中文数据库下载很多的校园网内免费获取校园网外可以利用google学术搜索，有部分能免费下载
可以去sciencedirect，springerlink等外文数据库下载或者到知网，维普等中文数据库下载很多的校园网内免费获取校园网外可以利用google学术搜索，有部分能免费下载
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