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题名又称题目或标题。题名是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合。论文题目是一篇论文给出的涉及论文范围与水平的第一个重要信息，也是必须考虑到有助于选定关键词不达意和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息。论文题目十分重要，必须用心斟酌选定。有人描述其重要性，用了下面的一句话：“论文题目是文章的一半”。对论文题目的要求是：准确得体：简短精炼：外延和内涵恰如其分：醒目。(二)作者姓名和单位(Authoranddepartment）这一项属于论文署名问题。署名一是为了表明文责自负，二是记录作用的劳动成果，三是便于读者与作者的联系及文献检索(作者索引)。大致分为二种情形，即：单个作者论文和多作者论文。后者按署名顺序列为第一作者、第二作者……。重要的是坚持实事求是的态度，对研究工作与论文撰写实际贡献最大的列为第一作者，贡献次之的，列为第二作者，余类推。注明作者所在单位同样是为了便于读者与作者的联系。(三)摘要(Abstract）论文一般应有摘要，有些为了国际交流，还有外文(多用英文)摘要。它是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。其他用是不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。摘要应包含以下内容：①从事这一研究的目的和重要性;②研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作;③获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解;④结论或结果的意义。(四)关键词(Keywords）关键词属于主题词中的一类。主题词除关键词外，还包含有单元词、标题词的叙词。主题词是用来描述文献资料主题和给出检索文献资料的一种新型的情报检索语言词汇，正是由于它的出现和发展，才使得情报检索计算机化(计算机检索)成为可能。主题词是指以概念的特性关系来区分事物，用自然语言来表达，并且具有组配功能，用以准确显示词与词之间的语义概念关系的动态性的词或词组。
一）国外会计界关于会计准则的几种不同认识 1、美国注册会计师协会会计术语委员会于1853年公布的第1号《会计术语公报》指出：原则是“所采纳的或定称的一般法则，当作行动的指针；行为或实务确立的一个基础……”。这是美国会计职业团体对会计原则所下的最早定义。从这个定义理解，会计原则是会计行为的指针，是会计行为或实务所赖以确立的基础。 2、美国注册会计师协会会计原则委员会于1970年发布的第4号说明书指出：“一般公认会计原则揉合了某一特定时刻有关下述事项之一致见解；何种经济资源及义务应依财务会计而当作资产及负债入账，资产及负债之何种变动应予入账，这些变动应在何时入账，资产及负债及其间之变动应如何衡量，何种情况予以披露，以及应如何披露，乃至应编制何种财务报表等。”在这段叙述中，明确指出，会计原则就是关于资产、负债及其变动如何确认、计量、记录和揭示的一致性意见。 3、日本番场嘉一郎主编《新版会计学大辞典》的定义是：“会计原则是经济社会中给企业的会计实践指明方向的路标，是企业进行会计活动的指南。”这个定义是从会计实务出发而提出的，会计原则是指导会计实践的指南。 4、在西方国家最早采用会计准则一词的，是1940年美国会计学家佩顿和利特尔所著《公司会计准则绪论》。在这本书中指出：“会计准则之本身，非即为会计方法与程序，但为会计方法与程序之指南针耳。”这就是说，会计准则并不是具体的会计方法与程序，而是它的指针。国外会计界关于会计原则（或准则）的整个看法。大体上可从两个方面来理解：从广义方面理解，会计原则是从会计理论到会计方法和程序的一种指导方针；从狭义方面理解，会计原则是恰当地进行会计工作的规范，即指导会计实践的指南，更具体地说，就是关于资产负债及其变最如何确认、地量、记录和揭示的规范。国外所以要判定会计原则，主要有两个原则，一是指导会计人员恰当地处理会计事务有一个统一的认识；二是使会计信息的指导具有一定程度的一致性和可比性，便于财务报表的使用者更好地利用会计信息。 二）我国会计理论界关于会计准则的几种认识从我国会计理论界来看，关于会计准则大体上有以下几种看法：1、把会计准则划分为基本会计准则、会计要素确认、计量、编报准则和具体业务准则三个层次。2、把会计准则划分为基本准则、一般准则和具体准则三个层次。基本准则包括独立经营准则、经济效益准则、计划准则等；一般准则包括会计分期准则、会计主体准则等；具体准则包括会计核算、会计控制和会计分析准则。 通常，我们所指的准则是会计核算准则，会计核算准则是关于价值的确认、计量和报告的准则。由于会计核算具有分配功能和信息功能，是处于不同利益主体之间关系的依据，所以会计核算准则不应包含财务管理和管理会计有关方面的规范。因此，这一观点也不可取。 通过以上对各种意见的分析，我国会计准则从纵向上，分为两个层次，即基本准则（企业会计准则）和应用准则（具体会计准则），具体会计准则又分为通用业务会计准则，财务报表会计准则、特殊业务会计准则和特殊行业会计准则。从横向上，每一具体会计准则一般包括引言（准则范围）、定义（某准则涉及的概念）、一般确认原则、一般计量方法、一般报告原则、一般提示事项、附则（解释权和生效日期）七个部分。
中外会计信息披露的比较--------------------------------------------------------------------------------一、会计信息规范的比较在规范上市公司会计信息披露的立法方面，美国主要是《证券法》和《证券交易法》；而我国将证券发行、证券交易统一于《证券法》之中；另外，我国还借鉴了英国的作法，制定了《公司法》。鉴于会计信息的重要作用，我国还专门制定了《会计法》。规范会计信息披露方面，英美两国立法均强调三方面内容：强制披露、强制审计、法律责任。英美两国的会计信息披露制度均由三大体系构成：会计准则体系、会计信息披露规则体系、审计准则体系。在我国也强调强制披露、强制审计、法律责任这三方面的内容，但我国对于法律责任中信息披露及时性的民事赔偿责任未作规定，还有一些规定过于原则、抽象，不便于司法的具体操作。在美国，会计准则的制定机构是财务会计准则委员会（Financial Accounting Standard Board，简称FASB）。美国证券委员会（SEC）保留了对FASB所制定会计准则的监督权和否决权。在我国，会计准则的制定机构是财政部，它和证监会的关系不像美国SEC和FASB那样有权威性的高低之分，它们都是国务院下属的行政部门。我国上市公司目前执行的是财政部于2000年12月29日颁布的《企业会计制度》。二、我国企业会计制度和国际会计准则涵盖范围的对比我国目前实行的企业会计制度已经涵盖了国际会计准则的绝大部分内容，国际会计准则所规范的经济业务，在我国除没有、较少发生或不普遍的外，如恶性通货膨胀经济中的财务报告等，基本都能找到相应的规定。不同之处在于，我国会计标准采取“会计准则”、“会计制度”的并存形式，而且在某些具体要求方面，还与国际会计准则存在差异。三、中外会计准则基本要求的对比分析（一）国际会计准则的制定以使用者决策有用性为基本目标，以真实性和公允性为基础；我国的会计准则制定考虑到决策有用性的要求，同时追求多元目标，并不以公允价值作为会计准则制度制定的基础。（二）由于我国资本市场尚处于发展的初期，会计准则和制度在满足资本市场需求的同时，更多地考虑众多国有企业和其他企业的要求。（三）国际会计准则适用于市场经济条件下需要对外提供真实公允会计报表的所有企业；我国会计体系中行业会计制度和财务制度、企业会计准则、企业会计制度并存，它们各自的适用范围不同。四、在两种会计标准下的A、B股净利润差异分析（一）沪市同时发行有A、B股的公司2001年年度报告中汇总出的两个利润数字。本文随机地抽取了上海证券交易所同时发行A、B股的五十多家公司中的17家公司，将其分别按中国会计标准计算的净利润与按国际会计标准计算的净利润进行对比，列表如下：表1 中外会计标准计算的净利润比较表金额单位：千元股票代码 股票简称 按中国会计准则计算的净利润 按国际会计准则计算的净利润900902 二纺机 大众交通 210330 4 永生数据 ST中纺机 胶带股份 2814 3939900909 轮胎橡胶股份 海立股份 12807 浦东金桥 外高桥 917 凤凰股份 上柴股份 849900930 上海邮通 华源股份 东方通信 ST轻骑 ST新城B 茉织华 从上表我们可以看出，按中国会计标准计算的净利润与按国际会计准则计算的净利润存在着差异，这些差异是如何形成的呢？下面本文选取二个同时发行A、B股的上市公司分析其采用不同会计标准净利润存在差异的原因。1、大众交通（全称：大众交通集团股份有限公司，A股代码600611，B股代码900903）按不同会计标准计算的净利润差异分析表2 金额单位：千元项目 净利润按中国会计标准编制 210330按国际会计标准调整合计 23039(1)加速折旧 -67241(2)旧车处置收益 76326(3)无形资产摊销冲回 9204(4)冲销开办费 2938(5)固定资产减值准备 -10594(6)递延税项 12204(7)其他 -45876按国际会计准则编制 1872912、凤凰股份（全称：凤凰股份有限公司，A股代码600679，B股代码900916）按不同会计标准计算的净利润差异分析表3 金额单位：千元项目 净利润按中国会计标准计算合并税后利润按国际会计标准调整 冲回以前年度（额外）计提的坏账准备 11203冲回以前年度（额外）计提的折旧准备 5937冲回以前长期投资减值准备 3828冲销无形资产 1744冲回存货计提准备 1176以前年度损益调整的不同会计处理手段 -75490其他 1763按国际会计准则计算公司本年度合并净利润 从以上净利润差异分析可看出，在按企业会计制度计量的利润与按国际会计准则计量的利润中，各公司受影响项目不完全相同，但其中坏账准备、存货跌价准备、待摊费用、递延资产、无形资产摊销、投资减值准备、固定资产折旧、资产重估等项目的影响相对较大，各项资产减值准备项目尤其明显。因此，在上面所列出的A、B股利润差异中，有约三分之一是属于专业判断不同造成的差异（递延资产、无形资产的摊销，固定资产折旧），其他约三分之二是属于准则之间不同规定所导致的差异。因为我国目前的市场经济建设尚处在初级阶段，公平、公正、公开的市场环境尚未形成，所以在企业会计制度中不允许采用公允价值记账，这一点是与国际会计准则的根本区别所在。五、结论在目前的会计规范中，如果以公允价值概念的会计准则为记账基础，会计师在进行业务处理时，要以公允价值概念来进行判断，这要求会计师有较高的职业判断能力以及职业道德水准。如果用不以公允价值概念为基础的会计制度进行会计核算，则要对会计估计提供更详细的指导，对会计师在职业判断能力和道德水准方面的要求相应较低。两种类型的会计标准都不能保证总是能够向市场提供可靠的决策相关信息。但两种类型的会计标准与不同的监管体系相适应。以公允价值概念为基础的，要求会计师有较高的职业能力和职业道德水准，并承担较高的职业责任，这是一种以自律为主导的体系。监管可以用法律手段为主，而行政手段为辅。不以公允价值概念为基础的，则要求以合规为基础。这是一种非自律主导型的体系，对会计师在职业能力和职业道德方面的要求相对较低，监管常常要以行政手段为主要调节手段。这两种类型的体系可分别称为自律型和监管型。我国在当前显然属于监管型的体系，当前的我国企业会计制度大体上与这一体系是相适应的。因此，随着中国加入WTO，我国的会计工作以及相应的制度准则应加快适应国际化的步伐，会计标准应以公允价值概念为记账基础。
在免费论文网中找吧,里面有很多,
一般来说老师不会问很偏门的问题的。1， 你认为造成中美家庭观念不同的根源原因是什么？（可以回答历史啊，文化啦什么的）2， 你认为差异会造成家庭中未成年人成长的什么问题？（美国就是暴力，早熟，之类的吧，中国就是中庸，服从，反叛期之类的吧····）3， 你是怎么取得你的数据的？你平时从哪里知道这些案例的？（图书馆，杂志，上网什么的）4， 你比较倾向那种家庭观？卤煮我可是老师哦~
毕业论文答辩是一种有组织、有准备、有计划、有鉴定的比较正规的审查论文的重要形式。为了搞好毕业论文答辩，在举行答辩会前，校方、答辩委员会、答辩者(撰写毕业论文的作者)三方都要作好充分的准备。下面是我为您整理的毕业答辩英文演讲稿，供您参考！
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction. The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation.
I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators.
So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices. OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions。
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ： I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere grat-itude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts.
The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies.
In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.
Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
Teachers, good afternoon! My name is Chen Jing, the students of class * * * *, my thesis topic is《 the power of the giver and the victim, foucault power interpretation theory perspective, the heroine in “the golden notebook, Anna》，thesis is completed under Wang Zhiqin teacher of meticulous guidance, here, I express my deep appreciation to my supervisor, to the teachers to take part in my thesis express our heartfelt thanks to you for, and for the past three years I have a chance to listen to the teachings, teachers say heartfelt I will this paper design the research background, significance and main content of the teacher made a report, please the teacher criticism guidance.
First of all, I want to talk about the research background and significance of the graduation thesis design.
Since the Golden Notebook involves comprehensive themes such as colonialism,feminism,racism,communism etc. and due to its severely fragmented writing forms,it has intrigued groups of both domestic and overseas critics. The research abroad could be roughly divided into three stages. The first comes about the biography of the author”],the general introduction and reading background of this novel,then a number of explorations over the themes of this book have been conducted, from the most popular one feminism,psychological featuresto the philosophical elements^. Finally, critics shifted their concentration to the unique form or style applied by Lessing,for instance they analyzed the varied narrative techniques employed within ,the aesthetic value it displayed ,as well as its artistic nature generated by its messy it is worth mentioning that in 2006 Tapan has composed a specific collection of reviews on the Golden the study over this novel in foreign country has been quite fruitful and mature, the research in China is far lagging behind, most of them just emphasized the novel's multiplethemes such as feminism,eco-economic,psychology and modemism Thus more angels should be discovered by scholars at home, such as colonialism, religious and psychological exploration, and their research method should be more diversified,for instance,the potential inter-disciplinary study of this novel are waiting to be excavated, and seldomhave critics compared this masterpiece with other similar text.
Based on Foucault's power theory, this thesis is going to explore how the female protagonist Anna in Doris Lessing's the Golden Notebook, the producer and victim of power,fought against her catastrophic life. Through a close reading of the text, this thesis aims at making a Foucanldian interpretation on Lessing's motivation behind portraying such a schizophrenic female personality, convincing the reader that power permeates every capillary of the society mainly by exerting influence on power relations between individual. Sinceeverything concerns with the functioning of power, be it tragedy or comedy, Anna's destiny cannot be an exception, instead of restraining from the one-way suppress from men,Foucault's power theory enables us to put the heroine into a larger, more diverse cultural or social background where individual's identity could be perceived with much more plurality or heterogeneity. Ultimately, given Anna's gender attributes, the application of Foucault's power theory to the analysis of heroine can shed light on how women could wittedly deal with their counterpart, strike a balance between freedom and restriction, and thus heading feminism into a more reasonable and rational direction.
Secondly, I want to talk about the structure and main contents of this paper.
The author is going to divide this thesis into five chapters. The first chapter is a briefing about the research background of the Golden Notebook, which provides an overview on the fragmented content and complicated structure of this masterpiece. The second chapter is an introduction of the research status of this novel at home and abroad, at the same time,Foucault's power theory will be elaborated here as the theoretical framework. Chapter three concentrates on the text analysis of the female protagonist Anna's pursuit of the free woman identity, which will be conducted mainly from three perspectives, namely her political faith,marriage and love, as well we psychological status. Through asserting Foucault's power theory into the text analysis, we could get a clear view on how the heroine became the victim of the omnipresent power in contemporary social organizations, and also how individual resisted power via making explorations on the genealogy of the self. Chapter four gives two different interpretations of Anna's destiny, with each representing the common feminists'view and Foucault's version respectively. Via such comparison, the author attempts to find a correlation between Foucault's power theory and feminism, to tell in what ways Foucault'spower theory have modified parts of problems in current feminism, and how the formal convergent with the latter. The last chapter serves as a concluding part in which a summary of this thesis will be reached, and limitations as well as further implications will be point out.
Finally, I want to talk about the deficiency existing in this paper.
The limitations of this thesis cannot be regarded as the challenge to the relevance of Foucaxxlt's theory to feminism; on the contrary, it tells that the value of applying Foucault'spower theory lies precisely in his invitation to feminists to remain highly critical about their previous prejudices as well as their future trends. In order to make full use of Foucault's power theory in modifying feminism, we have to dig out more convergences they share with each other. With the idea that knowledge and truth are partial ones serving as a start,Genealogy is then an excellent perspective for farther explorations on the Foucauldian and feminist projects.
Thank you very much!
毕业论文答辩是教育教学计划中重要必不可少的一个环节，是高校对毕业生从论文的定题到资料的搜集、整理、运用，从开展社会调研到论文的脱稿，从论文的认识程度到分析到解决实际间题、当众论证问题的一次考验、也是高校对毕业生从论文写作技巧到语言表达能力以及各方面的综合素质和能力的一次训练。
一、毕业论文答辩的意义
毕业论文答辩是高校检阅学生毕业实习质量的重要形式之一，是对毕业生的研究能力的综合检验,也是推动高校创新教育,培养创新人才的重要途径之一。毕业论文答辩不但有如此重要的“检查”作用，而且还有“促进”的作用。
第一，它是检查“教书育人”质量高低的一种手段。
第二，答辩既是对学生的素质和能力的综合检验
第三，进一步考查学生对专业知识掌握的深度和广度
第四，答辩是检查学生“学”与“用”的效果的尺寸。
第五，答辩，对成人高校文科的教学改革能起到促进的作用.
第六，答辩，为成人高校文科学生毕业后进一步从事科研、解决工作中的实际间题，为
第七，今后评定专业职称的论文写作打下良好基础。
第八，答辩为用人单位择优用人提供了很好的依据。
第九，提高毕业生质量和扩大社会影响,也有重要作用。
二、毕业论文答辩技巧
经过毕业论文的选题、开题、设计、撰写,毕业论文进入答辩环节,毕业论文答辩是毕业论文流程的最后一关。如果准备不够充分万一失手那将是前功尽弃。
毕业论文答辩之前一定要熟悉论文的内容
毕业论文答辩的根本目的在于:在大庭广众场合，高校对每一个学生的毕业论文的真实性，不熟悉论文的内容,不对论文涉及的基本概念、原理、大意、结构、提要作深入的了解和分析,抱着投机和侥幸的心理,势必造成被动的局面，因此学生对毕业论文答辩要充分的准备和重视，熟悉论文及相关资料,作好应答准备;预测论题,作好答辩准备
对论文的谋篇布局和论文的内容要相当熟悉，才能应答如流
三、毕业论文答辩之前一定要加强锻炼,提高自己自信心
答辩对于学生来说是经历不多的,甚至是从来没有经历过的,严肃的考场、威严的答辩委员更加重了自我表现的心理负担。有许多毕业生在答辩场上脸红心跳、口齿不清,许多记忆中原有的信息都遗忘了,大脑一片空白。因此在答辩之前自己要对照镜子多模拟，加强训练，提高自信心，答辩之前要调整好心态,作好心理准备，在答辩场上要析事明理、针对性强、谦虚谨慎、态度平和、冷静思考、不忙不乱,灵活机动、变被动为主动
四、毕业论文答辩应该注重外在形象
站长答辩台上穿着最好正式点比如穿西装打领带，发型整洁清爽。虽然毕业论文答辩以口语为主,但在一定程度上还是会受到心、脑、口内在性因素的影响，如果运用适当的形体语言辅助你的答辩,将使答辩成绩更高。尤其是是手势的运用将显得自更加信和做好了充分的准备。假使在答辩过程中总是低着头,那样答辩成绩将会受大很大的不良的影响。答辩时候要在服装以及行为方面“再造”自我。更有利于得到评委的喜爱和认可。
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关于中国航空货运企业转型的思索随着中国改革开放的进一步深化，资本市场刺激中国经济瞬间爆发，与邻国和地区的政治形势进入前所未有的良好局面，国民经济开启了新一轮高速增长期，知名跨国公司、风投公司纷纷涌入中国内地，令中国成为举世瞩目的“新经济中心”，这带给中国航空货运企业前所未有的机遇，同时也带来了挑战。由于国内外贸易和经济活动的不断增加，航空货运业务量呈现出蒸蒸日上的喜人局面，各家航空公司对航空货运业务更加重视，在航空公司的发展战略上，从以前“轻货重客”逐渐转变为“客货并举”的战略形态，对货运在运力和基础设施建设上加大投入力度，航空货运的运力从过去主要利用客机腹舱的空余吨位，迅速发展到大力引进B747大型全货机，并投入国内、国际货运航线的运营。但是对于航空公司来说，航空货运的形势却不容乐观，2007年，伴随着油价从每桶3500元飙升到每桶8900元，燃油成本占到航空公司变动成本的70%以上，在欧美等国际长航线上，由于面对实力雄厚的竞争对手，国内航空公司很难盈利，尤其以回程航线为甚。外航如UPS、FedEx和德国汉莎等却能保持货运收入与业务量齐头并进，在中国货运市场的年利润增长率达到20％以上。造成中外航空货运公司竞争能力和收益水平差异较大的一个重要原因是：中国的航空公司未能根据现代物流对航空货运企业的要求，及时调整自身市场营销和经营模式。目前国内航空公司在竞争手段、经营模式和赢利模式等创新方面依然相当匮乏。国内航空公司在提供服务方面，很难看出有多大的服务差别，同行间的竞争手段也大多是简单的价格战。这就怪不得货主们普遍认为，国内各家航空公司的服务都差不多，将货装进哪家的飞机都一样，这就造成货主选择航空公司的标准自然是哪家的便宜，货就往哪家送。国内航空企业为了扩大市场占有率，在市场上互相杀价，大打价格战。货运代理恰恰就是利用航空公司之间的恶性竞争，向两边压价，逐渐控制航空公司的货运价格，利用手中掌握的货源，不断要求航空公司给予更多的折扣和促销费用，这就是造成航空公司货运收益水平不断下滑的根源。由此可见，各航空公司服务产品的单一性以及服务范围的局限性，让航空公司在竞争中未能显示出自己的特色和优势，并由此造成货运代理可以在各个航空公司之间任意选择和压价。但是，为什么外国货运航空公司的收益水平却能上升，而不轻易受代理人摆布呢？如分析FedEx和UPS的运营模式，我们不难发现，FedEx和UPS的业务主要分成三大块：1.门到门的航空快递；2.机场到机场的航空普货运输；3.为大型跨国公司提供的一站式航空物流供应链业务服务。从中可以看出，这些所谓的快递公司已完全渗透入传统航空公司的普货运输领域，不再局限于文件、包裹等小件物品的运输，而是在航空货运市场上与传统航空公司展开了激烈的竞争。国内航空公司如果要继续生存，就必须转变经营理念，努力学习外国航空公司的服务产品和先进的经营模式，特别是他们的“一站式”物流服务，更是其极具竞争力的高端产品，也是国际大型跨国公司最为欢迎的物流产品，同时具有对服务要求高、价值增长快、市场前景广阔的特点。降低客户的经营成本，并不是通过简单的降低航空运输价格来实现，而是通过增值服务来实现。只有把客户的利益与优质的航空物流服务紧密地结合起来，才能获得航空公司更大的发展新机遇。由于现代物流思想和经营模式对于中国从业者来讲还比较陌生，而国内航空物流也正处在起步阶段，应该看到，航空公司由于拥有较好的硬件设施、熟悉的市场和客户资源以及丰富的行业管理经验，在向现代物流企业转变中具有得天独厚的优势。但是，中国的航空公司同时也存在着一些通病，如服务意识薄弱，人员素质跟不上现代物流的要求，信息技术的应用还欠发达，IT网络服务功能单一等问题，这些都将严重削弱航空公司在日益激烈的市场竞争中的实力。在此，以国货航为例，想要顺利转型为现代航空物流企业，就必须从以下几个方面入手：一、应当树立以“客户为中心”的物流思想与服务理念。传统的运输业务，只是向客户提供固定而单一的服务，而物流服务则是根据客户的需要，针对顾客特点提供个性化服务。因此，国货航必须坚持“以客户为中心”的物流思想，完善和设计出符合客户多样化需求的物流服务产品。二、降低客户的物流总成本，与大规模生产企业建立起三方物流关系，形成战略联盟利益共同体。没有货源，航空货运企业就无法生存，可以说货源和客户就是航空公司的生存根本。因此，国货航只有和真正的客户——生产企业结成利益共同体，建立长远的合作关系，才能保证得到长期稳定的市场份额，而只有通过逐步摆脱航空货运传统的经营思路，树立现代物流理念，为生产企业设计出有针对性的一体化物流方案，提供个性化服务，把客户的利益与优质的航空物流服务紧密结合起来，才能真正形成稳定而长久的利益共同体，从而获得更大的发展空间。与生产企业结成利益共同体和降低客户的总体物流成本，是现代物流思想与传统货运思想的一个重要区别，也是物流服务商能否赢得市场的关键所在。降低客户的经营成本，并不是通过降低航空企业的运输价格来实现的。物流服务不仅比传统货运增加了个性化服务，更是一种以客户为中心的增值服务，是通过物流供应商的高品质运输配送、信息服务和供应链管理，努力实现客户的“零库存”，从而达到减少客户资金成本、仓储成本、管理成本和风险成本等各项费用，优化客户的资金流配置和生产决策，在这个过程中，航空公司作为物流供应商由于向客户提供了优质的增值服务，帮助客户降低了总体经营成本，从而也为自己获取到稳定而合理的利润，提高航空物流企业本身的总体收益水平创造了条件。三、积极寻求政府和政策上的支持。物流业作为一个新兴行业，我国政府已经出台了优惠措施，在政策和税收优惠上扶持物流企业的发展，国货航作为物流企业，必须加强与政府相关部门间的沟通，及时反映物流发展中存在的包括海关、检疫、危险品运输等各方面的困难和问题，要求政府部门协调解决，为企业发展现代物流创造良好环境。可以说，现在的政策大环境对国内航空企业进入航空物流业是非常有利的，我们必须牢牢把握住这个机会。四、积极开展与国际货运航空联盟的合作，建立跨多行业的联盟。国货航欲转型为专业航空物流企业，我们的优势在于现有快捷而广泛的航线网络。但是在国际航空物流中，没有任何一个航空企业的航线网络可以覆盖世界所有点，这就需要我们与其他航空企业开展密切合作。所以，国际上的主流航空公司形成了两大航空货运联盟，分别是由汉莎航空、北欧航空、日本航空和新加坡航空组成的WOW货运联盟和达美航空、法国航空和大韩航空组成的天合货运联盟，其特点都是服务标准统一、航线网络互补，通过合作可将所有联盟成员的货物运抵世界各个城市。及时选择和加入航空货运联盟，可以令国货航短期内快速进入全球航空网络和国际航空分销网络。由于航空物流是现代信息时代的新兴行业，其运营模式不仅仅是“飞机＋卡车＋仓库”的方式，而应以信息技术为基础，以客户需求为中心，结合生产企业的供应链管理，配合生产厂商设计出“一站式”、“门到门”服务，为客户企业提供高质量的综合物流服务。五、建立立体高效的航空物流信息网络。航空公司转型为物流企业，不但需要有先进的飞机和大型货运仓库及卡车车队，更需要有优秀的物流管理人才和立体高效的航空物流信息技术。在现代物流中，信息流管理与货物流管理具有同等重要的意义，没有先进可靠的IT技术，谈不上成功的现代物流服务。目前，航空货运企业在转型中必须学习如何适应当今信息时代对航空公司的要求，建立起立体高效的信息网络，充分运用各种现代信息科技，以加强与生产企业和客户的联系，降低生产企业的运营成本及提高物流管理的效率。市场经济的竞争是残酷的，然而又秉持公平原则。利用现代物流思想提升航空货运服务，实现航空企业从单一航空运输企业转型为现代航空物流企业，是当今世界航空货物运输的大势所趋，也是中国航空货运业者实现跨越式可持续发展的必由之路。
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
我是导游，你说的这些东西恐怕在网上找不到，因为不会有导游闲的没事写这些东西，现在是旅游旺季，我们都忙着带团呢。我简单给你说几句吧：第一个问题：解说系统。现状是大的景点有，小的景点还不够，应该更普遍。问题是很多内容太专业或者说太中国化，把外国人都当成汉学教授了，这是没必要，除了年代之外，别的不用多说，否则只是对牛弹琴而已。第二个问题：跨文化角度，同上。中国的东西太多，举个例子吧：故宫讲何时始建，何时大修，各殿什么功能足矣。多说就是废话，什么“重檐歇山顶”都是没用的。记住要从客人的角度想内容，你觉得有用的，别人不一定觉得有用。别做无用功。第三个问题：取其语言精华去其政治糟粕。第四个问题：中西方其实没有差别，都是上车睡觉，下车拍照，转了几天，啥也不知道。祝论文顺利。你们要求真低，2000字就行。我们那会论文要求A4纸不少于20页
1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很... 类别：毕业论文 大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别：毕业论文 大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君... 类别：毕业论文 大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，...
Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。
可以写的呀，不会写的话这个我到是可以帮忙我比较擅长，写会计方面的文章
你们的格式要求是什么样的呢论文我熟悉 如果你实在难写或者没有时间写就来咨询下吧 咨询一下总是有好处的具体看下面号子.....'642...........接下...................667...........接下....................441............结束..............（上面三排加起来是我的号 加我吧 在线的）
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1.当前资产评估期待解决的问题2.对建设银行实施绩效审计方法应用的研究3.江门市内部会计控制问题研究4.高职院校会计专业教育教学相关问题研究5.关于在少直供电所财务会计的实践报告6.合理利用财务杠杆优化企业资本结构7.江苏新河农用化工有限公司流动资金管理的调查报告8.农村信用社财务管理问题的探讨9.企业集团财务管理模式的选择与构建10.浅谈商业银行会计部位风险及对策11.行政事业单位实施会计集中核算对内部审计的影响及对12.强化农村信用社内控建设积极防化金融风险13.上市公司会计信息披露舞弊调查报告14.上市公司会计信息失真对策的研究15.如何通过税务筹划实现企业价值最大化16.谈电算化会计信息系统及其内部控制17.无形资产评估若干问题探讨18.应收账款内部控制制度的探讨19.浅谈网络会计及对会计假设的影响20.中小民营企业融资问题研究21.政府投资审计项目实例22.浅析负债经营的相关问题 23.会计制度与税法差异的分析 24.利润操纵常见手法及其治理 25.浅议法务会计 26.我国政府会计引入权责发生制的思考 27.试论会计信息失真的成因及其治理对策 28.试论公允价值计量属性 29.上市公司会计信息披露规范化之探讨 30.浅析战略成本管理 31.浅析网络会计 32.浅析内部审计风险的形成与控制 33.浅谈我国企业的内部控制体系 34.汽车企业冲压作业的成本控制 35.关于我国物业税立法的思考 36.财务报表附注在财务分析中的重要性 37.浅析负债经营的相关问题 关于上市公司会计信息披露问题的探讨上市公司会计信息质量面临的挑战与思考会计电算化下企业内部控制会计电算化在实际财务中应用浅谈农村会计信息失真会计规章制度的变更会计信息失真的成因及对策浅析固定资产折旧浅谈现代企业财务管理的目标论诚信危机的根源及治理对策浅谈现代企业内部会计控制论温州民营企业会计核算的现状及改革论会计信息失真企业会计信息网络化分析论消费改税论国有商业银行内部审计论企业的应收帐款管理规定资产折旧应收款信用管理研究温州眼镜制造业成本上升的因素分析与相关对策中小企业财务管理中存在的问题及对策谈谈各业应收帐款的管理中小企业应收帐款的管理物流行业财务管理问题研究浅析我国预算外资金管理的现状浅谈高校后勤固定资产的管理浅谈变动成本法及其简单应用 中小企业财务管理存在的问题及对策浅谈应收帐款的管理存货计价方法的比较金融风险及其防范对策医院固定资产管理论企业存贷折旧浅析企业内部审计存在的问题及对策浅谈网络会计的认识会计所的与应税所的差异分析对完善企业财务报表的粗浅看法浅谈企业战略成本管理论企业并购财务风险及控制论外贸企业汇兑损益对资产减值确认与计量的探讨以和谐理念开创高校国家助学贷款升格局浅谈品牌代理帐务流程我国金融控股公司模式的选择上市公司非标准意见审计报告分析浅谈会计信息失真原因及对策分析浅谈会计诚信问题论企业内部会计审计内部审计论我国现代企业成本控制论会计规章制度的变更浅谈固定资产折旧论企业所得税的改革与完善会计方向浅谈无形资产的会计核算与管理沿海中小企业融资环境分析论中小企业的筹资关于网络经济时代财务管理的探讨浅谈施工企业应收帐款的管理与清偿论现代企业投资风险与控制强化财务管理与提升企业竞争力的关系会计方向论商业银行会计工作的内控建设及风险防范论我国商业银行会计信息披露的问题商业银行内控制度建设的构想关于会计信息化方式下银行对帐问题的探讨浅谈商业银行的会计制度加强基本建设项目财务管理和监督有关问题的探讨成本控制在水钻行业中的应用论成本企业财务管理的关键 新会计制度对房地产行业的影响试述成本管理在企业中的地位和作用企业财务预算警示系统研究新准则公允价值运用对利润的影响论对我国增值税税务筹划论关联企业交易信息的披露浅析投资决策中净现值法下折现率的选择论新企业所得税法下企业税收管理与会计准则差异浅谈资产减值准则的变化论完善企业内部会计监督制度中小型企业货币资金内部控制新形势下企业所得税浅谈资本成本会计若干问题企业合并的会计处理方法及适应情况论银行财务报告存在的问题及改进措施浅析银行不良贷款会计专业的论文我这有，说不定有你满意的,也可专业代写QQ 13 ........................................后面接着输入...... 67........................................后面接着输入...... 75........................................后面接着输入...... 125 (4行连着输入就是我的QQ)