英语学术论文中的时态

英语谓语动词时态总共有16种，其中在SCI论文中用得较多的主要是3种：一般现在时、一般过去时和将来时。如果论文中的时态用得不对，往往会改变作者的意思，影响专家和读者的理解。通常一篇SCI论文会包括Abstract、Materials and Methods、Results、Conclusion、Discussion、Acknowledgments、References几个部分，大多是大同小异，比如有的可能会有Summary、Supplemental Data等。下面我将根据这个论文框架为大家介绍不同部分常用的英文时态。首先，我们要知道论文中选取不同英语时态的3个基本参考标准：1. 一般现在时主要用于不受限制的客观存在事实的描述，通常存在写论文时的感觉、状态和关系等描述，以及Acknowledgments（致谢）中。值得注意的是，对于别人已发表的成果，出于尊重，不用过去时，而是用一般现在时。2. 一般过去时主要用在描述作者所做的工作、比如材料、方法和结构等。3. 一般将来时主要用于撰写论文后发生的工作或状态，比如提出下一步的研究方向。知道了这3个基本参考标准后，下面我从论文的不同部分进行分析该用什么时态：Abstract：摘要反映的是我们自己的研究成果，所以用一般过去时。Introduction：1. Introduction中的研究背景通常引用相关学科中广为接受的原理或事实，以及你所做研究的重要性，这些通常采用一般现在时。例子：Genomics provides crucial information for rational drug . 在Introduction中也可能引用与你的研究相关的一些研究结果，为表达你对该研究结果仍坚信其正确性及相关性，即使已经是很久以前的研究结果，可使用一般现在时。例子：Garcia (1993) suggested that under certain conditions, an individual’s deposit income is the same as the income from purchased national debt, thus changes in the amount of bank loans and deposits caused by changes in the amount of reserves will eventually affect the bond price.与上面一条相应的，如果该研究成果已经过时或失效，则用一般过去时。例子：Nineteenth-century physicians held that women got migraines because they were "the weaker sex," but current research shows that the causes of migraine are unrelated to and Methods：此部分是对自己之前所做工作的描述，因此用一般过去时。例子1：Total phosphorous (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) were measured in the laboratory using standard procedures.例子2：The standard protocol was followed for the preparation of the media from stock ：这里分为两种情况，如果是描述图表内容的Results，表示写论文时的状态，用一般现在时。例子1： Figure 1 displays the comparative variation in the morphology of donor chromatin in both age groups of oocytes.例子2：Table 1 below shows the stream flows calculated for each stream using Equation 1.如果是描述自己得出的研究成果，则用一般过去时进行详细阐述。例子1：Overall, more than 70% of the insects collected were non-phytophagous.例子2：Following activation of NT oocytes with strontium, the cell cycle resumed in both ：此处也分为两种情况，当表达研究结果意义的时候用一般现在时。例子：Removal of vegetation for agricultural purposes appears to negatively affect the water quality of streams.当表示总结研究成果时用一般过去时，当对研究成果进行解释和讨论时用一般现在时。例子1：Weight increased as the nutritional value of feed increased. These results suggest that feeds higher in nutritional value contribute to greater weight gain in livestock. 这个例子在描述实验发现时用一般过去时，在讨论这个发现的意义是用一般现在时。例子2：Leaf carbon and phenolic content did not differ across sites, indicating that the response of secondary plant chemicals such as phenolics to water is complex. 这个例子用一般现在时表明作者坚信其研究结果和结论的正确性。Conclusion：当强调过去研究成果时用一般过去时，当展望未来的研究方向或者研究前景时用一般现在时或将来时。例子：Although the study found evidence of tillage and irrigation within the study area, from the data collected it was not possible to determine if the effects of agriculture upstream cause (or caused) higher levels of total nitrogen downstream. Further studies are therefore necessary to determine the effects of agriculture on the health of Stringybark Creek.今天关于SCI论文中英语语态的问题就讲这么多，应该是比较详细了，希望你在翻译的时候能够比较清晰，对这个问题不要再糊涂了。

英文论文写作中，什么情况下用什么时态，时态和时态之间有什么区别呢？着实是困扰着一大批同学们。首先问大家一个问题，你们知道英语中一共有多少种时态吗？莫慌！其实真正用的多的就三种而已： 1.一般现在时：描述事实、规律、概况现象等； 2.一般过去时：叙述方法和过去发生的事； 3.现在完成时：描述过去发生的事情对现在的影响。那么现在就让我来举例说明这三种时态的常见用法吧~ 1.描述已知的知识点，形成论文话题，确立研究范围。（也就是铺开背景，多用于引言部分） Eg：Cellular senescence is the dynamic process of durable cell-cycle arrest 翻译：细胞衰老是细胞周期持久停止的动态过程。 2.提出研究目标/总结研究成果（告诉读者我要干啥/我干了啥） Eg：Sarcopenia is highly prevalent in older nursing home residents. 翻译：肌少症在养老院的老年人中非常普遍。 3.描述权威，得到公认的前人研究成果，通常需要加上参考文献作为引用的源头，多用于导言和讨论（告诉读者，该领域前辈们干了啥）。 Eg：Cellular senescence biomarkers are readily identifiable in the livers of individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cirrhosis .(Aravinthan et al., 2013; Wiemann et al,2002) 翻译：在非酒精性脂肪性肝病和肝硬化个体的肝脏中很容易识别细胞衰老生物标志物。(Aravinthan et al.，2013；Wiemann et al.，2002) 4.经过实验证明分析，我们得出的结论可以作为一个公认的知识点。（常出现在结论中） Eg：In conclusion, sarcopenia is an independent factor of OS in patients with DLBCL underwent chemotherapy. 【PS:OS=overall survival 总生存率】翻译：总之，在接受化疗的DLBCL患者中，肌细胞减少是OS的独立因素。 5. 提及图表。（图表比单纯的文字叙述要更直观，大家要重视作图哦~） Eg：Figure 3shows typical time courses for SC under this scenario。翻译：图3显示了这种情况下SC的典型时间过程。 1. 叙述前人的研究成果 Eg：In fact, it was nearly 60 years ago that Leonard Hayflick and Paul Moorhead first defined replicative senescence by finding that normal human fetal fibroblasts ceased proliferation after long-term passaging [1]. （可能有细心的同学有疑问：“欸？这里不是和一般现在时的用法冲突了吗？”不是哦，用过去时，只是纯粹报道一下前人的研究成果，但如果该成果已经得到公认，那就可以用一般现在时。因此在不确定的情况下，使用一般过去时显得更为保险） 2.叙述实验过程/结果。 Eg：Weincluded 16 studies with a total of 3585 participants from 129 nursing homes . 翻译：我们纳入了16项研究，共3585名参与者，他们来自129家养老院。 1.引出新话题，强调重要性。 Eg：Several recent observations have reinvigorated the field to explore how senescent cells promote dysfunction in organisms. 翻译：最近的几项观察使这一领域重新活跃起来，以探索衰老细胞是如何促进有机体功能的。 Eg：Recently, studies have suggested that telomere-associated DNA damage can occur in senescentcells in vivo regardless of telomere length. 翻译：最近，研究表明，无论端粒长度如何，与端粒相关的DNA损伤都会在体内的衰老细胞中发生。 2.概括前人研究成果，突出研究进展 Eg：Introduction of a senescent-cell specific inducible suicide gene in mice，has given us clues about the consequence of senescent cell accumulation in various tissues anddiseases. 翻译：小鼠衰老细胞特异性诱导自杀基因的引入，为我们了解衰老细胞在各种组织和疾病中积累的后果提供了线索。 3.为了提出研究空白而搭建过去与现在的联系 Eg：However,conclusive evidence for causality behind a relationship between senescence and aging has remained elusive until very recently.翻译：然而，直到最近，关于衰老和老化之间关系背后的因果关系的确凿证据仍然难以找到。除了以上三种时态，写作中还有两种时态会用上——现在进行时和一般将来时。 1.表达进行中的趋势 Eg：In conclusion, it is becoming clear that targeting age-related changes in cancer may provide novel ways in which to alleviate this growing public health burden. 翻译：总之，针对与年龄相关的癌症变化，可能为减轻这种日益增长的公共卫生负担提供新的出路变得愈发清晰。 1.指向未来（在讨论部分指出未来的研究方向） Eg：It will beinteresting to see if future experimental findings in this exciting field agree with and corroborate this view of the evolution of cellular senescence . 翻译：在这一令人振奋的领域中，未来的实验结果是否同意并证实这一细胞衰老演变的观点将是有趣的。到这里，我们就讲完了英文论文写作中几种时态的常见用法，但是有小可爱可能会疑惑，一般过去时和现在完成时该怎么区分。抛开“【一般过去时】发生在比较远的【过去】，【现在完成时】发生在比较近的过去。”这种“听君一席话，如听一席话”的解释，让我们带入场景来理解。老师：Did you do your homework? 作业做了没？学生a：Yes ,I did. 做完了学生b：Yes, I did,but I haven't finished it yet. 做了，但没完全做完老师布置了课堂作业，下课要收，现在问： Have you finished the essay yet? 你们的论文写完了没？场景1中的a君面对老师的询问，淡淡表示自己写完了。而b君则着重强调了“没写完，但是写了”的事实（这不就是妥妥的狡辩嘛）场景2中，老师的关注点不是写没写，而是学生写没写完。潜台词：写完了快点交，我要下课了。总之，【一般过去时】和【现在完成时】描述的都是过去发生的动作，区别在于，主观上，说话者是否强调该动作对现在的影响。（没写作业可能会被骂/学生课堂作业拖拖拉拉就耽误批改效率）一般情况用前者，需要强调用后者。把知识变成常识需要一个过程，路漫漫其修远兮，みなさん一绪に顽张ろうね。(大家一起加油呐) 参考文献： 1. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Sacropenia in Nursing Home Residents :A Sytematic Review and Meta-analysis. Yanjiao Shen, Jing Chen MMS, Xiaoyan Chen MMS, Lisha Hou MPH, Xiufang Lin MMD,Ming Yang MD. 2. Insights from In Vivo Studies of Cellular Senescence. Luis I. Prieto 1, Sara I. Graves 1 and Darren J. Baker 1,2,* 3. On the evolution of cellular senescence Axel Kowald1,2 | João F. Passos3 | Thomas B. L. Kirkwood1,4 4. Cellular senescence: Implications for metabolic disease Marissa J. Schafera,b, Jordan D. Millera,c,d, and Nathan K. LeBrasseura,b,* 5. How the ageing microenvironment influences tumour progression Mitchell Fane1,2,*, Ashani T. Weeraratna1,2,3,* 6. Sarcopenia predicts overall survival in patients with malignant hematological diseases: A meta-analysis Alexey Surov a*, Andreas Wienke b END 文 | 夹耳朵的螃蟹

论文摘要不仅有中文的也有英文的，英文摘要的内容要求与中文摘要一样，包括目的、方法、结果和结论四部分，写作组成内容一样并不表示写作要求也完全一样，英文摘要相对于中文摘要最大的区别在于，中译英的时候容易出现篇幅够长，因此撰写英文摘要做到简洁明了，当然还有一个方面要特别注意，那就是时态问题，下文笔者就这方面来具体讲讲，大家继续往下看。英语论文摘要有哪些文体特点 (1)正规摘要一般以专业人员为读者对象，属于正式文体，句法结构要求严谨规范。因而摘要中的句子都很完整，没有口语体中的省略句或不完整句。用词也很规范，多用论文研究领域的标准术语，正规英语，很少用缩写词和古词。 (2)精炼摘要要求精炼，不宜列举例证，不宜与其他研究工作作对比。语句也少有重复。在衔接方面，主要使用词汇手段。通过词汇在意义上的衔接，把全篇文章的各部分紧紧地联系在一起，使文章结构紧凑，前后呼应。复合名词可以使文字紧凑利落，因而摘要中复合名词用的较多。 (3)具体摘要的每个概念、论点都要具体鲜明。一般不笼统地写论文“与什么有关”，而直接写论文“说明什么”。用词方面要求准确，多用一些源自法语和拉丁语且使用范畴较窄的“大词”“长词”，尽量避免含混不清或一词多义的词语。 (4)完整摘要本身要完整。有些读者是利用摘要杂志或索引卡片进行研究工作的，很可能得不到全篇论文，因此要注意不要引用论文某节或某张插图来代替说明。英语论文摘要的时态选择 1、如果是描述研究的成果、得出的结论，用一般现在时。 2、如果描述具体的研究过程，则用一般过去时。 3、如果描述研究结果对未来的影响，用一般将来时。 4、如果是过去的研究成果，但是对现在得出的结论有影响，用现在完成时。 5、如果是引用已经成为公认的事实，则用一般现在时。英语论文摘要的时态问题摘要部分是文章全部结构的集合，会用到多种语态。在介绍背景资料时，如果是不受时间影响的普遍事实，使用现在时;如果是对某种研究趋势的概述，可以用现在完成时。在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时，如果采用“论文导向”，多使用现在时，比如 This paper presents...，因为论文写作的时间是现在;如果采用“研究导向”，则使用过去时，比如 This study investigated...，因为研究已经完成。在概述主要结果时，通常用现在时。叙述结论或建议时，可使用现在时和将来时。最后需要特别说一下的是一般现在时的使用。一般现在时除了描述现在发生的事情以外，还可以用来描述普遍被接受的事实和真理。那么什么是事实和真理，这个是由你来决定的。比如下面的例子。句1：We found that the pressure increased as the temperature rose, which indicated that temperature played a significant role in the process. 句2：We found that the pressure increases as the temperature rises, which indicates that temperature plays a significant role in the process. 第一句用了过去时，是表达在过去的某个时间点，在实验的过程中，我们发现了气温升高的时候气压升高，这说明在该实验中气温在气压变化中发挥了重要作用。也就是说这个现象是在过去某个特定时间点观察到的，在那个时间点是正确的成立的，但是不知道在其他时候如何。第二句同样的句子，但是时态变成了现在时，表达了作者认为这种现象不仅仅局限于他的实验室，而应该是在任何条件任何情况下都成立的普遍事实，这里用现在时的这句话的语气更强，表达了对自己研究发现的自信。英文摘要的时态和语态问题 1) 英文摘要的时态。英文摘要时态的运用也以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。一般现在时。用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。分别举例如下：This study(investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to…The anatomy of secondary xylem(次生木质部) in stem of Davidia involucrata (珙桐) and Camptotheca acuminata (喜树) is compared. The result shows(reveals)…，It is found that…The conclusions are…The author suggests….涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，当然也要用一般现在时。一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。例如：The heat pulse technique was applied to study the stemstaflow (树干液流) of two main deciduous broadleaved tree species in July and August,1996.需要指出的是，用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的，而只是当时如何如何;所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。现在完成时和过去完成时。完成时少用，但不是不用而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。例如：Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy.? 2) 英文摘要的语态。采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。主动语态。因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically语感要强。必要时，The author systematically都可以去掉，而直接以Introduces开头。被动语态。以前强调多用被动语态，理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过，至于那件事是谁做的，无须一一证明。事实上，在指示性摘要中，为强调动作承受者，还是采用被动语态为好。即使在报道性摘要中，有些情况下被动者无关紧要，也必须用强调的事物做主语。例如：In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained.?3) 英文摘要的人称。原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper…等开头例如：To describe…， To study…， To investigate…， To assess…，To determine…，The torrent classification model and the hazard zone mapping model are developed based on the geography information system.行文时好不用人称，以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。英语论文摘要的写作过程，仅仅做到规范内容格式要求是不够的，选择适当的时态和语态，是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提，其中的时态问题很多人容易选错，不知道什么时候该用现在时，什么时候改用过去时，希望看完全文之后，大家能有一个更深入的了解和认识。

英语语言学中的形态学论文

像语音学，音位学，以及形态学，句法都不好下手建议写社会语言学或是心理语言学方面的，可以深入对比一下中西方思维的差异之类的，应该是一个好的论点加油~~

关于英语语言学的论文，论文题目和主要内容已列出，供参考。链接附后1.题目：语言学英文版论文。主要内容：该论文主要讲词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。.题目：.英语专业毕业论文(语言学)——谈判英语文化差异。主要内容：该论文主要讲国际商务谈判中文化差异的影响，就是汉语习惯思维和西方语言文化之间表达的准确性对商务谈判带来的影响。.题目：外国语言学及应用语言学硕士论文：商务英语信函的词汇特点研究，主要内容：商务英语信函词汇的选择和应用多呈现如下7种特点：1)简单词汇的选择。2)具体词汇多于笼统词汇。3)褒义词多于贬义词。4)缩写词的选择。5)确切词汇多于模糊词汇。6)礼貌、客气的词汇多于不礼貌的词汇。7)商业术语的选择。产生的原因多取决于商务活动的和商业伙伴的合作关系。商务活动的双方均为达至双赢的进行合作。这是本文所分析的词汇特点产生的主要原因。

转摘More and more scholars are now showing an interest in adopting linguistic approaches to translation studies. Between 1949 and 1989, an incomplete survey by the author revealed that there were only about 30 textbook passages discussing the relationship between linguistics and translation, including aspects of general linguistics, pragmatics, stylistics, text linguistics, rhetoric and machine translation. From 1990 to 1994, there was an incredible increase in the number of passages looking at translation from a linguistic point of view. Almost 160 articles published over these five years concerned translation and general linguistics, stylistics, comparative linguistics, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, text linguistics, rhetoric, etc. New terms such as discourse analysis, hermeneutics, dynamic equivalence, deep structure and surface structure, context, theme and rheme, cooperative principles, to mention just a few, appeared in the field of translation studies. We can definitely identify a trend of applying linguistics theories to translation studies in these years. Today, we are at the point of questioning whether linguistics is a necessary part of translation. In recent years, some scholars who are in favour of free translation, have repeatedly raised this question to the public and appealed for an end to the linguistic approach to translation. Some firmly believe that translation is an art and that therefore linguistics is neither useful nor helpful. Such a claim is wrong if we look at translation as a whole, including scientific translation where meanings are rigid and restricted and the degree of freedom is limited. Flexibility, in this case, is neither required nor appreciated. But even in literary translation, linguistics is hardly a burden. Wang Zongyan pointed out that « If one sees linguistics as a body of rules regulating language, translators most probably will yawn with boredom. If it signifies the use of words and locutions to fit an occasion, there is nothing to stop translators from embracing linguistics » (Wang 1991: 38). The controversy over « literal » versus « free » translation has a long history, with convincing supporters on each side. For example, ancient Western scholars like Erasmus, Augustine, and others were in favour of literal translation. Among early Chinese translators, Kumarajiva is considered to be of the free school, while Xuan Zuang appears as literal and inflexible. In modern China, Yan Fu advocated hermeneutic translation, while Lu Xun preferred a clumsy version to one that was free but inexact. There is nothing wrong in any of these stances. When these translators emphasized free translation they never denied the possibility of literal translation, and vice versa. Problems only arise when the discussion turns to equivalent translations. The problem of equivalence has caused much controversy. Some people believed that there could be an equivalence of language elements independent of the setting in which they of occurred. Based on this assumption, some « literal » translators tried to decompose a text into single elements in hopes of finding equivalents in the target language. This is a naive idea. Jakobson (1971: 262) notes that « Equivalence in difference is the cardinal problem of language and the pivotal concern of linguistics. » He does not refer to « equivalence » but to « equivalence in difference » as the cardinal problem. Nida was also misunderstood by many for his notion of « equivalence, » which he took to mean that « Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style » (1969: 12). He further concluded that « Absolute equivalence in translating is never possible » (1984: 14). De Beaugrande and Dressler believed that the success or failure of either free or literal approaches was uncertain: an unduly « literal » translation might be awkward or even unintelligible, while an unduly « free » one might make the original text disintegrate and disappear altogether. To them, equivalence between a translation and an original can only be realized in the experience of the participants (cf. de Beaugrande and Dressler 1981: 216-217). Catford (1965: 27) expressed the same concern that equivalent translation is only « an empirical phenomenon, discovered by comparing SL and TL texts. » In citing the above examples, I have absolutely no intention of insisting on untranslatability. What I mean is that a translator should incorporate his or her own experience and processing activities into the text: solving the problems, reducing polyvalence, explaining away any discrepancies or discontinuities. Linguistic knowledge can help us treat different genres in different ways, always with an awareness that there are never exact equivalences but only approximations. Therefore, amplification and simplification become acceptable. If we agree that texts can be translated, then, in what way does linguistics contribute to translation? To answer this question, we must look at the acceptance of western linguistics in China and its influence on translation. Systematic and scientific study of the Chinese language came into being only at the end of the last century, when Ma Jianzhong published a grammar book Mashi Wentong «马氏文通» in 1898, which was the first in China and took the grammar of Indo-European languages as its model. The study of language was, in turn, influenced by translation studies in China. In Mashi Wenton, the main emphasis is on the use of morphology, which takes up six-sevenths of the book. Influenced by the dominant trend of morphological studies, a word was regarded as the minimum meaningful unit, and a sentence was therefore the logical combination of words of various specific types. Translation was, then, principally based on the unit of the word. In the West, Biblical translation provided a very good example, just as the translation of Buddhist scriptures did in China. Not until the end of the 19th century did some linguists come to realize that sentences were not just the summary of the sequenced words they contained. The Prague School, founded in the 1920s, made a considerable contribution to the study of syntax. According to the analytic approach of the Functional Perspective of the Prague School, a sentence can be broken down into two parts: theme and rheme. Theme is opposed to rheme in a manner similar to the distinction between topic and comment, and is defined as the part of a sentence which contributes least to advancing the process of communication. Rheme, on the other hand, is the part of a sentence which adds most to advancing the process of communication and has the highest degree of communicative dynamism. These two terms help enlighten the process of translating Chinese into English. In the mid-1950s, the study of syntax peaked with the Chomsky's establishment of transformational-generative grammar. This theory of the deep structure and surface structure of language influenced translation tremendously. Nida relied heavily on this theory in developing his « analyzing-transfering-reconstructing » pattern for translation. Some Chinese linguists, in the meantime, tried to raise language studies to a higher plane. Li Jinxi (1982) enlarged the role of sentence studies in his book A New Chinese Grammar, two thirds of which was devoted to discussing sentence formation or syntax. He writes that « No words can be identified except in the context of a sentence. » The study was then improved by other grammarians, including Lu Shuxiang, Wang Li. With the development of linguistic studies, translation based on the unit of the sentence was put forward by some scholars. It was Lin Yu-Tang who first applied the theory to translation in his article « On Translation. » He claimed that « translation should be done on the basis of the sentence [...] What a translator should be faithful to is not the individual words but the meaning conveyed by them » (Lin 1984: r 3). The importance of context in the understanding of a sentence was therefore emphasized. Chao Yuanren, a Chinese scholar and professor at Harvard University, criticized scholars and translators who tended to forget this point and take language for something independent and self-sufficient. In fact, it is obvious that when we translate a sentence, we depend on its context; when we interpret an utterance we rely on the context of the speech (cf. Chao 1967). When a sentence is removed from the text, it usually becomes ambiguous due to the lack of context. Therefore, translation becomes difficult. In the 1960s, people began to realize that the study of language based on sentences was not even sufficient. A complete study should be made of the whole text. A simple sentence like « George passed » may have different interpretations in different contexts. If the context is that of an examination, it means George did well on a test; in a card game it would indicate that George declined his chance to bid; in sports it would mean the ball reached another player. Without a context, how could we decide on a translation? Linguists therefore shifted their attention to the study of texts and to discourse analysis. Text linguistics have become increasingly popular since that time. Van Dijk was a pioneer in this field, and his four-volume edition of the Handbook of Discourse Analysis is of great value. Halliday's Cohesion in English and Introduction to Functional Grammar help us to better understand the English language on a textual level. It is worth noting that de Beaugrande and Dressler (1981) provided an overall and systematic study of text, which is useful to translation studies. De Beaugrande actually wrote a book called Factors in a Theory of Poetic Translating in 1978. The book did not become very popular as it confined the discussion to translating poetry. At the same time, books on a linguistic approach to translation were introduced into China, such as the works of Eugene Nida, Peter Newmarks, . Catford, Georges Mounin, and others. These books gave a great push to the application of linguistic theories to translation studies in China. Textual or discoursive approaches to the study of translation could not keep pace with the development of text linguistics. Some studies remained on the syntactic or semantic level, though even there textual devices were employed. In talking about the translation units of word and text, Nida wrote: ... average person naively thinks that language is words, the common tacit assumption results that translation involves replacing a word in language A with a word in language B. And the more « conscientious » this sort of translation is, the more acute. In other words, the traditional focus of attention in translation was on the word. It was recognized that that was not a sufficiently large unit, and therefore the focus shifted to the sentence. But again, expert translators and linguists have been able to demonstrate that individual sentences, in turn, are not enough. The focus should be on the paragraph, and to some extent on the total discourse. (Nida and Tabber 1969: 152) From that statement we can see that Nida regards a discourse as something larger than a paragraph, as an article with a beginning and an ending. Nida himself never applied text linguistics to translation, and there might be some confusion if we use his term in our interpretation of discourse, because discourse analysis is not merely a study based on a larger language structure. Some Chinese scholars did make the effort to apply text linguistics to the theory and practice of translation. Wang Bingqin's article (1987) was the first academic paper of this sort. He stated his aim to study and discover the rules governing the internal structure of a text in light of text linguistics. He analyzed numerous examples using textual analysis, but unfortunately, all the samples he collected were descriptions of scenery or quotations from the books of great scholars--no dialogue, no illocutionary or perlocutionary forces in the language. He failed to provide a variety of examples. For this reason, his research findings are largely restricted to rhetorical texts in ancient China (cf. Wang 1981; Luo 1994). Scholars like He Ziran applied pragamatics to translation. He's article (1992) put forth two new terms, « pragmalinguistics » and « socio-pragmatics » which, in translation, refer respectively to « the study of pragmatic force or language use from the viewpoint of linguistic sources » and to « the pragmatic studies which examine the conditions on language use that derive from the social and cultural situation. » He discusses the possibility of applying the pragmatic approach to translation in order to achieve a pragmatic equivalent effect between source and target texts; that is, to reproduce the message carried by the source language itself, as well as the meaning carried by the source language within its context and culture. In this article he tries to distinguish « pragma-linguistics » from « socio-pragmatics » but finally admits that « Actually, a clear line between pragma-linguistics and socio-pragmatics may sometimes be difficult to draw. » Still he insists that the application of the pragmatic approach to translation is helpful and even necessary. Ke Wenli (1992) argued that semantics, which in a broad sense combines semantics and pragmatics, should be studied to help understand, explain and solve some of the problems encountered in translation. In this article, he examines four semantic terms--« sense and reference, » « hyponomy, » « changes of meaning » and « context »--giving many examples to illusrate the importance of having some general knowledge of semantics and of understanding the relationship between semantics and translation. This article is clearly written and readers can easily draw inspiration from it. These linguistics approaches shed new lights on the criteria of « faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance » defined by Yan Fu. Chinese scholars began to criticize the vagueness of these three criteria and endeavored to give them concrete significance through the theories of western linguistics. The result is that the content of these three traditional criteria has been greatly enriched, especially by the effect equivalence theory, which in a broad sense means that the target language should be equivalent to the source language from a semantic, pragmatic, and stylistic point of view. But we are still unable to evaluate translations in a very scientific way. Therefore, Chinese scholars like Fan Shouyi, Xu Shenghuan and Mu Lei embarked on quantitative analyses of translations and used the fuzzy set theory of mathematics in accomplishing their analysis. Fan published several articles on this field of study. His 1987 and 1990 articles evaluate translations according to a numerical quantity of faithfulness. Xu's article « A Mathematical Model for Evaluating a Translation's Quality » presents a normal mathematical model. He states that it is difficult to produce an absolutely accurate evaluation of translations with this model because of the uncertainty and randomness of man's thought process. Making such analysis more accurate and objective would require further research. The unit in translation is a hard nut to crack. Without solving this problem, no research in translation studies will ever be sufficient. To date, very few people have focused their research on this area. Nida holds that the unit should be the sentence, and in a certain sense, the discourse. Barkhudarov (1993: 40), Soviet linguist and translation theorist, suggests that: translation is the process of transforming a speech product (or text) produced in one language into a speech product (or text) in another language. [...] It follows that the most important task of the translator who carries out the process of transformation, and of the theorist who describes or creates a model for that process, is to establish the minimal unit of translation, as it is generally called, the unit of translation in the source text. Though he notes the importance of the unit of translation in a text and considers that this unit can be a unit on any level of language, he fails to point out what a text is and how it might be measured in translation. Halliday's notion of the clause might be significant in this case. To him, a clause is a basic unit. He distinguishes three functions of a clause: textual, interpersonal and ideational. According to Halliday, these functions are not possessed by word or phrase. But he is not quite successful in analyzing the relationship between clause and text (cf. Halliday 1985). In China, some people have tried to solve this problem. Wang Dechun (1987: 10) more or less shares Bakhudarov's view that the translation unit cannot be confined just to sentences. In some ways, the phoneme, word, phrase, sentence, paragraph, or even text can all serve as a unit. At this point, we cannot find anything special in treating text translation except for having text as the highest level among translation units. This is not the aim of text linguistics or discourse analysis. If we want to apply these to the theory and practice of translation, we will require a textual approach.

1.中西语言方式对比2.词汇学3.近代英语语言的衍变大概就这几类了，论文么，跳不出这圈了。要想写点有新意的东西那可真需要点不同的眼光和能力了。祝好运。

学术论文时态

学术论文文献综述动词研究

摘要：本文以取自教育类核心期刊的20篇论文的文献综述部分组成的语料库为基础，以Wordsmith软件和Mconcord软件为检索工具，从动词的时体特征、搭配特征两个方面对文献综述部分的动词进行研究，总结其动词特征。结论如下：

（一）文献综述中以现在完成时和一般现在时为主；

（二）转述动词词汇众多，搭配丰富。

关键词：文献综述；语料库；动词

1引言

近年来，语篇分析研究者们对英语学术论文的研究比重在逐渐加大，相关研究成果众多。但是，对该类论文中的某一篇段的研究并不见多。本文将聚焦该类论文的重要板块——文献综述，分析其中的动词特征，以期以小见大，一览英语学术论文的风格。文献综述不但可以为下一步的论文写作奠定一个坚实的理论基础，而且能体现作者对既有研究的归纳分析和梳理整合的综合能力，反映作者对信息或研究结果的侧重点以及所持态度。因此，对文献综述部分的研究意义十分重大。

2研究方法

语料收集

本文收集了20篇英语教学学术论文组成了语料库，总字数为35974个词。为减少可能因不同研究问题而引起的词汇差异，以及图表可能引起的检索不便，本文特意以同一关键词（self-concept），从JournalofEducationalMeasurement，AmericanEducationalResearchJournal，EducationalResearch，以及EducationalPsychology等教育类核心期刊上选取了20篇在文献综述部分不涉及图表的论文。将各篇论文的文献综述部分汇集于文本后，在FreeCLAWSWWWtrialservice上对文本进行附码。随后用Wordsmith软件以及Mconcord软件对语料库进行检索，加以统计、分析和整理数据。

理论背景

动词是构成句子个关键词。按构成各种动词形式的功用，动词可以分为主动词和主动词。主动词表示行为和状态，有实在的意义（故又称实意动词，如make，know，say），是各种动词形式的核心。

时和体是动词的两个重要范畴，在传统语法中并不区分。现在，语言学家认为有两种时：过去时和现在时。所谓的将来时跟它们并不采用相同的表达方式，不用形态学手段表达。体也分两种：完成体（或完成式）和进行体（或持续式）。国外对动词的时和体研究历时较长，成果较大。1986年Zydatis研究了广播、报纸、电视新闻、读者来信、讣告等一系列的文本，发现了现在完成时在这些文本中的高频率使用率，并总结了这种时体的三大用法。Schiffrin在1981年对故事轶闻文本的研究发现，在不同的陈述部分（如引入、开头、高潮、结尾）使用的时体各有特点。尤其是在高潮部分，历史现在时（'historic'present）尤为突出。

3数据分析

基本特征

该语料库的标准类符/行符比率为，平均字长为。总句数是1，522句，平均句长为个词。6个字母的词最多，高达4，483个词，其次为8字词（3，556个）和9字词（3，349个）。可见学术论文中的文献综述遣词造句较为复杂。主要是因为文献综述主要与理论实践内容相关，专业性较强，该研究领域的专业术语较多，用于阐述的句式结构也要求更为成熟。

动词时体特征

学术论文写作通常有相对固定的时体使用惯例。本文用Mconcord软件对20篇英语教育类学术论文进行动词时和体的分析（见表1），总结如下：

上表显示，20篇英语学术论文的文献综述中动词时态形式最频繁的是现在完成时，占全部形式的，其次是一般现在时，最少的是过去完成时和过去进行时。

现在完成时通常表示行为和事件到目前为止已经结束，但对当前的动作存在影响。在文献综述中运用现在完成时来转述前人的研究，一方面阐明了作者展开研究的理论基础以及发展方向，如：1）therehasnotbeencurrentresearchthathasbeenabletoresolvetheissuewhether...2）...butlessworkhasbeendonetoexaminethevalidityof...两句均表明当前仍存在研究的空白，亟待填补；另一方面也表明作者重视其研究价值及其对当前研究产生的影响，如3）...whichhasbeenstronglysupportedbyempiricalresearch...表明该研究成果反响较大值得借鉴，4）...morein-depthinvestigationshavebeenconductedongenderdifference...则表明作者对这些研究所持的支持态度。

一般现在时通常表达当前发生的行为动作，或者陈述一般性事实，如academicachievementinfluencesacademicself-concept，这是经过研究证明的二者的`影响与被影响的关系，属于一般性事实。而在总结前人理论实践成果时，本应该采用一般过去时表示已发生的事件。但在学术论文这种特殊的文本中，可以借助现在时的其他意义加以解释。一般现在时的使用较为广泛，可以用于泛指过去、现在以及将来的时间范畴。此外，一般现在时存在历史现在时这一特殊用法，用一般过去时表示过去发生的时间。在文献综述中用历史现在时，表示尽管该研究发生在过去，至今仍然相当重要。如thisstudyprovidesgoodsupportfor...尽管研究的开展是已发生的事实，用一般现在时来阐述，表明作者认为该成果至今仍然有效。

一般过去时与现在完成时相对应，仅表示在过去的时间内发生过某个行为事件，没有影响与否一说。由此也可以看出，作者运用一般过去时阐述该研究成果时，持反对、保留或中立态度。如theyestimatedamodelthat...作者仅仅客观的陈述了研究的内容，并无明显的个人态度。20篇文献综述中使用一般过去时的比例并不多，可见作者对已有的“self-concept”的研究成果大部分持支持态度。

其他的时体形式比例不大，主要是因为文献综述的特殊风格有关。文献综述总结前人的理论实践成果，讲述当前研究发展状态，鲜少涉及进行体的使用。

动词搭配特征

表2综合各种动词形式，总结了20篇文献综述出现频率最高的30个动词。find出现的频率最高，达49次，其他动词出现的频率相差不大。由此可见该20篇文献综述中动词的词汇比较丰富，重复率低。

此外，本文还利用Wordsmith的词丛检索，总结出常用动词的习惯搭配。Find最常见搭配形式为findevidence/difference/support/results/relations/correlations/

patterns/...，常用句式为They/he...findthat...，或....befound（to/notto...）。Report的常见搭配为Reportdata/statistics/support/relationship/evidence/findings/correl

ations/pattern/differences/...，常用句式还有Reportthat...作者在梳理当前研究的理论发展脉络，整理他人研究成果时使用的动词被称为转述语。这20篇文献综述使用的转述语词汇丰富，如report/conclude/propose/show/argue/posit/demonstrate/suggest/note/emphasize等，可供英语学习者引以借鉴。

4结语

文献综述是学术论文的重要组成部分，其词汇尤其是动词具有自己的特点。首次，现在完成时和一般现在时的使用频率很高，不同的时体也有自己的语法含义以及语境含义。其次，转述语词汇丰富，搭配多样化。此外，情态动词使用频率虽然不高，对作者整理信息、表达观点表明态度的作用却不可忽视。对文献综述的词汇研究还有很大的空间，有待我们继续深化。

为了让SCI论文顺利发表，科研工作者在翻译SCI论文时，一定要注意语态和时态，尤其是时态使用出错的话，很容易造成文章歧义。如果因此引起拒稿实在遗憾，那么这里学术堂就给大家整理了一些关于时态和语态的使用技巧。

1、写作时态英语谓语动词时态共有16种，不过在英文科技论文中使用较多的主要是三种：即一般现在时、一般过去时和一般将来时。

正确地使用动词时态是科研写作的基本功，我们在撰写英文论文时，如不能正确选用时态，常常会改变文章所要表达的意思，从而影响评审专家与读者的理解。

在科技论文中正确使用时态

应该把握以下三个基本要点：

1）一般现在时：主要用于不受时间限制的客观存在事实的描述，或发生或存在于写论文之时的感觉、状态、关系等的描述或致谢的表述等。值得注意的是，出于尊重，凡是他人已经发表的研究成果作为"previously established knowledge"，在引述时普遍都用一般现在时。

2）一般过去时：用于写论文中作者自己所做工作的描述。例如在描述自己的材料、方法和结果等问题时使用。

3）一般将来时：用于撰写论文之后发生的动作或存在的状态。例如提出下一步的研究方向。

2、一般在科技论文当中，最常采用的语态是被动语态。如：A new approach is put forward in the paper that-/Conclusion can be drawn from the experiment that-不难发现，被动语态相对于主动语态，优势更多：

1）科技论文常常需要介绍客观的、不以人的意志为转移的研究过程、实验结果等方面内容。使用被动语态可以给人更加客观真实之感。

2）使用被动式可以避免提及动作的施动者，这样反而使研究动作有了更广泛的普遍性。

3）由于被动语态的特殊结构，使其在句子结构调节方面有着更大的灵活性，有利于在添加短语结构、扩充句子信息的同时保持句式的工整平衡。

通常情况下用一般现在十但在引用到一些过去发生的事时需用过去的时态. 英文摘要的写作方法论文摘要的时态基本上有两种 : 一般现在时、一般过去时。由于学术论文写作通常采用一般现在时 , 摘要也多用一般现在时。目的、方法、结果及结论部分多用一般现在时 , 背景介绍常采用一般过去时。一般现在时用于描述研究目的和范围、研究内容、结果和结论 ;一般过去时用于描述论文撰写前作者已做的工作 , 也可用于表示转述已发表文献的报导、讨论和研究内容。语态与人称主张多采用被动语态。因为使用被动语态不仅可以省略施动者 , 避免出现“We ”表示式 , 而且还可以使需强调的事物做主语而突出了它们的地位 , 有利于说明事实。英文摘要往往采用第三人称的被动语态 , 可以避免提及有关执行者 , 使行文显得客观。同时 , 被动语态句子在结构上有较大的调节余地 , 有利于使用恰当的修辞手段 , 扩展名词短语 , 扩大句子信息量。但有时采用主动语态比用被动语态在结构上更简练 , 表达更英文摘要的翻译英文摘要应直接用英文写 , 这样能按英文思维方式更直接、准确地表达原文。但是 , 这对一些作者尚有难度。在翻译过程中 , 要避免按中文字面意义逐字翻译 , 应从语篇层次把握原文 , 选择恰当的翻译单位。刘士聪认为 , 在翻译过程中 , 分析和转换是一个难以截然分开的思维过程 , 以主述位作翻译单位 , 一方面是注意到了它本身的形式特点 , 另一方面也注意到了它在语篇中的衔接功能 , 可以把对原文的分析和转换统一起来。英文摘要的写作根据《EI》的要求 , 一篇较好的英文摘要应较好地回答以下 4 个方面的问题 : 1) What you want to do ( 目的 ); 2) How you did it ( 方法 ); 3) What results did you get and what conclusions can you draw ( 结果和结论 ); 4) What is original in your paner ( 创新独到之处 ) 。在开头交待论文的目的时 , 英文摘要的首句不要重复题名或题名的一部分 , 同时摘要中要尽量少谈或不谈背景信息。在介绍方法、结果和结论时 , 忌泛泛而谈 , 空洞无物。在写作时 , 要尽可能明确地把论文的创新、独到之处交待出来。关于英文摘要的文法《EI》提出了以下几点要求 : 1) 尽量用短句 ; 2) 用主动语态而不用被动语态 ; 3) 要尽量简洁 , 去掉一切并不增进对摘要理解的多余字句 ; 4) 介绍过去所做的工作时用过去时态 , 介绍结果和结论时则用现在时态。 (1) 研究的背景、目的和范围———常用现在时 ; (2) 研究的方法、手段或步骤———常用过去时、现在时或现在完成时 ; (3) 研究的结果———常用过去时 ; (4) 研究得出的主要结论———常用现在时或情态助动词。现以下篇英文摘要为例进行分析和说明。标点符号科技期刊英文摘要中标点符号使用不当的问题很普遍 , 主要原因是作者沿用汉语标点符号的习惯。这类问题在文稿、报告中不明显 , 但正式印刷出来后非常抢眼。所以 , 在组织英文摘要时应特别注意以下几点 : (1) 英文标点符号中除了破折号长度占 2 个英文字符外 , 其他均只占 1 个英文字符 ( 大致半个汉字 ) 。中、英文的逗号、分号、冒号等乍看起来完全一样 , 但实际上也是不一样的。排英文摘要时应转换到英文状态下操作 , 避免英文中出现全角标点 , 例如“ Darwin's theory of natural selection ” ( 应该是“ Darwin's theory of natural selection ” ) 等 , 影响版面的美观。 (2) 英文标点符号中没有“《》”、“、”和“～”。英文中书名一般用斜体表示 , 该用顿号时用逗号 , 表示数字范围则用半字线“ - ”。英文中“～”有时用在阿拉伯数字前表示近似。 (3) 文中破折号、数字范围号与连字符分别为 : “—” ( 长度占 2 个英文字符 ) 、“ - ” ( 占 1 个英文字符 ), 而汉语中相应符号的长度分别比其长 1 倍 : “——” ( 长度占 2 个汉字 ) 、“—” ( 占 1 个汉字 ) 和“ - ” ( 占半个汉字 ) 。此外 , 英文中的省略号是 3 个由空格隔开的英文句点“ ... ” , 而不是“…”。(4) 在英文中 , 无论引号中是一个单句、短语、从句还是独立成分 , 末尾的逗号和句号等一律封闭在引号之内。(5) 汉语中标点符号前后均不空格 , 而英文则不一样。英文点号前不空 , 后要空一格 ; 英文破折号 “——” , 数字范围号“ - ”和连字符“ - ”前后均不空格 ; 英文引号和括号外面前后均空格 , 里面前后均不空格。 (6) 带缩略号的缩略语位于句末时 , 可省略一个黑点 , 但省略号位于句末时 , 句点不能省略。(7) 可用若干个带连字符的词修饰同一个名词 , 例如“ the second-, third-or forth-class mails ”( 二、三、四级邮件 ), “ three- and four- syllable words ” ( 三音节和四音节词 ), 不能写作“ three-four-syllable words ”。例 :Blackmur writes, “Mr. Eliot's poetry is not devotional in any sense of which we have been speaking... ” 例 :Dashes, parentheses, commas—all are used to set off parenthetical matter(see also page111). 数字表示目前科技期刊英文摘要中的数字表示很随便。在英文中用到数字时是用文字 (one,two,three,...) 还是阿拉伯数字 (1,2,3,---) 表示 , 需要遵循一定的规则 , 这就像在中文科技文稿中用汉字还是用阿拉伯数字有一定的规则一样。一般说来 ,1 位数 (1 至 9) 通常用文字表示 , 多位数 ( ≥ 10) 则趋向于使用阿拉伯数字 , 也遵循易读、易写、前后一致的原则。有统计意义的、与单位符号及数字符号一起的数字 , 一般都用阿拉伯数字。在编写时应注意下列问题 :(1) 表示概数时 , 只能使用英文数字 :about five hundreds ( 约 500), approximately forty thousands( 近 4 万 ) 。 (2) 阿拉伯数字不宜出现在句子的开头。例如“ Six percent students voted. ” (6% 的学生投了票 ) 不宜为“ 6 percent students voted. ”。这种情况下最好改写句子 , 避免用数字开头 , 例如“ Fifteen new products are set for release in the next year. ” ( 有 15 种新产品决定在明年推出 ) 可改写为 : “ The company decides to release 15 new products in the next year. ” ( 公司决定明年推出 15 种新产品 ) 。 (3) 2 项数字相连时 , 其中一个用文字 , 另一个用数字 , 具体看哪一种方式简短 : “ 36 fifty-watt amplifiers ”或“ thirty-six 50 watt amplifiers ” (36 个 50W 的放大器 ) 。 (4)4 位以上的数字最好每隔 3 位用 1/4 的空格分开。目前许多书刊上仍用逗号作分隔符。鉴于有些国家用逗号表示小数点 , 为避免引起混淆 , 国际标准化组织建议科技书刊中用空格来分隔数字。这种做法已开始为人们所接受。例如 ,US ＄ 23000, 9600000km 2; 在科技书刊中推荐采用 a × 10n 的形式。(5) 由于在英、美等国 billion, trillion 及 quadrillion 所代表的数目不一致 , 科技文稿中应避免使用 , 例如“ 亿人口”最好表示为“ × 109 ” 。英文摘要正文的写作模式英文摘要语篇结构固定 , 内容完整。英文摘要的篇章结构通常涉及主题句、拓展句和结论句三部分 , 涵盖了研究的背景、目的和范围 , 研究的方法、手段或步骤 , 研究的结果 , 研究得出的主要结论或建议四个方面。由于摘要字数有限 ( 英文摘要一般不超过 250 个词 ), 所以研究的背景、目的和范围有时候可省略 , 写作的重点放在后三个方面。 1. 主题句的常用句型或表达方法主题句多用于介绍论文涉及的研究课题和领域 , 提供研究背景信息或陈述研究目的 , 其常见的句型或表达方法如下 : (1) Previous research has shown that …; (2) It has been shown that …; (3) The principle of … is outlined ; (4) The apparatus for … is described ; (5) Automation of … isexamined ; (6) An account of … is given ; (7) The use of … is addressed ; (8) The mechan i sm of … is examined ; (9) The dependence of … was established ; (10) Ananalysis of … was carried out ; (11) Thepurpose of the present study is was to …; (12) The aim of our research is wasto …; (13) The ob jective of this investigation is wasto …; (14) This paper is intended to …; (15) This paper is to …; (16) Theauthor ( s ) made this study in order to find out discover reveal obtain demonstrate test …; (17) With the aim of …; (18) This paper deals with …; (19) Based on …,… is described discussed presented analyzed dealt with in this paper ; (20) In this paper ,… is discussed explored analyed . 2. 拓展句的常用句型或表达方法拓展句承接主题句 , 通常处于摘要正文的中间 , 多描述研究的方法、手段、过程、步骤或结果拓展句常见句型或表达方法如下 (1) The method of … was used to …; (2) The experiment was madeto …; (3) The investigation has been conducted to …; (4) The data are derived by using …; (5) The experimental results are obtained by …; (6) The test was conducted with …; (7) A relationship is observed between … and …; (8) A theoretical procedure is described for …; (9) The method was based on …; (10)… can be achieved through by using … 。 3. 结论句的常见句型或表达方法结论句置于正文的最后 , 通常用于介绍主要研究成果 , 提出独到的见解或建议 , 陈述主要结论。结论句常用的句型或表达方法如下 : (1) The findings indicate that …; (2) The results indicate show that …; (3) This paper concludes that …; (4) This study investigation research leads the author ( s ) to a conclusion that …; (5) The research enables us to conclude that …; (6) It is concluded that …; (7) The results agree with …; (8) The test experiment showsthat …; (9) It is suggested that …; (10) Theseresults will can be significant gested that …; (10) These results will can be significant for … 。摘要不是一般从一个资料里抽出一小段然后写在论文里头么?在我的学校写论文的时候, 一般摘要是什么时态, 论文里有摘要的那个部分就用什么时态.至少我的老师是这么做的. This paper...makes up for the insufficient calculations by hand and experiments, and augments the capabilities of analysing and solving problems.

英语语言形态学研究的论文

一、英语语言学毕业论文题目：1、中西语言方式对比2、词汇学3、近代英语语言的衍变二、英语语言学课程由三个知识模块组成:理论启蒙、基础理论、研究方法。理论启蒙模块内容涉及英语的词汇知识、语音知识、语法知识、修辞知识、语体知识、英语变体、英语学习策略等。基础理论模块由英语语言学概论执行，内容涉及语言的各种属性、语言学的学科知识、语音学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、语言与心理、语言与文化、语言习得等。研究方法模块通过介绍语言学研究的设计与分析方法，帮助学生掌握从事语言研究的本领，并直接与本科毕业论文的写作挂钩。三、毕业论文，泛指专科毕业论文、本科毕业论文（学士学位毕业论文）、硕士研究生毕业论文（硕士学位论文）、博士研究生毕业论文（博士学位论文）等，即需要在学业完成前写作并提交的论文，是教学或科研活动的重要组成部分之一。

由于信息技术的发展,计算机得到了广泛的多层次的应用,尤其是在教育领域内的应用计算机辅助学习、计算机辅助教学和计算机辅助测试等。计算机硬件技术的发展和应用与教学和测试的软件系统的开发催生了大量的帮助学生学习的“语言学习中心”和建设有测试题库的“语言测试中心”。然而,这些中心的题库大部分是为学生的语言技能而建设的,比如听、说、读、写等,尽管目前语言测试中对学生书面表达的测试和评分技术尚处于开发阶段,各种写作的评分手段都在探索中。像“英语语言学”这样的知识理论课题库还较为少见,对于这门课程怎样教和学的讨论,自从1987和1988年的“关于《语言学引论》的教学的自由论坛”以来就很少出现。因此,本文作者付出艰辛的劳动,建设了“英语语言学题库”(ELIB)。本文是对该题库建设和应用的描述。该题库的理论依据是经典测试理论(CTT)、项目反应理论(IRT)和计算机自测试理论(CAT)等测试理论和认知学习理论。其目的是帮助学生学习《英语语言学》这门课程,增强他们对语言的认知能力和运用语言理论解决语言问题的能力。该题库初步建设了一千多道试题,分为选择、填空、判断、名词解释和问答等五种题型,组成一张CD光盘或网络学习测试系统。不能用网络的学生或老师可以通过个人电脑的光盘驱动器进行学习和组题测试；那些可以利用网络的学生或老师可以通过互联网注册后学习或组题测试。这样就可以减轻老师的负担、逐步提高学生的语言学学习能力。参考文献[1] 蓝纯. 本科生“语言学导论”课程的评估与反思(英文)[J]. Teaching English in China. 2007(06)[2] 孔文,邹申. 语料库在语言测试中的应用[J]. 外语电化教学. 2007(04)[3] 杨端和. 大学英语四、六级考试语料库建设分析[J]. 外语电化教学. 2007(01)[4] 邓文英. 基于语料库的中国大学生动/名词搭配研究(英文)[J]. 成都信息工程学院学报. 2005(06)[5] 马广惠. 基于语料库的小说文体学研究[J]. 常熟理工学院学报. 2005(05)[6] 杨端和. 外语考试的计算机语料库建设[J]. 云南民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版). 2005(04)[7] 梁茂成. 利用WordPilot在外语教学中自建小型语料库[J]. 外语电化教学. 2003(06)

语言学可以写的内容很多。基本上不外乎以下一些:一，语音类如语音的属性、音韵与语音的关系、强弱、轻浊、音节等二，词汇类如词汇形态学，语义学，构词，词化，语义场等等三，语法类如语法结构，层次，修辞等四，句子类如分析句子的各种成分，语序，基本句型等五，语篇类如连贯性，思维逻辑性，结构修辞，主体与客体意识等这方面的教材很多，就看你的要求了。现在英语与汉语的对比语言学和对比文学比较热，从这方面下手也不错。

英语语言学毕业论文好写的，很多题目可写，当时我也是不懂，还是师姐给介绍的莫文网，有了高手帮忙就快多了，没几天就过了高校英语语言学教材的建设与思考基于网络自主学习的英语语言学课程教改探索管窥我国英语语言学教材的现状与英语语言学教学语料库数据驱动下的中国外语界英语语言学发展现状及趋势研究高师英语语言学课程教学的问题与改革设想社会建构主义理论指导下的英语语言学课程教学论商务英语语言学的理论体系任务型教学模式启发下的英语语言学课程教学改革本科生“英语语言学导论”教学法探究论高校“英语语言学”与“高级英语”课程体系的有机契合建构主义与英语语言学课堂教学英语语言学发展概述高校英语语言学教学存在的问题及对策分析建构主义与英语语言学关于英语语言学教程的现状分析及几点建议(英文)基于构建主义角度探究英语语言学教学英语语言学书评中的评价性用语解析英语语言学语音和词汇的变化高校英语语言学教学问题及对策论英语语言学研究的多维视角“英语语言学”课程考评体系改革初探《英语语言学》课程教学改革研究发展思维能力提高科学素质——论英语语言学教学与学生素质培养的关系高校英语语言学课程评价模式的思考关于英语语言学硕士生学术选择错位的研究英语语言学教学存在的问题及对策分析“首届商务英语语言学研讨会”通知英语语言学的发展与研究初探研究性教学视域下的“英语语言学概论”课程教学改革从英语语言学角度探析综合英语教学英语语言学课程学习策略与效果相关性研究——基于英语专业127名学生的调查数据探讨英语语言学在英语教学中的运用研究

英文论文中文献综述中时态

1200字，需要的话可以。

用一般现在时，因为你陈述的观点是客观事实，要用一般现在时