发布时间：
吸水polyaminosiloxane环氧热固性聚合物作者： . Cabanelas ，法国兴业Prolongo湾塞拉诺，学者布拉沃，学者Baselga 摘要：摘要吸水率是一种常见的问题环氧树脂基复合材料，尤其是在界面区域。相反，环氧树脂，有机硅具有疏水性材料。热固性环氧改性有机硅应改善与物理性能，由于减少了水的扩散。双酚A二缩水甘油醚（ DGEBA ）治愈的合成氨perfunctionalised硅氧烷。吸水率分析了不同的技术，包括近红外光谱（ FTIR ）吸水率在五二○○厘米- 1和重量。菲克定律扩散系数进行了计算。溶胀平衡树脂还分析。吸收水触发的固化反应强烈，从而使达到高转换率。 © 2003埃尔塞维尔科学B.诉保留所有权利
Along with the science and technology and management method unceasing progress, the traditional ways and means of office already can not adapt to the modern management, the need for training high quality qualified talents for the purpose of higher school, always walk in the forefront of scientific management of computerized management of colleges and universities has become a modern, an important part of the scientific decision-making and management work is created new , the main disadvantages of student management in two aspects: first, the work multifarious, big workload, the error rate is high, Second, the lack of supervision system and control means: the management policy, should be in strict accordance with the superior departments concerned policy and regulation, however, due to the traditional management mode is lack of effective supervision measures, make relevant departments to timely and accurate policy being carried out, make the student management work completely lost due to the seriousness of the school, the quality of talents brought serious influence to the society, also brought great negative registration management system to realize the goal is to provide comprehensive school students management solutions to solve the traditional manual management mode, the efficiency is low, the secrecy is the search, the renewal and the maintenance problems, and greatly improve the efficiency of the management of university students' education funds, saving, in order to adapt to the development trend of the informatization construction of the system is developed by vb to access to database tools, support platform, complete the adss in the management of a few big function module, such as student registration, course, scores query etc. Schools may be very easy for the students in this system.关键词：vb 高端门级驱动浮动供电 ！导入 access访问 学籍管理系统The system of managing student Abstract As science and technology, and management advances in the way of the traditional office, methods and means have been unable to adapt the needs of modern management as a high-quality training of qualified personnel for the purpose of institutions of higher learning, always take the forefront in science and technology, school management computerization has become a modern university management, decision-making an important scientific aspect of school management to create a new situation in the only way. At present, students in school management in the two major drawbacks: First, complexity of work, workload and high error rate; second, lack of supervision and control system: the policy of school management has strong, it should be in strict accordance with the higher authorities relevant policies and regulations, however, the traditional school due to lack of effective management oversight measures to the policy of the relevant departments that it is difficult to get timely and accurate implementation, so that school management should be completely out of the seriousness of the school quality of personnel training of the severely affected, but also to society is a big negative impact. School management system for students to achieve the goal is to provide a full range of students in the school school management solution, to resolve the traditional management methods of artificial low efficiency, poor confidentiality is not conducive to find, update and maintenance problems, greatly improve the management of students in school efficiency, conservation education funding to meet school construction trends. Vb is the system for the development of tools to support access to the database platform, management completed a school of several functional modules, such as student registration, course information, such as query results. Schools can use the system is very simple to manage for the students. Keywords: vb, access, school management system
是毕业论文吗？我毕业论文要求是：中文部分【摘要】（小五号黑体，加粗） 摘要内容采用小五号楷体，加粗；英文部分英Abstract: 内容五号“Times New Roman”，加粗 Key Words: 内容五号“Times New Roman”，加粗,关键词间隔，请使用分号“；”
Scientific and technological creativity is the core of the development of science and technology elements to improve the level of creativity is to achieve the basis of independent innovation in article from the scientific and technological resources, science and technology outputs and technological environments, the establishment of three aspects of scientific and technological creativity of the evaluation system, through the factor analysis of the 31 provinces of China's scientific and technological creativity for a comprehensive comparison, the results show that the technology environment is to improve the creativity of regional science and technology an important condition,Eastern and western regions of scientific and technological creativity of the outcome of industry differences in large and relatively small differences in per capita scientific research, basic research in the eastern part of the overall investment ratio of the central and western regions lag behind。是这样吗？你看看吧！
下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。
Abstract
Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.
According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.
Abstract
A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。
Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.
Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.
Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.
Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < )，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.
Abstract
The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?
This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.
The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.
Abstract
Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.
This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.
To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.
There are three hypotheses:
1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?
Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.
Abstract
In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.
Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.
Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.
Abstract
Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.
With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.
The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.
Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.
无论是在学校还是在社会中，大家最不陌生的就是论文了吧，论文是进行各个学术领域研究和描述学术研究成果的一种说理文章。你知道论文怎样写才规范吗？以下是我整理的论文摘要模板，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
一、什么是论文摘要?
1.论文摘要即“摘其要点而发”。
2.论文摘要是对论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。
3.摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
4.论文摘要就是论文内容提要,是在对论文进行总结的基础之上，用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括，提取论文的主要信息。
6.内涵：短文
7.外延：陈述论文主要内容的简明、确切的，不加解释和评论的。
9.论文摘要是简明、确切、不加解释和评论地陈述论文主要内容的短文。
二、论文摘要起什么作用?
不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。
1.读者尽快了解论文的主要内容，以补充题名的不足。现代科技文献信息浩如烟海，读者检索到论文题名后是否会阅读全文，主要就是通过阅读摘要来判断;所以，摘要担负着吸引读者和将文章的主要内容介绍给读者的任务。
2. 为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。论文发表后，文摘杂志或各种数据库对摘要可以直接利用，论文摘要的索引是读者检索文献的重要工具。所以论文摘要的质量高低，直接影响着论文的被检索率和被引频次。
三、论文摘要应包含那些内容?
摘要的内容应包含与论文同等量的主要信息，供读者确定有无必要阅读全文。
摘要的'四要素：
1.目的: 研究的目的、范围、重要性;
2.方法: 采用的手段和方法;
3.结果: 完成了哪些工作取得的数据和结果;
4.结论: 得出的重要结论及主要观点，论文的新见解。
(1)目的：指出研究的范围、目的、重要性、任务和前提条件，不是主题的简单重复。
(2)方法：简述课题的工作流程，研究了哪些主要内容，在这个过程中都做了哪些工作，包括对象、原理、条件、程序、手段等。
(3)结果：陈述研究之后重要的新发现、新成果及价值，包括通过调研、实验、观察并剖析其不理想的局限部分。
(4)结论：通过对这个课题的研究所得出的重要结论，包括从中取得证实的正确观点，进行分析研究，比较预测其在实际生活中运用的意义，理论与实际相结合的价值。
1、应该怎么写
文字：简明扼要：文字必须十分简练，内容需要充分概括;引起读者对文章的兴趣，使他们继续读。
2、不应该怎么写
不能冗长，少写无关的东西，语句不能含糊不清。论文摘要论文摘要不要列举例证，不讲研究过程，不用图表，不给化学结构式，也不要作自我评价。
1) 应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容;切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要;一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。
2) 不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。比如一篇文章的题名是《几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎发生的研究》，摘要的开头就不要再写：“为了……，对几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎的发生进行了研究”。
3) 结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切。摘要先写什么，后写什么，要按逻辑顺序来安排。句子之间要上下连贯，互相呼应。
4)句型应力求简单，慎用长句。每句话要表意明白，无空泛、笼统、含混之词。
5) 要使用规范化的名词术语，不用非公知公用的符号和术语。新术语或尚无合适汉文术语的，可用原文或译出后加括号注明原文。
6) 除了实在无法变通以外，一般不用数学公式和化学结构式，不出现插图、表格。
7) 不用引文，除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。
8) 缩略语、略称、代号，除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外，在首次出现时必须加以说明。目前摘要编写中的主要问题有：要素不全，或缺目的，或缺方法;出现引文，无独立性与自明性;繁简失当。
3.摘要的基本规范
(1)应以第三人称写作.摘要是完整的短文,具有独立性,可以单独使用.即使不看论文全文的内容,仍然可以理解论文的主要内容,作者的新观点和想法以及论文所要实现的目的,采取的方法,研究的结果与结论.
(2)叙述完整,突出逻辑性,短文结构要合理.
(3)文字简明扼要,不容赘言,采用直接表述的方法,不使用不必要的文学修饰,做到用最少的文字提供最大的信息量.
4、摘要里主要包括什么
主要包括简要的研究背景，所采用的研究工具，研究方法，得出的重要结论。另外可以说明论文的创新点
5、摘要应该怎么写
写作的过程中应当简明扼要，应当引起读者对文章的兴趣，使他们继续读，另外得出的结论写作要精炼
6、现在论文摘要常见的错误有哪些
常出现，记流水帐，把自己整篇文章从头到尾的标题说明一番。
一、[示例]
论文题目：天体对地球重力加速度的影响
论文摘要：地球重力加速度是一个极其重要的物理量，随着对重力加速度测量精度要求的日益提高，必须考虑天体对地球重力加速度的影响。
本文介绍了天体(包含日、月及太阳系行星)对地球重力加速度影响的基本概念，推导了影响的计算公式，并经过误差分析，证明此公式的相对误差小于1×10-9，完全可满足现代精密重力加速度测量的要求。
撰写论文摘要的常见毛病，一是照搬论文正文中的小标题(目录)或论文结论部分的文字;二是内容不浓缩、不概括，文字篇幅过长。
二、[示例]
论文题目：集成电路热模拟模型和算法
论文提要：众所周知，半导体器件的各种特性参数都是温度的灵敏函数学[诸如ls(T),B(T),C1(T),Cp(T)]。
集成电路将大量元件集成在一块苡片上，电路工作时，元件功耗将产生热量，沿晶片向四周扩散。但是由于半导体片及基座材料具有热阻，因此芯片上各点温度不可能相同。特别对于功率集成电路，大功率元件区域将有较高温度所以在芯片上存在着不均匀的温度分布。
但是为了简化计算，一般在分析集成电路性能时，常常忽略这种温度差别，假定所有元件者处于同一温度下。例如通用的电路模拟程序--SPICE就是这样处理的。显然这一假定对集成电路带来计算误差。对于功率集成电路误差将更大。
因此，如何计算集成电路芯片上的温度分布，如何计算元件温度不同时的电路特性，以及如何考虑芯片上热、电相互作用，这就是本文的目的。本文介绍集成电路的热模拟模型，并将热路问题模拟成电路问题，然后用电路模拟程序求解芯片温度分由。这样做可以利用成熟的电路分析程序，使计算的速度和精度大为提高。
作者根据这一模型和算法，编制了一个YM-LiN-3的FORTRAN程序，它可以确定芯片温度分布，也可发计算元件处于不同温度时的电路特性，该程序在微机IBM-PC上通过，得到满意结果。
上述论文提要字数近600，显然过长，只要认真加以修改(例如：第一段可删掉，第二段只保留其中的最后几句话，加上第三段)，便可以二三百个字编写论文摘要。
楼主，直接让人翻译费时费力啊，这样不会有人帮你。你应该先用在线翻译翻译出个大概，然后求大家修改。个人建议。以下是用福昕翻译译出的结果：Abstract: With the improvement of people's living standards and the improvement of material conditions, children's body size is quite different from before. On the other hand, China's vast territory, affected by climatic conditions, economic development and other factors, children of different regions are not the same size. Children's body shape changes have a great impact on children's wear enterprises. At present, China's current children's wear type implementation standards can not meet the current children's wear market, bringing great difficulties to the production and sales of children's wear enterprises and consumer choice. The contact anthropometric method was used to measure 18 parts of a total of 101 children aged 3 to 6 years old in a randomly selected kindergarten in Zhengzhou. The mathematical analysis software spss was used to descriptively analyze the measured human data. Analysis, factor analysis and other methods of analysis, summed up the body shape characteristics of children of this age. On this basis, according to the thoracolumbar difference, the children's body types are divided into three types: A, B, and C. The clothing type series suitable for the body type of this age group in Zhengzhou area, the series values of each series, and each series are developed. Control position value. I hope that I can provide a certain degree of reference for children's wear manufacturers in Zhengzhou and consumers who buy children's wear in : 3-6 years old children; anthropometrics; body type classification; number series
论文摘要万能模板,写论文是每个毕业学子的必要任务，论文写得好不好直接影响后续的学业，最近很多朋友都在写论文，下面我就来分享论文摘要万能模板，供大家参考，希望能对大家有所帮助！
1、首先介绍本文研究的背景和发展现状，指出本文尚待解决的问题和造成的`影响。一般在前言中可以挑出研究背景、目的或假设。
范例:随着（社会）的发展，（主题）在（主题领域）中扮演着越来越重要的角色。而过去，人们对（主题）的理解仅限于（背景现状）。从而导致了一系列问题（罗列3-5条本文待解决的问题），这些问题造成了（详述什么影响）。
2、之后，叙述研究采用的技术方法和路线
范例：基于此，本文拟采用（实验法、调查法、实证研究法、定量分析法）进行研究
3、再简述某某问题的技术解决策略，并带来怎样的结果
范例：并为解决上述问题，提出了（3-5条，与前述的问题对应）解决方案。
4、对上述内容总结，将结果上升到对社会、科学研究等领域，突出其作用价值。在结论章节中可以挑出有用的句子。注意避免夸大结论
范例：期望能够促进（主题）的发展，推动（主题领域）继续更好地发展。
5、最后，将以上内容重新整理，组成200-300字的一个段落。确保文意顺畅，删除文章里没有提及的信息和不必要的方法细节。
1、基于、、、理 论，本文分析了……； 当前，……（背景），本文从……角度/方向/领域进行关于……的研究； 针对……问题/现象，从……方面，利用……方法进行研究。
2、本文采用……研究方法/研究模型，综合比对……理 论； 根据……研究方法/理 论模型，充分考量/考虑/分析……，对……问题进行了深入探索。
3、研究表明/显示/证实，……； 数据证明，……；……的发现，对……问题的解决和突破具有重要意义/影响。
4、建议……；实践证明，……； 为……，已证明……。
5、本论文以《……》为切入点，重点研究……。本文分为四个部分，第一部分简单分析了……现状；第二部分阐述了……模式；第三部分……模式现存问题；第四部分打造……的思考。
写论文摘要时以一般现在时为主。
介绍背景知识时，要用一般现在时，例如：
Speech recognition is the task of converting speech into text.
语音识别是将语音转换成文本的任务。
叙述研究现状时，也可以用一般现在时，例如：
This essay is to analyse how the era influences corporate cultures, and to give suggestions on the building of corporate cultures.
本文旨在分析时代对企业文化的影响，并对企业文化建设提出建议。
叙述研究结果时，大多数用一般过去时，例如：
Our text achieved the possibility above.
我们的文本实现了上述可能性。
英文摘要格式如下：
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距：统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，倍行间距。
4、英文题目：使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要：“Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。
6、英文关键词：“Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。每个关键词使用四号字。
论文摘要应包含以下内容：
（1）从事这一研究的目的和重要性。
（2）研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作。
（3）获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解。
（4）结论或结果的意义。
以上内容参考：百度百科-摘要
以上内容参考：百度百科-论文摘要
Snacketeria systematic design of a la carte and exploitation Abstract The main body of a book set forth snacketeria la carte mainly systematically developing and designing that method and technological process, develop platform for VC + + reaches the sql sever 2000 data bases. Snacketeria la carte and the management system exploitation major objective are that convenient experience person of snacketeria orders dishes to snacketeria's administration, and the convenient guest , realize a la carte intellectualized. Make a guest can act on self's own completely being completed in a la carte systematic main function function including that intelligence la carte system , nutrition match the meal function , popular ranking list today la carte of intelligence system snacketeria is managed systematically being that one has the utility software very much , every important snacketeria is not able to act on self's own completely at present. A la carte being able to make a guest act on self's own completely, can greatly lifting la carte efficiency , being in motion and doing business reducing snacketeria moreover cost. But, the almost big very pragmatic characteristics function also is the competition being able to raise a software. Keywords: VC + + , C + + , SQL , a la carte.
怎么写SUMMARY摘要（summary）是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文.它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的,不加主观评论和解释,但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容.摘要写作（summary writing）是一种控制性的作文形式,它能使学生通过阅读原文,吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处,写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文.另外,对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助,有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到,事无巨细,一一罗列的不良倾向.这种写作既要准确理解原文,又要能综合概括；既能培养欣赏能力,又能训练书面表达能力.因此,用英文写摘要,对学习英语写作的学生来说,不失为一种切合实际的方法.下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要.1）细读原文.首先要仔细阅读全篇作品,然后对作品进行整体分析,掌握原文总的意思和结构,明确全文的主题（the maintheme）和各段的段落大意（the main idea）.2）弄清要求.搞清楚是写全文概要,还是写某一部分的概要,或者就某些问题写出要点.3）列出原文要点.分析原文的内容和结构,将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序.在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分.4）草拟写作提纲并写出初稿.将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲,以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿.在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）摘要应包括原文中的主要事实（main facts）；略去不必要的细节（unnecessary details）.（2）安排好篇幅的比例.摘要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容.（3）注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接.要用适当的转折词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子.（4）尽可能用自己的话来写,但不排斥用原文的某些词句.（5）计算词数,看是否符合规定的词数要求. 如何写一篇文章的摘要?– 下文是对《英语写作手册》相关章节的翻译摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述.它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题.写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文. 第一步：阅读 A．认真阅读给定的原文材料.如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍.阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻. B．给摘要起一个标题.用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题.也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题.主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾.一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想. C．现在,就该决定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了.对重要部分的主要观点进行概括. D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西. 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长.因此首先数一下原文的字数,然后除以三,得到一个数字.摘要的字数可以少于这个数字,但是千万不能超过这个数字. B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成.不要引用原文的句子. C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序.这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实. D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息,以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意. E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节.只保留主要观点. 2) 选择一至两个例子.原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至二个例子. 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子.如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子,那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可. 4) 避免重复.在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明.但是这在摘要中是不能使用的.应该删除那些突出强调的重述句. 5) 压缩长的句子.如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句.请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词,比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.” 8） 使用最短的连接词.比如,可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though,不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词.通常,使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果. 9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称,从而把大段的对白简化,比如： Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人称概括为： Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 第三步：修改成文 草稿拟好以后,对它进行修改.首先,与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了,摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致.其次,如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子,删除它们.第三,检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误.最后,保持语言简单明了. 经过上述步骤和方法,一篇摘要就可以完成了.
"Snacketeria systematic design of a la carte and exploitation " abstract: The main body of a book set forth snacketeria la carte mainly systematically developing and designing method and technological process , develop platform reaches the sql sever for VC + + 2000 data bases. Snacketeria la carte and the management system exploitation major objective are that convenient experience person of snacketeria orders dishes to snacketeria's administration, and the convenient guest , realize a la carte intellectualized. Make a guest can act on self's own completely being completed in a la carte process. The originally systematic main function includes intelligence la carte system , nutrition matches the meal function , the function that the popular ranking list waits for a while today. Snacketeria management system is that one has the utility software very much , every important snacketeria is not able to act on self's own completely at present a la carte of intelligence system. A la carte being able to make a guest act on self's own completely, can greatly lifting la carte efficiency , being in motion and doing business reducing snacketeria moreover cost. But, the almost big very pragmatic characteristics function also is the competition being able to raise a software. Keywords: VC + +; C + +; SQL; A la carte.
In the reading material, on the basis of garment colour is tie-in innovation affect different age groups dress, change the characteristics of different age groups to lead with fashion dress for garment industry and article first on the description of the whole color, and introduces the design language of expression of clothing second part of the colour collocation of the theoretical analysis and third part of Chinese women dress colour collocation makes the transition fourth part of innovation ideas of colour collocation makes a concrete fifth part of all ages to colour collocation of demand and transformation.
美可以天生,但气质却是后天的修炼! 简单说,我认为一个人的气质是指一个人内在涵养或修养的外在体现.气质是内在的不...自己在性格和外表方面,对别人具有更大的吸引力.那么,怎样才能修炼出良好的气质呢?懂得如何去发挥自己的优点及克服...
英语广告中双关语的运用技巧及翻译 李祥 摘 要：双关语是英语广告中一种较为常见的修辞手段。双关语的翻译本身就是一个难点，而广告中双关语的翻译则更加复杂。本文从语音双关、语义双关、语法双关和成语、俗语双关等几方面对双关语的运用技巧作了阐述。并在考虑双关语的双重含义及广告语体风格的基础上，从契合译法、分别表义法、套译法、侧重译法和补偿译法等方面对英语广告双关语的翻译作了初步的探讨。 关键词：广告语言；双关语；翻译 Punning and the Translation of Puns in English Advertisements MENG Lin & ZHAN Jing-hui (Foreign Languages Dept., Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China) Abstract: Punning is one of the most common rhetorical devices used in advertisement. This paper is about the techniques of punning and the translation of puns in English advertisements. There are various ways to form puns in advertisements. The translation of puns is difficult because of the double meanings, and the translation of puns in advertisements is even more difficult because one must keep both the double meanings of a pun and the style of the advertisement in mind. Key words: advertising language; pun; translation 引 言 不论是商品广告，还是公益广告，广告的创作都是一门综合性艺术。它集社会学、美学、心理学、市场营销学、声电学、文学、语言学等于一身。这门艺术中的文案写作比其它形式的写作都更需要技巧。它要利用推销原理写出雅俗共赏、生动有趣的文字，要具有特殊的感染力，能在瞬间引起读者注意，刺激其购买欲望，最终促成购买行为。因此广告文案中文学语言运用精当会使得广告语言的内涵与影响远远超出广告本身。双关语这一修辞手段是广告创作常用的技巧。双关，顾名思义，就是在特定的语言环境中用一种语言文字形式表达出一明一暗双重意义，既引人注意，又能引起联想。双关语具有简洁凝练，风趣幽默，新颖别致等修辞效果，能够突出广告的特点，因而在广告中得到大量应用。 1. 双关语在广告中的运用 作为一种修辞手段，双关语在广告中比较常用，它存在于语音、词汇、句法等各个语言层面。在广告中，广告制作者为了增加广告的吸引力，挖空心思地追求新的创意，使得双关语在广告中的运用技巧更加纷繁复杂。巧妙的双关能使语言含蓄、幽默、生动、给人以回味和想象的余地。较为常见的有以下几个方面。 . 谐音双关 “谐音双关是用拼写相似，发音相同或相近的词构成的” 1 。广告制作者非常乐于使用谐音双关，因为此类双关具有风趣、幽默、俏皮、滑稽的语言风格，能增强广告的说服力和感染力，从而给消费者留下深刻的印象。 (1) More sun and air for your son and heir. 2 译文：这里有充足的阳光，清新的空气，一切为了您的子孙后代。 在这则海滨浴场的宣传广告中，制作者巧妙地运用了sun-son, air-heir这两对谐音字，使广告语言不仅和谐悦耳，读来朗朗上口，而且颇风趣、幽默，具有感召力。 (2)Trust us. Over 5000 ears of experience. 3 译文：相信我们吧。历经5000多只耳朵的检验，有着5000多年的经验。 这是一则助听器推销广告。从字面看，它说明了该产品已经接受了众多消费者的考验，但字里行间巧妙地嵌入一对谐音字ears-years，充分暗示了该产品悠久的历史，久经考验的上乘质量。 许多广告都在商品品牌的名称上做文章。品牌名称中的双关语不仅能增加广告的趣味性和幽默感，更重要的是使品牌名称更能吸引人们的注意力，便于记忆，增加宣传攻势力度，以此达到宣传产品的目的。品牌名称中的双关语大多采用谐音的方法。 (3) WEAR-EVER introduces a new concept in glass oven ware: CLEANABILITY. 4 译文：“恒久”玻璃炉具带给你一个全新的概念：洁净。 这里生产商利用其商标WEAR-EVER一词多义的特点，大力推销其产品：一方面WEAR-EVER为其品牌名称，另一方面该词又另有含义：既为wear forever（体现产品结实耐用），又为wherever（说明到处受人欢迎）。该广告从多角度推销其产品，能够激起顾客的购买欲望，具有一定的劝说作用。 . 语义双关 “语义双关是利用词语或句子的多义性在特定环境下形成的双关” 5 。这种双关在广告中运用得也非常广泛，它与谐音双关有异曲同工之妙。 (4) The label of achievements. Black Label commands more respects. 6 译文：酒是功成名就的标志。黑色标志使您更显尊贵。 语义双关也多见于品牌名称中。这是一则威士忌酒的广告，Label有两层含义，一为“标志”，一为酒的牌子—Black Label。该广告通过双关手段的运用，使人联想到功成名就时就要饮用该酒；同时，用品牌名称形成双关，又便于消费者对品牌的记忆，从而对商品发生兴趣。 (5) Spoil yourself and not your figure. 7 译文：尽情大吃，不增体重。 这是Weight-Watcher冰淇淋的广告标题，这种冰淇淋是专为节食者生产的。双关不仅存在于商品商标名称中，标题中的spoil也是双关所在。spoil oneself意为“尽兴”；而spoil one’s figure则意为“破坏了体形”。这则广告通过一语双关，使减肥者在轻松幽默的语气中很自然地接受该广告，并能使其产生购买欲望。 (6) A deal with us means a good deal to you. 8 译文：和我们做买卖意味着您做了一笔好买卖。 该句的妙处在于很好地利用了句中deal的三种含义，“做买卖”、“一笔好买卖”和“许多”。a good deal构成一个绝妙的双关。 . 语法双关 语法双关是指由于语法方面的问题产生的双关，如省略结构、某词或词组具有两种以上语法功能等。 (7) Which lager can claim to be truly German? This can.（旁边画有一罐啤酒） 9 译文：哪种大罐啤酒可称得上是地道的德国货？这罐。 这是一则Lager牌淡啤酒的广告。句中的can既可作情态动词，又可作名词（饮料罐）。由于can一语双关，加上Lager的品牌名称双关，以及旁边插图的妙用，使广告产生了一定的幽默效果，给读者以深刻的印象。 无独有偶，可口可乐公司也在这个can字上做文章。 (8)Coke refreshes you like no other can. 10 译文：没有什么能像可乐那样令您神清气爽。 句中can既可理解为名词“罐，听”，又可看成是情态动词“能”，全句可理解为Coke refreshes you like no other (can: tin, drink) can (refresh you)。 11 这则广告诙谐机智，富于文字情趣，能使商品连同这一广告词一起久久印在读者记忆里。 . 成语或俗语双关 广告语言特别善于引用一些人们耳熟能详的成语或俗语。这些广告以人们原有的社会、文化知识为基础，以鲜明、独特的语言形式形成双关，既增强了广告的吸引力，又体现了广告语言的艺术性，更使广告具有令人回味的弦外之音。 (9) You’ll go nuts for the nuts you get in Nux. 12 译文：纳克斯坚果让你爱不释口。 从广告的字面意义看，to go nuts是“去买坚果”，但它同时还是一句成语，意为“疯狂、发疯”。双关语的运用表明了纳克斯牌坚果对人们的吸引力是无以抗拒的。 (10) A Mars a day keeps you work, rest and play. 13 译文：一天一块玛斯巧克力，让您工作像工作，娱乐像娱乐。 这则广告让人们联想起两条非常熟悉的成语：An apple a day keeps the doctors away和All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy。该广告不仅在语言形式上借用了成语的模式，同时还引用了两条成语的内容，让人们从久已熟知的成语中得出一个新的判断：玛斯牌巧克力不仅能使人们健康，而且让人们工作时精力充沛，休息时放松自如。 2. 广告双关语的翻译 广告语言是一种精炼、含蓄、富有表现力和鼓动性的语言，而双关又是双重意义的表达，在语言结构和表达上存在着难以逾越的可译性障碍。因此，英语广告双关的翻译应根据广告的内容和特点，选用适当的汉语表达方式，既要充分照顾到原文的语体风格，又要尽量传达出原文的信息。采用辩证的翻译方法，尽可能减少双关语在翻译中信息量的流失，增强广告语体特征，英语广告双关语的翻译还是可能的。 契合译法 一般认为，双关语由音、形、义等手段构成了可译性障碍，存在不可译性。但“有些双关语也不是绝对不可译。双语偶合，是可能的” 14 。契合译法在双语偶合的基础上，兼顾了广告双关语的形式和内容，是广告双关语翻译的最高境界。 (11) Easier dusting by a stre-e-etch! 15 stretch一词除了作为除尘布的品牌名称“拉长”外，其拼写还被别出心裁地拉长，传达出该词的本意“延伸”。让人很容易感到除尘布能延长人手臂的功能，真切而形象地渲染了“拉拉拉长，除尘力强”的功效。译文中“拉”字的重复再现了原文中stretch一词被拉长的效果，形成感觉上的延伸。四字短语及押韵的使用都符合汉语广告的语体特征。 分别表义法 如果要把双关语的双层意义完整地表述于译文中，除了在双语偶合的情况下，采用契合译法外，“也可以采取变通手法，将双关语义剥开，拆成两层来表达”。 16 (12) The Unique Spirit of Canada. 17 在这则加拿大酒广告中，spirit一词是传神之作，它既可作“烈性酒”解，又可作“精神”解。为了保留双重意义，可将双重语义拆开，译为“别具风味的加拿大酒，独特的加拿大精神”。 18 (13) I’m More satisfied. 19 (14) Ask for More. 20 这是摩尔香烟在广告语中树立的两个双关典范。它们巧妙地使用more一词的双重意义：more是一个副词，表示“更加，更多”；大写之后，变成了品牌名称。这两则广告使人们轻松记住了商品的品牌，同时又给人留下了一个印象：该产品优于同类产品，能更使消费者满意。译文分别为：“摩尔香烟，我更满意”；“再来一支，还吸摩尔”。双关语义被拆成两层，在译文中分别表述，而且四字结构，读来朗朗上口。 值得指出的是，这种翻译方法虽然保留了双关语的双重含义，但原文那种凝炼，诙谐的韵味和一词两义的妙趣却丧失了。 套译法 有些广告双关语的产生是建立在一定的文化背景之上的。英语语言、文化在汉语中的传播形成了双语翻译之间的桥梁。套译法就是套用英语在汉语中已经沉积下来的固有模式，对英语广告进行翻译。 (15) All is well that ends well. 21 这则广告实际是一条英语成语，意思是“结局好，全都好”。但广告制作者把它用于香烟广告中，ends就具有了双重意义：动词“结束”和名词“香烟蒂”。这句香烟广告词可以套用原来成语的翻译模式，译成“烟蒂好，烟就好”。 (16) Better late than the late. 22 这一妙句出自成语“Better late than never”（晚来总比不来好）。它妙就妙在不仅引用了成语的结构，还利用了late的双关意义，the late这里指the dead。双关的运用使这则交通公益广告产生了强大的震撼力。其译文可套译为“迟到总比丧命好”。 23 (17) We take no pride in prejudice. 24 这是《泰晤士报》为自己做广告时用的一句妙语，它源于奥斯汀的一部传世名著“Pride and Prejudice”，报社援引该书名作广告，以标榜自己不偏不倚，主持公道。这则广告可译为：“对于您的偏见，我们没有傲慢”。对于知道《傲慢与偏见》这部作品的人来说，这种译法的双关内含便不言自明了。 套译法的长处在于它能传递广告原文的文化内涵，同时又基本能保证原文简洁、凝炼的语言特征，但双关的内涵往往不能得到充分展示，所以译文也就失去了原文风趣、机智、幽默的色彩。 侧重译法 广告中别具匠心的双关表现手法有时“难以表述于译文中，结果只好牺牲形式意义、谐音寓义及暗含情态”， 25 尤其是有些广告含有多组双关和一语多关，只好采取侧重译法，守住概念意义。 (18) The driver is safer when the road is dry; The road is safer when the driver is dry. 26 这则宣传交通安全的广告运用了dry一词的两重词义（干燥的；没饮酒的）构成双关，对司机很有警示作用。翻译时，dry一词的两重意义在上、下句中只能各取一意：路面干燥，司机安全；司机清醒，道路安全。 (19) When the wind has a bite…and you feel like a bite…then bite on a whole Nut. 27 bite一词在这里有多层意思：刺痛；食物；咬。它的多层含义使全营养坚果给饥寒交迫的人们带来的感受跃然而出。这句广告词的翻译可分别把bite一词表达的多重意义表述出来：“当寒风刺骨而您又想吃点儿什么的时候，请嚼嚼全营养坚果”。 (20) Butlin’s –the right choice. Don’t labour the point, or be conservative in your choice, or liberal with your money. Come to Butlin’s for the real party. Great Party Ahead. 29 这是旅游公司利用各政党之间的竞争为自己做的广告。广告中labour，conservative, liberal是三个政党的名字，同时labour the point作“详尽说明”解，be conservative in your choice意为“在做选择时保守”，be liberal with money指“大手大脚地花钱”。Party也是一个双关词，既指“政党”，又指“聚会”。广告中几组双关词的运用给人们留下了该旅游公司可以信赖的印象，可以说广告作到了绝妙的地步。但遗憾的是像这样的多重双关译起来难以多全其美，只好采取保留概念意义，牺牲双关的译法： “布特林旅游公司——您的正确选择。 不要劳烦讲个没完， 不要保守，也别犹豫， 不要放任自由地乱花钱。 到布特林旅游公司，参加实实在在的聚会吧。 盛大的聚会正等着你！” 侧重译法是对广告双关的双重乃至多重意义的一种无可奈何的取舍。经过这种取舍后，双关的双重意义在译文中只剩下一层，所以也就没有双关可言了。大多数的广告双关语都适合这种翻译方法，事实上，这种侧重译法正是双关语具有可译性障碍的例证。 补偿译法 大多数的广告双关语都能通过侧重译法译出。但是有时双关语的一层意义译出后，另外一层意义也很重要，但却无法同时译出，这时，可采用一些补偿手段加以弥补。对于广告来说，这些补偿手段主要指承载广告的媒体，如电视的图像、广播的声音及报纸的版式设计等。 (21) OIC 这是一则眼镜广告，三个简洁的大写字母形状像眼镜，读音为“oh, I see”。该广告既利用视觉语言来吸引人们的注意力，又利用听觉语言表现此眼镜给视力不佳的顾客带来的欣喜之情。然而，该广告的翻译很难同时兼顾到视觉和听觉，只能从听觉上译为：“哇！我看见了”。视觉上三个字母形成的眼镜形状却可以通过承载广告的媒体，利用图形这一视觉语言要素来弥补。对于依靠媒体而存在的广告来说，这不失为一种重要的补偿手段。 3. 结 语 总之，双关语是广告文体中十分常用的一种修辞手法，它不仅能使广告语言简炼、丰富、诙谐，而且能使广告引人注意，便于记忆。但广告双关语的翻译问题值得进一步研究。以上我们只是讨论了广告双关语翻译的几种模式，在实际翻译中，要真正做到译文和原文最大限度等值，我们不可能在任何时候都只使用某一两种手段，而须从具体情况出发，辩证地选择最合适的手段来传达原文的意义。
论文摘要的编写 1、摘要是论文的重要组成部分，高质量的摘要可以吸引读者，反之则可能失去读者。因此，摘要的好坏直接影响读者对论文的阅读，影响着论文被利用的程度，论文作者必须重视摘要的编写。 2、指示性摘要的目的是使读者对文献的内容有轮廓的了解，编写时着重于“目的要素”，其他三个要素可简单。指示性摘要一般在100字左右。 编写摘要的注意事项 [1，2] ： 1) 要反映论文的新内容和特别强调的观点，尤其不要出现在本学科领域已成常识的内容； 2) 不应对论文内容作解释和评论，尤其不应作自我评价； 3) 不要用第一人称，而应采用第三人称，不要用“本文”、“作者”等作主语； 4) 不得简单地重复题名中已有的信息； 5) 一般不用引文（除非论文证实或否定了他人已出版的著作）； 6) 一般不分段落； 7) 缩略语、略称、代号等，除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外，首次出现处必须加以说明。 中文免费论文地址集锦 一、 综合类 1、学生大论文中心 包含 哲学类 | 经济学 | 法学类 | 教育学 | 文学类 | 艺术学 | 理学类 | 工学类 | 医学类 | 管理学 | } 社会学 | ***学。为html格式。 2、蜂朝无忧论文网 门类很全。 3、论文下载中心 门类很全。 4、论文帝国 门类较全。
不知道这里生产商利用其商标WEAR-EVER一词多义的特点，大力推销其产品：一方面WEAR-EVER为其品牌名称，另一方面该词又另有含义：既为wear forever（体现产品结实耐用），又为wherever（说明到处受人欢迎）。该广告从多角度推销其产品，能够激起顾客的购买欲望，具有一定的劝说作用