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身体健康是从物质意义对人的生活质量的理解。下面是我带来的 医学英语 科普 文章 ，欢迎阅读!
医学英语科普文章1
话说水果、蔬菜和疾病
Five-a-Day "No Benefit" 每日五份没效果
One of the most commonly-held beliefs regarding health and nutrition in the UK has beenfound to be untrue, according to a new scientific study.
For many years British people have been recommended to eat at least 'five-a-day' – that isfive items of fruit or vegetables every day in order to improve their health and reduce thelikelihood of illness, in particular cancer.
The recommendation was first put forward in 1990 by the World Health Organizationwhich said that the 'five-a-day' diet could prevent cancer and other chronic diseases.
Since then the advice has been a mainstay of public health policies in many developedcountries, such as the UK, where the population eat a high proportion of junk food.
Many health campaigns have promoted the advice, and indeed much food packaging inBritain states how the contents will constitute part of your five-a-day.
However, a study of 500,000 Europeans from 10 different countries refutes the commonly-believed suggestion that up to 50% of cancers could be prevented by increasing the public'sconsumption of fruit and vegetables.
Instead the study, which is led by researchers from a well-respected New York medicalschool, estimates that only of cancers could be averted by eating more fruit and veg.
It seems that the key to avoiding cancers is to have an overall healthy lifestyle whichincludes not smoking or drinking a lot of alcohol, taking exercise and avoiding obesity.
But medical charities have spoken out to remind people that diet is an important factor instaying healthy, and that even a reduction in cancers is still a positive step.
Cancer Research UK said: "It's still a good idea to eat your five-a-day but remember thatfruits and vegetables are pieces in a much larger lifestyle jigsaw."
医学英语科普文章2
致命的军团杆菌
legionnaires' disease is a serious and sometimes fatal form of pneumonia. legionnaires' disease is caused by infection with legionella bacteria which are found naturally in the environment and thrive in warm water and warm damp places. man-made water systems sometimes provide environments that let legionella bacteria increase to large numbers. these man-made systems include showers, spa pools, fountains, and air conditioning cooling towers. people usually get legionnaires' disease by breathing in mists that come from a water source contaminated with legionella bacteria.
an estimated 8,000 to 18,000 people get legionnaires' disease in the united states each year. some people can be infected with legionella bacteria and have mild symptoms or no illness at all. patients with legionnaires' disease usually have fever, chills, and a cough, which may be dry or may produce sputum. some patients also have muscle aches, headache, tiredness, loss of appetite, and, occasionally, diarrhea. from the time of infection with legionella bacteria, it takes 2-10 days for symptoms to appear. in most cases, symptoms begin after 5-6 days. legionnaires' disease is treated with antibiotics, such as erythromycin. the earlier that treatment is begun, the better the outcome.
the first known outbreak of legionnaires' disease was in philadelphia, usa, in 1976. a total of 221 people contracted the disease and 34 died. most of those that died were legionnaires and that's how the disease got its name. the second largest outbreak was at the stafford hospital in england in 1985; a total of 101 people contracted the disease and 28 died.
军团病是一种非常严重的、有时可以致命的肺炎。军团病是由军团杆菌引起，这种细菌产生在自然环境中，在温水里及潮热的地方蔓延。人工供水系统有时也能为军团杆菌的大量繁殖提供生存环境。这些系统包括淋浴器、矿泉池、喷泉以及空调设备的冷却水塔。人们通常是由于呼吸了被军团杆菌污染的水源散发的水雾而传染上军团病的。
据估计，在美国每年都有国每年都有8000~18000人感染上军团病。有些军团病感染者所表现出来的症状比较温和，甚至根本就没有得病的迹象。军团病患者通常有发烧、畏寒及干咳或咳痰等表现。部分患者还有肌肉疼痛、头痛、疲劳、食欲不振及偶尔腹泻等症状。这种病的潜伏期约为的潜天。许多病例表明，出现症状需要状需要5~6天的时间。军团病可以用红霉素等抗生素进行治疗，越早治疗效果越好。
军团病已知的首次爆发是在发是1976年美国费城，221人感染疾病，其中死亡34人。由于大多的死者都是军团成员，因此称为军团病。该病的第二次大爆发是1985年在英国的斯塔福德医院。这次101个被感染者中有28人死亡。
医学英语科普文章3
女性最佳生育年龄
For women who want to have children, planning the right time is a difficult decision. In recent years, many women have opted to put off having kids until their late 20s and well into their 30s — focusing on finishing school, building their careers, traveling, and maybe even paying down their student loans before taking the leap into parenthood. Statistics show that women are waiting longer and longer to have kids — the current average age of first-time moms is up to , up from just 15 years ago.
对于想要孩子的女性来说，合适的时间是一个艰难的决定。近年来，很多女性选择在20岁末甚至30多岁才要孩子，主要原因是她们忙于完成学业、发展职业生涯、旅行、甚至选择在为人父母之前偿还助学贷款。数据表明，女性的生育年龄越来越晚——生第一胎的平均年龄从15年前的岁上升到现在的是岁。
The choice to have children is extremely personal and of course there’s no wrong answer when it comes to being ready to be a mom. But according to Dr. Gillian Lockwood, medical director at the Midland Fertility Clinic in the UK, there is an ideal age when our bodies are best suited to pregnancy. Can you guess what it is?
要孩子的选择是一个非常私人的话题，选择什么时候做母亲都没有错。但是英国米德兰生育诊所的医学主任Gillian Lockwood表示，我们的身体有一个最佳的生育年龄。你能猜到是多少岁吗?
I’ll give you a hint: it’s when many of us have a quarter-life crisis. Also: when it finally becomes affordable to rent a car.
提醒一下：最佳的生育年龄是在大多数人的“青年危机”时，也是我们终于能租得起车的时候。
Yep. According to Lockwood, the ideal age to get pregnant is 25.
Lockwood表示，是的，最佳的生育年龄是25岁。
Unfortunately, says Dr. Lockwood, it’s also the age when motherhood is low on many women’s list of priorities. She explained in the Evening Standard:
Lockwood医生说，不幸的是，对很多25岁的女性来说，成为母亲并不在她们的优先任务清单上面。Lockwood医生在《伦敦标准晚报》上解释说：
“Age 25 is exactly the time when today’s young women have left university, are trying to get off on a good career, trying to pay back their student loans, trying to find someone who wants to have babies with them and trying to get on the housing ladder.”
“25岁的当代年轻女性刚刚大学 毕业 ，事业起步，忙于偿还助学贷款，找男朋友，努力买房。”
Dr. Lockwood also had some harsh words about fertility treatments being marketed as a viable option to women over 40. “The bleak reality is that the chance of IVF working with your own eggs once you are 40 is absolutely abysmal,” she said. “Would we let, yet alone encourage, patients to pay for an elective operation with a less than five percent chance of working?” While that may be Dr. Lockwood’s opinion, plenty of wannabe parents may be happy to take those chances.
Lockwood医生还批判了向40多岁女性推销不孕疗法的行为。“事实很残酷，如果你超过了40岁，用卵子进行体外受精的成功几率非常低，”她说。“谁会允许甚至鼓励病人做成功几率低于5%的择期手术?”这是Lockwood医生的观点，但仍有很多想要孩子的父母很愿意抓住这些机会。
It’s worth reiterating that there are so many factors that inform the choice to have kids and only you can decide when — and IF — you want to become a mother. Whether you choose to have kids at 20, 30, 40, or beyond; biologically, through a surrogate, or via adoption, always listen to your own body and make the decision that makes sense for your own life. You know what’s right for you.
特别强调的是，很多因素会影响要孩子的时间，只有你自己可以决定是否想成为一位母亲。不管你是在20岁、30岁、40岁甚至更大的年龄要孩子，是自己生、代孕还是收养，你都要听从自己的身体，做出对生活有意义的选择。你知道什么是最适合自己的。
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二：
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
Chinese Holidays and Festivals Post By：2008-12-2 19:55:05 As well known, different countries have different customs and cultures. With the development of China, it has a rich and unique culture. The holidays and festivals in China are quite different from those in other countries. We have many traditional holidays and festivals. In addition, people in different areas also have their own local Year —元旦It falls on the first day of the year. It marks the beginning of a year. People will plan what to do in the new year. Because they believe that the whole year's work depends on a good start in Festival —春节Spring Festival is the most important festival in China. It is on the first day of the first lunar month(阴历正月). On the eve of the festival, people will paste spring poems(贴春联)with lucky words. They prepare delicious food, dumpling is a must. They also clean their house, but there is no sweeping on spring festival for people think it will sweep away good luck. People often come back home to enjoy family reunion, the whole family will get together for the big dinner. They also exchange greeting with other friends and Festival 元宵节It comes on the 15th of the first lunar month and it marks the end of the Spring Festival. On this day, people often eat sweet dumplings（元宵）for good luck. They will visit the display of lanterns(灯展)or go to temple fair(庙会)Qingming 清明节Qingming —It is also called Tomb-Sweeping Day. It falls on April 4th or 5th . That is a special day for the living to show love and respect to their dead friends or relatives. People often go to sweep the tomb and put the meat, wine in front of the tomb. One interesting thing is that people burn the paper money for the dead. Dragon Boat Festival 端午节This day is on the fifth of the fifth lunar month, People often get together to watch the wonderful “Dragon Boat Race”(龙舟大赛)，Rice Dumpling(粽子) is a must on Dragon Boat Festival. People eat Rice Dumpling in memory of the famous poet-屈原who died on this day many years Day —中秋It comes on the 15th of the eighth lunar month. People often gaze at the “Lady in the moon”(嫦娥) and eat moon cakes. The Mid-autumn Day also means harvest
泰哥，我给你找了几个，必须采纳啊！ To Pull up the Seedlings to Help Them Grow “拔苗助长” Once upon a time, there was an old farmer who planted a plot of rice. After he planted the seedlings, every day he went to the field to watch the seedlings grow. He saw the young shoots break through the soil and grow taller each day, but still, he thought they were growing too slowly. Eventually he got impatient with the young plants and suddenly he hit upon an idea that one by one, he pulled up the young plants by half an inch. The next early morning, the young man couldn’t wait to check his “achievement”, but he was heart-broken to see all the pulled-up young plants dying. 从前，有个农夫，种了稻苗（seedlings）后，便希望能早早收成。每天他到稻田时，都发觉那些稻苗长得非常慢。他等得很不耐烦。想了又想，他终于想到一个“最佳方法”，他将稻苗全都拔高了几分。第二天，一早起身，他迫不及待地去稻田看他的“成果”。 哪知，却看到所有的稻苗都枯萎了。Plugging One’s Ears While Stealing a Bell “掩耳盗铃” Once upon a time, there was a man who wanted to steal his neighbor’s doorbell. However, he knew clearly that the bell would ring and catch the other people’s attention as long as he touched the bell. So he thought hard and suddenly hit on a clever “idea”. He plugged his ears with something, thinking that everything would go well when he stole the bell. Unfortunately to his disappointment, the bell still rang loudly and he was caught on the spot as a thief. 从前，有一个人想偷邻居门上的铃，但是他知道一碰到铃，铃就会响起来，被人发现。他想啊想，终于他想出一个“妙极”，他把自己的耳朵用东西塞起来，就听不见铃声了。但是当他去偷铃时，铃声仍旧响起来，他被别人当场抓住The Fox and the Crow “狐狸和乌鸦” One day a crow stood on a branch near his nest and felt very happy with the meat in his mouth. At that time, a fox saw the crow with the meat, so he swallowed and eagerly thought of a plan to get the meat. However, whatever the fox said to the crow, the crow just kept silent. Until the fox thought highly of the crow’s beautiful voice, the crow felt flattered and opened his mouth to sing. As soon as the meat fell down to the ground, the fox took the meat and went into his hole. 有一天,一只乌鸦站在窝旁的树枝上嘴里叼着一片肉，心里非常高兴。这时候，一只狐狸看见了乌鸦，馋得直流口水，非常想得到那片肉。但是，无论狐狸说什么，乌鸦就是不理睬狐狸。最后，狐狸赞美乌鸦的嗓音最优美，并要求乌鸦唱几句让他欣赏欣赏。乌鸦听了狐狸赞美的话，得意极了，就唱起歌来。没想到，肉一掉下来，狐狸就叼起肉，钻回了洞Draw a Snake and Add Feet to It “画蛇添足” Long long ago, several people had a jar of wine among them and all of them wanted to drink it by himself. So they set a rule that every one would draw a snake on the ground and the man who finished first would have the wine. One man finished his snake very soon and he was about to drink the wine when he saw the others were still busy drawing, so he decided to draw the feet to the snake. However, before he could finish the feet, another man finished and grabbed the jar from him, saying, "Who has ever seen a snake with feet?” The story of "Draw a snake and add feet to It.” tells us going too far is as bad as not going far enough. 古时几个人分一壶酒。他们都想独自喝完那壶酒，所以就定了一个规矩：每人在地上画一条蛇，谁画得最快，这壶酒就归谁。有一个人很快就把蛇画好了。他正打算喝这壶酒时，看见别人都还在忙着画，就决定给蛇再画上几只脚。结果，他的蛇脚还没加完，另一个人已经把蛇画好了。那人一下把酒壶夺了过去，说：“有谁见过长脚的蛇？”。这个故事告诉我们这样的道理：做得过分和做得不够都是不对的
随着科学技术的飞速发展和全球化进程的不断加快，科普 文章 在向社会大众普及科学技术知识，提高公众科学素养等方面发挥着举足轻重的作用。下面是我带来的科普类英语文章，欢迎阅读!
科普类英语文章
生物与环境平衡的危机
The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings. To a large extent, the physical form and the habits of the earth’s vegetation and its animal life have been molded by the environment. Considering the whole span of earthly time, the opposite effect, in which life actually modifies its surroundings, has been relatively slight. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.
During the past quarter century this power has not only become increasingly great but it has changed in character. The most alarming of all man’s assaults upon the environment is the contamination of air, earth, rivers, and sea with dangerous and even lethal materials. This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable. In this now universal contamination of the environment, chemicals are the sinister partners of radiation in changing the very nature of the world the very nature of its life. Chemicals sprayed on croplands or forests or gardens lie long in soil, entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death. Or they pass mysteriously by underground streams until they emerge and combine into new forms that kill vegetation, sicken cattle, and work unknown harm on those who drink from once pure wells. "Man can hardly even recognize the devils of his own creation," as a scientist has said.
It took hundreds of millions of years to produce the life that now inhabits the earth. Given time not in years but in millennia life adjusts, and a balance has been reached. But in the modern world there is no time.
The rapidity of change follows the impetuous pace of man rather than the deliberate pace of nature. Radiation is now the unnatural creation of man’s tampering with the atom. The chemicals are the synthetic5 creations of man’s inventive mind, having no counterparts in nature.
To adjust to these chemicals would require not merely the years of a man’s life but the life of generations. And even this, were it by some miracle possible, would be futile, for the new chemicals come from our laboratories in an endless stream; almost five hundred annually find their way into actual use in the United States alone. Among them are many that are used in man’s war against nature. Since the mid 1940’s over 200 basic chemicals have been created for use in killing insects, weeds, and other organisms described as "pests."
It is not my contention that chemical insecticides must never be used. I do contend that we have put poisonous and biologically potent chemicals indiscriminately into the hands of persons largely or wholly ignorant of their potentials for harm. We have subjected enormous numbers of people to contact with these poisons, without their consent and often without their knowledge. I contend, furthermore, that we have allowed these chemicals to be used with little or no advance investigation of their effect on soil, water, wildlife, and man himself. Future generations are unlikely to forgive our lack of concern for the integrity of the natural world that supports all life.
地球上生命的历史一直就是一部生物与其环境相互作用的历史。在很大程度上，地球上动植物的形态以及习性都是由外部环境所塑造的。考虑到地球上生命存在的整个时间，相反作用，即生命对其周围环境的实际改变作用，却相对很小。只有在当前这个世纪(指20世纪)才有一个物种--人类，获得了强大的力量，改变了其所生存的世界的自然状态。
在过去的1/4世纪中，这种力量不仅日趋强大，而且其性质也发生了变化。在人类破坏环境的种种行为中，最令人担忧的是人类向大气、土壤、河流以及海洋中排放危险甚至致命物质，而当今这种污染在很大程度上是无法挽救的。在当今这种对环境的普遍污染中，化学制品与辐射狼狈为奸，改变着地球的自然状态，也就是改变着地球上生命的自然状态。喷洒到农田、森林或者花园里的化学物质长期滞留于土壤中，渗入有机体内，并彼此相传，形成了一个中毒与死亡的链条。化学物质还神秘地通过地下水传递，最终以新的形式出现并结合，使植物毒死，牲畜害病，并使饮用一度纯净的井水的人遭受了不明之害。正如一位科学家所言：“人类甚至对自己创造的恶魔都不认识。”
地球历经了许多亿年才创造了栖息其上的生命。经过了一定时间--不是以若干年计而是以若干千年计的时间--生命开始适应环境，并形成了一种与环境的平衡。但是在现代世界中，时间这一因素已经没有了。
环境改变的速度不再顺从大自然从容不迫的节奏，而是顺从人类急切匆匆的步伐。辐射是当今人类通过支配原子而得到的一种非自然的创造物。化学制品则是人类有发明创造力的头脑创造出来的合成物，在自然界本无相应的东西。
为了适应这些化学制品，人类需要付出的时间不会只是一个人一生的时间，而是几代人的时间。而即使这样，就算出现奇迹成为可能，这种适应也是徒劳的，因为新的化学制品从我们的实验室中源源不断地涌出。仅在美国，每年就有大约500种化学制品投入使用，其中许多是用于人类对自然的战争中。从20世纪40年代中期起，人类已经创造了200多种基本化学制品用来消灭昆虫、野草以及其他所谓的“有害生物”。
我不是说人类决不能使用化学杀虫剂。我要说的是，我们不分青红皂白地将这些有毒的、具有强大生物功能的化学制品，交给了那些对这些制品的潜在危害基本上或者完全无知的人去使用。我们使众多的人接触这些有毒物质，却没有征得他们的同意，并常常将他们蒙在鼓中。我还要说的一点是，我们允许使用这些化学制品，却事先很少或者根本没有调查它们对土壤、水、野生生物以及人类自身造成的影响。我们缺乏对万物赖以生存的自然界生态统一的关心，对此，我们的后代是不可能原谅的。
科普类英语文章
基因技术能否使人更聪明?Get Smart
Many people dream of having a smarter brain. Princeton neurobiologist Joseph Z. Tsien found the key. In September he announced that he’d built a better mouse by altering a gene that affects learning and memory. A similar process of gene manipulation might conceivably be used one day to boost intelligence in humans.
The secret lies in a feature of brain cells called the nmda receptor, which Tsien likens[1] to a cylindrical tube or window that mediates[2] the flow of information. When the window is open, chemicals called neurotransmitters flow through easily and memory is registered and stored. But as organisms mature, the window begins to close. (This may explain why children lose their facility for learning new languages when they reach sexual maturity and why some people suffer memory loss as they age.)
Tsien noticed that the receptor worked more efficiently when teamed[3] with the gene NR2B, so he introduced extra NR2B genes into a batch of fertilized mouse eggs. In a normal mouse, the memory window is open for just 150-thousandths of a second. In Tsien’s specially engineered mice, the window opens for 250-thousandths of a second, long enough to make a remarkable difference in memory retention. When he pitted[4] his mice against common mice, they won paws down. Ordinary mice could recognize a Lego block for 12 hours, but smart mice could remember the block for up to three days. "That’s a profound enhancement," Tsien says.
Can it be done with humans? Maybe, but genetic engineering will have to make some extraordinary advances first. And some thorny ethical issues will have to be resolved. Meanwhile, Tsien promises to keep his furry little geniuses locked up in a lab, far from your larder. "Otherwise," he says, "you might need a smart cat or a smart mousetrap to catch them."
许多人都希望自己能变成更聪明。普林斯顿神经生物学家Joseph Z. Tsien就找到了这把开启智慧之门的钥匙：他于九月宣布，通过改变影响学习和记忆能力的基因培养出了一只聪明的老鼠。类似的基因处理技术有望在未来日子里运用到人脑，以推动人类智慧的飞跃。
该技术的奥秘就在于名为nmda感受器的脑细胞的功能。Tsien将其比作一个传递信息流的圆柱通道或窗口。当窗口开放时，某种称为神经传递素的化学物质就能轻易流过，记忆因此登记并存储了下来。然而，当器官成熟时，这扇窗口就开始关闭。(这也能解释为何 儿童 长大后(性器官成熟之时)会失去掌握新语言的能力，以及为何某些人年老时会患失忆)。
Tsien注意到，当感受器与名为NR2B的基因协作时效率会更高。因此，他将NR2B基因植入一批老鼠的受精卵中。一只普通老鼠的记忆之窗仅开放千分之150秒。而经Tsien植入基因的老鼠，记忆之窗能开放千分之250秒，这已经能够使其 记忆力 发生惊人的改变。当他让自己的老鼠与普通老鼠互斗时，它们竟能轻而易举地取胜。普通老鼠能够保留关于Lego block的记忆12小时，而聪明的老鼠居然能将记忆保持三天。“这可是一个意义深远的进步。”Tsien这样说。
那么，人类也能接受这种基因移植吗? 或许可以，但前提是基因工程得首先做出非凡的成就，还必须解决一系列棘手的伦理问题。Tsien保证他一定会将那些披着毛皮的小天才锁入实验室，远离人们的食品柜。“否则，”他说，“为了捉住他们，人们就不得不去寻找更聪明的猫或者功能更强的捕鼠器了。”
科普类英语文章
食用转基因食品安全吗?Food Safe To Eat?
Traditional plant breeding involve s crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross example，disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with high-yield wheat to combine these type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.
Genetic engineering(GE)involves exchanging genes between unrelated species that cannot naturally exchange genes with each can involve the exchange of genes between vastly different species―― scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into is possible that a scorpion toxin gene，even when it is in maize DNA，will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin――but what other effects may it have in this alien environment?We are already seeing this problem――adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow――but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross-eyed，which was entirely unpredictable.
It will be obvious，for example，that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA――but what side-effect would it have?In other words，is GM food safe to eat?The answer is that nobody knows because long-term tests have not been carried out.
Companies wanting a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety ’s soya beans were apparently fed to fish for10weeks before being was no requirement for independent testing，for long-term testing，for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.
The current position of the UK Government is that“ There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods.”In the US，the American Food and Drug Administration is currently being prosecuted for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GM foods.
传统的植物培育 方法 ，是依照植物自然杂交的方式，进行相同物种的人工杂交。比如，抗病小麦同高产小麦杂交，形成了一种具有双重特性的新的小麦品种。这种自然的基因交换既安全，又具有相当的可预见性。
基因工程是在彼此毫无关系的物种之间，相互交换在自然条件下无法交换的基因。它可在有巨大差异的物种之间进行基因交换。比如，将蝎子毒素基因注入玉米，或者将鱼防冻基因注入西红柿。即使在玉米DNA中，蝎子毒素基因依然可能获得有机组织产生蝎子毒素。但是在这种异质的环境中，这种基因产品会有什么其他作用吗?我们实际上已经发现这个问题：将人类生长荷尔蒙基因植入猪的体内，一定会使猪的生长加速，但是同时也使猪患上了关节炎和内斜视，而这一切是完全无法预测的。
打个比方，人类的智力基因显而易见在人体DNA内和注入卷心菜DNA后的作用是不同的。但将它植入卷心菜中会产生什么样的副作用呢?换句话说，食用转基因食品安全吗?没有人知道答案，因为人们尚未进行长期的测试。
在英国或者美国，一个公司如果希望其转基因产品获得批准，它必须向管理机构提供本公司转基因产品安全测试的结果。Monsanto的大豆在获得批准之前，曾用了10周时间进行喂鱼试验。目前，尚无要求对转基因产品进行独立测试、长期测试、人体测试，或者就其对儿童及过敏者所造成的特定危险进行测试。
英国政府目前的态度是：“尚无证据表明食用转基因食品存在长期性的危险。”在美国，人们正在起诉美国食品药品管理局掩盖转基因食品安全性的研究结果，这些研究结果表明，食用转基因食品可能导致危险。
Scientistsdiscoveredthat"junkDNA,"thebasepairsbetweenknowngenesinthehumangeneticstructure,.:科学家发现了"垃圾DNA,"在人类的遗传基因的结构已知的基因之间的恶劣双,扮演重要角色。一些研究队已经发现DNA在基因帮助决定之间如何精力充沛地和时常基因被刺激而且为蛋白质的生产塑造那个编码。
Chinese Holidays and Festivals Post By：2008-12-2 19:55:05 As well known, different countries have different customs and cultures. With the development of China, it has a rich and unique culture. The holidays and festivals in China are quite different from those in other countries. We have many traditional holidays and festivals. In addition, people in different areas also have their own local Year —元旦It falls on the first day of the year. It marks the beginning of a year. People will plan what to do in the new year. Because they believe that the whole year's work depends on a good start in Festival —春节Spring Festival is the most important festival in China. It is on the first day of the first lunar month(阴历正月). On the eve of the festival, people will paste spring poems(贴春联)with lucky words. They prepare delicious food, dumpling is a must. They also clean their house, but there is no sweeping on spring festival for people think it will sweep away good luck. People often come back home to enjoy family reunion, the whole family will get together for the big dinner. They also exchange greeting with other friends and Festival 元宵节It comes on the 15th of the first lunar month and it marks the end of the Spring Festival. On this day, people often eat sweet dumplings（元宵）for good luck. They will visit the display of lanterns(灯展)or go to temple fair(庙会)Qingming 清明节Qingming —It is also called Tomb-Sweeping Day. It falls on April 4th or 5th . That is a special day for the living to show love and respect to their dead friends or relatives. People often go to sweep the tomb and put the meat, wine in front of the tomb. One interesting thing is that people burn the paper money for the dead. Dragon Boat Festival 端午节This day is on the fifth of the fifth lunar month, People often get together to watch the wonderful “Dragon Boat Race”(龙舟大赛)，Rice Dumpling(粽子) is a must on Dragon Boat Festival. People eat Rice Dumpling in memory of the famous poet-屈原who died on this day many years Day —中秋It comes on the 15th of the eighth lunar month. People often gaze at the “Lady in the moon”(嫦娥) and eat moon cakes. The Mid-autumn Day also means harvest
Are the sun and the solar system to the sun as the center, dominated by its gravity and the objects around it sports posed by the system . Members include the sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, Ming Wang, more than 2000 asteroids 34 satellites, as well as a lot of comets and meteoroids. The sun (Sun) The center of the solar system objects. Are a star. Contains nearly 98% of the solar system quality. With the Earth's average Distance of 149,600,000 kilometers diameter 1,390,000 kilometers, to the Earth 109 times the volume of the Earth's million times, Ping Are the density of grams / cubic centimeter. Surface temperature of about 6000 degrees Celsius, the center temperature of 15 million degrees Celsius. By Nuclear fission of hydrogen nuclei into helium thermonuclear reaction a large amount of energy. The naked eye we see the surface layer called the "light ball" , Light balls above a layer called the "chromosphere", the most outer layer called the "corona", which formed the sun's atmosphere. Too Yang's rotation period is 25 days, the bipolar area is about 35 days, the sun on the most abundant chemical element hydrogen. The sun's activity stems from its central part. The sun's core pressure of more than 34 billion times the Earth. Here at hair Health of nuclear fusion. Fusion led to the four proton or a hydrogen atom or helium nuclei阿尔法粒子. Al Law on the quality of particles smaller than percent to four protons, the quality of the remaining energy is transformed into the sun and was released to the table Noodles, and through the process of emitting light and heat convection. Solar core, through millions of years of energy required to reach Its surface. Per second have been 700 million tons of hydrogen into helium. In the process, there are about five million tons of net energy Volume was released, so the sun can make light-emitting. Photosphere are the chromosphere above. Amount of solar power through the region from the center outward transfer. This layer can be seen too Yang flares. Flares sunspots are formed before the chromosphere the hydrogen generated by hot clouds. Photosphere at some Region, a slightly lower temperature than the surrounding (usually 4000 degrees Celsius), this is the sunspot. The sun's outer atmosphere called the corona. Date the region has bait. Date baits are the upper chromosphere at the enormous Flame. The most coronal extension of outer space-oriented and radiation generated by the particles from the sun. Coronal only have the whole day Can be seen when fresh. The sun's age of about 46 million years, it can continue to burn about 50 million years. At the final stage of its existence, too Yang will be in the helium into heavy elements, the sun will also be the beginning of the volume continues to expand, until the Earth swallowed. At 一亿年After the red giant stage, the sun will suddenly collapse into a white dwarf - all stars of the existence The final stage. Go through several万亿年, it will eventually completely cooled. Mercury (Mercury) Ancient China, also known as "辰星." The sun, one of the nine planets. From the sun recently. With solar distance Astronomical units, that is million kilometers in diameter for 38% of the Earth, mass of the Earth's , density of water times larger orbit eccentricity, . Revolution period of 88 days, the rotation period of 59 days. For The sun side of the temperature of 400 degrees Celsius, while the sun back to -160 degrees Celsius, Mercury has many craters on And has a strong magnetic field, the surface strength of 1% of the Earth. Shell by the porous soil, or similar surface soil of the moon rock Composed of stone powder. Mercury is even lower than Jupiter's satellite Ganymede (Ganymede) and Saturn's satellite Titan (soil Titan) is also small. Mercury surface similar to the lunar surface. Meteorite dust covered the ups and downs撞成hills, a few kilometers of the fault cliff high Stretching hundreds of kilometers, large and small craters are everywhere. Looks at the sun than the Earth on large two and a half times. Because of not enough air to scatter sunlight, the sky is usually dark. If you look up to the sky, he also Xu will find two bright stars: a bright yellow are the Venus, the other one is blue earth. On observations from the Earth, Mercury and the sun angle of the largest only 28 degrees at dawn or during the day it appeared in the sky , So its observation very difficult. In the "sailors" on the 10th visit the Mercury before the awareness of Mercury are Very small. Because of its revolution and rotation of the relationship between the more complex, if the sun to rise from the sun for a Down Units to calculate, on the day of Mercury will be the day the Earth 176. Mercury appears that it can not exist on the water, its atmosphere is very small, and very high temperatures during the day. However, in 1991 Mercury at the Arctic scientists found an unusual bright spot. Highlights the possible cause of this are at the surface Or underground ice. Because the orbit of Mercury is rather special, at its North Pole, the sun is always on the horizon only irresolute Further. At some of the internal crater may never see the sun because of the temperature dropped to -161 degrees Celsius . Such a low temperature is likely to solidification from the planetary internal release of gas, or accumulation of ice from space . Mercury atmospheric pitiful, its main components for helium (42%), Sodium vapor (42%) and oxygen (15%), and its The average surface temperature of 179 degrees Celsius, up to 427 degrees Celsius, a minimum of -173 degrees Celsius. Venus (Venus) Ancient China, also known as "Venus", "Chang", "Taibai", "star" and so on, the nine planets of the solar system 1. According to the order from the sun for the second. With an average distance of the sun astronomical units, 108,210,000 Km. Size and the Earth is similar to the diameter of the Earth smaller than 5%, quality 82% of the Earth, the density of water, 5 .2 Times the revolution period of 225 days, the rotation period is 243 days, the rotation direction and the other planets the contrary, the surface cover Covered a very thick atmosphere, the most carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapor low surface temperature as high as 480 degrees Celsius About. Venus surface of the magnetic field only one-thousandth of the Earth also has an ionosphere. Separately in the morning because of Venus Morning and evening in the sky, the ancient astrologers have been think there are two such planets, then sub - Do not be referred to as the "Morningstar" and "evening." In English, Venus - "Venus" (Venus) is an ancient Romanian Horse of the god of love and beauty. It has always been curly clouds shrouded in mystery at. Because of Venus and the Earth in size, mass, density and weight on very similar, and almost all of Venus and the Earth Formed simultaneously by the same nebula, astrologers will have them as sister planets. But recently scientists have discovered , Venus and the Earth in fact very different. Venus has no oceans, it has been the main ingredients for a thick oxide Carbon in the atmosphere surrounded by water does not. Its cloud is composed of sulfuric acid droplets. At the surface, it Equivalent to atmospheric pressure at sea level on the Earth 92 times. Because of Venus's thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide caused by "greenhouse effect", Venus surface temperature up to 482 photo S degrees. Sunlight through the atmosphere will be hot roast Venus surface. Surface outward radiation of heat at the process by Atmospheric barrier, can not be distributed into outer space. This makes Venus than in Mercury also hot. Random surface of Venus is covered with many small craters. Because of Venus's thick atmosphere, a diameter less than 2 kilometers Crater is almost impossible to retain it. And when a large meteorite in a small pit formed before the meteorite hit the surface of Venus, and its production Health and debris at the surface of the crater produced exceptional group. Volcanoes and volcanic activity of a lot of the surface of Venus. To Less 85% of Venus surface covered with volcanic rocks. Many lava flows hundreds of kilometers, fill the lowland, forming a broad Wide plains. In addition to hundreds of large volcanoes, more than 100,000 small crater Block embellishment at the surface of Venus. From fire Mountain emitted lava flows resulted in a long trench, ranging up to hundreds of kilometers, one of a range of ultra - Over 7000 kilometers. The topography of Venus is covered with vast lava plains and mountains of geological activities undermine or plateau. At Maxwell Hill Ishtar region are the highest mountain on Venus. Aphrodite highland region occupies almost Half of the equatorial regions. Magellan plans to obtain more than kilometers of Venus images show the existence of the plateau zone prescribed Bright soil moist. However, in the Venus surface, liquid water are unlikely to exist, and could not explain the bright plateau Reasons. There was a presumption that these bright regions may be due to metal compounds. Studies have shown that this Some metals may be iron sulfide. It can not exist in the plain areas, but at high altitude is possible. These payments May also be an alien, and it led to the effect is the same, but the concentrations are lower. The Earth (Earth) The nine planets of the solar system, according to the order from the sun for the third stars, with the sun's average distance of about 14,960 10,000 kilometers, the volume of around 1,083,200,000,000 cubic kilometers for the equatorial radius is about 6378 kilometers, the radius is extremely 6,3 57 kilometers, a difference of 21 kilometers. The average water density is times the revolution period is days, the rotation cycle 2 3:56. Revolution of the Earth orbit is an ellipse with the Earth equatorial plane into 23 degrees 26 minutes angle. So generated The length of the seasons and day and night. Surface has a solid crust. An area of 51,100 km, one of the total marine table Area of 71%, land is about 29%, surrounded by the atmosphere, nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and other gas components. Earth Has a satellite - the moon. Used to distinguish the characteristics of the Earth are on a black background and blue water, brown and green Land and the large white cloud. We are the Earth's atmosphere is 78 percent nitrogen, 21% are oxygen, the remaining 1 percent are other ingredients. Flat surface of the Earth Both the temperature is 15 degrees Celsius, the mean pressure of Pa. The Earth are the only known solar system planets existence of life. Express our planet's rotation and nickel iron lava nuclear Heart to generate a vast magnetic field, together with the atmosphere to prevent almost all from the sun and other stars Harmful rays. The Earth's atmosphere for us to block a lot of meteorites, meteorite much at their arrival and before the Had been burned. Since the beginning of human space exploration, our own planet there is a greater awareness. The first man-made human beings to Ball satellite discovered a strong radiation zone, now called the Van Allen radiation belts. The causes are from Sports Express in the charged particles in the equatorial region of a circular region to capture the Earth's magnetic field. Earth's magnetic field By the solar wind into a droplet-shaped twist of this phenomenon is also found by satellite. We also found that once we identified Is very calm for the upper atmosphere, they are very active, and it during the day and evening to narrow expansion. Live by the sun Dynamic effects of the Earth's upper atmosphere to affect weather and climate. Apart from the impact of the Earth's climate, the sun's activities are also our atmosphere for the brilliant performances. When the charged particle Son of the Earth's magnetic field has been captured, they are with our planet's pole impact air molecules so that these open air molecules Sending light, this is the "Aurora." Mars (Mars) Ancient China, also known as "荧惑," the nine planets of the solar system, according to the order from the sun for the fourth stars. And too Yang average distance astronomical units, or 227,940,000 kilometers in diameter for 53% of the Earth, its size at Ranked seventh in the solar system. Quality for 11 percent of the Earth, the density of water is times the revolution period of 687 days, Rotation cycle of 24 hours 37 minutes. Mars's equatorial plane and orbital plane 23 degrees 59 minutes into the corner, so on Mars also has Four Seasons, a quarterly basis and around six months long. Very thin atmosphere, mainly composed of carbon dioxide, the surface temperature at Chek Road during the day and the highest, at 28 degrees Celsius, down to -132 degrees Celsius at night, white极冠of the main components of water ice Also has a small amount of dry ice, the size of极冠changes with the seasons. Sometimes disappear in summer and winter increase. Surface Comparing the same as the Earth has rocks, volcanic and desert regions. On Mars because of the rock, sand and sky are red Color or pink, so the planet is often also referred to as the "red planet." The southern hemisphere of Mars are similar to the moon covered with craters of the ancient plateau, while the Northern Hemisphere, mostly organized by young plains Composition. Mars 24 kilometers high on the "Olympus" Mountains can be called the solar system are the highest mountains. Away from fire Stars around tens of thousands of kilometers, have two very small stars, which are the Martian satellites. In Chinese, the name is reminiscent of Mars to the "fire" and hot, but in fact, this red planet is Abnormal cold and dry. Nevertheless, Mars is still in the solar system and earth are the most similar to a planet. It Smaller than the size of the Earth, the atmosphere thinner than the Earth. A very thin atmosphere of Mars, the Earth's atmospheric pressure is only 7 thousandths. The main components of the atmosphere of Mars are dioxoketene CFCs, and other ingredients are nitrogen, argon, oxygen and so on. Mars atmospheric water at the proportion of only . Thus abnormal drying the surface of Mars. Mars the average temperature of minus 55 degrees Celsius, while the larger temperature difference: In the summer, daytime temperatures up to Twenty degrees Celsius, while in winter the temperature can be as low as minus more than 100 degrees Celsius. Mars often have strong winds, And thus often leads to large-scale dust storms. Scientists have found that many areas on Mars have been signs of erosion, but it seems to criss-cross the riverbed Telling us that Mars once had liquid water, they gather into large and small lakes, and even marine . Scientists, it was explained that at the early formation of Mars, the planet by thick clouds of carbon dioxide The parcels, resulting in a powerful "greenhouse effect" by the solar radiation, heat the surface of Mars have been obstructing the clouds Separated, can not be distributed to the outer space, making temperatures rise, so that liquid water to exist. At that time, the warmth of the Martian Humid, you may have been bred to life. Mars has two poles at many solid-state carbon dioxide (dry ice), scientists have speculated that in these enormous ice Cover may exist below the water-solid. Jupiter (Jupiter) Ancient China, also known as "岁星," one of the solar system planets. According to the order from the sun for the Fifth stars. And too Yang average distance of astronomical units, or 778,300,000 kilometers. Volume and quality than the other eight planets Combined, and the equatorial diameter of the Earth times for the thousand kilometers. The quality of the Earth's , Density of water times, public transfer cycle , the rotation cycle for the 9:50 is the fastest one rotation Stars, so the shape is very flat. Jupiter atmospheric shading shows staggered parallel to the equator of the cloud band, the temperature was about -12 1 degrees Celsius. Well-known Great Red Spot are embedded in the cloud band of clouds. Atmospheric thickness of about 730 kilometers. Atmospheric depths have Water vapor, but the total amount of less than hydrogen. There are acetylene, ethane and phosphine. Jupiter's magnetosphere has been a huge package Around with the Earth's magnetosphere similar to, but charged particles within the magnetosphere the energy of the radiation of the Earth is about one million times. Wood Stars than the Earth magnetic field strong 20-40 times, suggesting that Jupiter has its own energy. Jupiter has 13 satellites, consider someone There may be satellites fourteenth. There is a halo of Jupiter and Aurora
：天文学家发现一对中子星（中子星）在轨道上互相喷涌出光束的辐射。两个物体都是脉冲星（脉冲星） ，快速闪烁和关闭脉冲能量。一个是第二脉冲率44倍。通过学习辐射，天文学家希望第一时间了解中子星密度。
Scientistsdiscoveredthat"junkDNA,"thebasepairsbetweenknowngenesinthehumangeneticstructure,.:科学家发现了"垃圾DNA,"在人类的遗传基因的结构已知的基因之间的恶劣双,扮演重要角色。一些研究队已经发现DNA在基因帮助决定之间如何精力充沛地和时常基因被刺激而且为蛋白质的生产塑造那个编码。
世界万物还有很多我们不知道的东西，千奇百怪......下面就是我给大家整理的科普类 文章 ，希望大家喜欢。 科普类文章：香龙血树花开 夜满秋深花带露，望月楼中，燕雨桥头，芳尘万里愁且住。 此生料定多空度?巨木无边，亭亭玉树，龙血暗香销魂处。 西双版纳热带植物园龙血树园的香龙血树Dracaena fragrans(fragrans，意为，芳香)正在大量开花，芬芳馥郁，沁人心脾，夜间香味尤其浓烈。 香龙血树又名巴西木，为天门冬科龙血树属下的一个种，是一种原生于非洲的开花植物，从北部的苏丹到南部的莫桑比克，西到科特迪瓦，西南到安哥拉，生长于海拔600-2250m的高地。 巴西木株形整齐优美，叶片宽大，富有光泽，苍翠欲滴，是著名的新—代室内观叶植物。它可以中小盆点缀书房、客厅和卧室等，显得清雅别致;大中型植株布置于厅堂、会议室、办公室等处，可较长期欣赏，颇具异国情调;尤其是高低错落 种植 的巴西木，枝叶生长层次分明，还可给人以“步步高升”之寓意。 巴西木为常绿乔木，在原产地可高达6米以上，一般盆栽高 50-100cm。它树干直立，有时分枝。叶簇生于茎顶，长椭圆状披针形，没有叶柄;叶长40-90cm、宽6-10cm，弯曲成弓 形，叶缘呈波状起伏，叶尖稍钝;鲜绿色，有光泽。穗状花序，花小，黄绿色，芳香。 巴西木并非产自巴西，而是原产非洲，我国近年来已广泛引种栽培。巴西木多用扦插繁殖。栽培多年后，植株过于高大或茎干下部叶片脱落、株形较差的可进行修剪，剪下的枝条便可用作扦插材料。 科普类文章：古生物化石出土记 在古生物学家眼里，零零散散埋在黄土里的骨骼化石，可不仅仅是一堆死物，它们就像散落的拼图，拼拼凑凑起来，也许就是一只会飞的恐龙，或是巨大的鲸鱼，也可能只是一片原始人的头骨，或是生命起源时的一只小虫。可生物学家并没有火眼金睛，他们怎么知道哪里有化石呢?是不是有什么仪器可以探测到地下的化石?他们又怎么知道这些生物叫什么名字呢? 发现 古生物学是一门古老而传统的基础科学，它研究地球上曾经出现过的生物的化石，以此来了解地质历史时期生物的起源、进化、绝灭、复苏及其与当时环境的关系。它一般要经历野外考察、化石发掘、标本 修理 、科学研究、形态复原和博物馆展出等几个阶段。 野外考察前，首先要选择地区和地层，如研究翼龙和恐龙，就要在中生代的地层中寻找化石线索，中生代包括三叠纪、侏罗纪和白垩纪，而翼龙和恐龙这类爬行动物只生存在中生代，因而它们的化石不可能在更晚的新生代和更早的古生代的沉积中被发现。 在野外期间，不但要寻找核实并确定地质文献中所记录的化石地点，而且要走访当地老乡，调查考证是否在这一地区发现过化石，何时发现的。在此基础上，寻找可能出现的化石，因此，野外化石线索的寻找和发掘地点的确定，并不是依靠什么先进的仪器设备。 确定最佳的发掘地点，主要根据暴露地表的化石的多少，以及埋藏化石的岩层来分析判断这一岩层的化石是原地埋藏的完整或较完整的个体，还是经过搬运的、异地埋藏的分散骨骼，是集群死亡导致的富集埋藏，还是正常死亡形成的少量埋藏。例如辽西热河生物群与山东莱阳恐龙动物群就有所不同，前者赋存在湖泊沉积页岩中，是灰黑色页岩，这意味着它们是在深湖静水还原环境下形成的，这种环境的页岩中赋存的化石一般都是完整的个体，而且从剖面上大量出现的火山灰夹层来判断，这里的火山活动非常频繁，这些生物的死亡应该和火山喷发导致的灾难性事件有关，也就是说它们是非正常集群死亡的，只要发现化石露头的层位和地点，就意味着埋藏有比较丰富的完整的各类化石，因此，我们只要找到哪怕只有一块骨骼的露头，都可以毫不犹豫地把这个地点确定为可发掘的最佳地点。而后者埋藏在以冲积河流形成的砂泥岩中，是杂乱堆积的紫红色含砾砂泥岩，属于氧化环境下泥石流形成的沉积类型，这类沉积中的化石绝大部分是分散保存的，所以最佳化石地点就要选择在同一层位化石露头最多的那个点，露头越多代表化石越富集。 采集 在野外发现化石固然很重要，但要把所发现的化石完好无缺的采集下来就显得更为重要。依据化石赋存地层的岩性，埋藏环境等，可以采取不同的采集 方法 ，如套箱法，石膏包和“夹心饼干法”等。 像山东莱阳恐龙动物群那样的河流冲积埋藏环境中分散的大型恐龙骨骼等化石的采集，大部分采用石膏包的方法。这种方法是在化石和围岩的四周向下开槽，超过化石时向里收缩，让其成为蘑菇状，把石膏倒在上面，以麻袋片覆盖，紧压后再浇上稠一点的石膏，抹平压实，外加木板或木棍，等石膏发热变硬，砸进钢钎将其从岩层中分离并翻转，统一编号登录。 对于类似辽西湖湘页岩中埋藏的完整化石骨架，就要采用“夹心饼干法”。由于赋存辽西热河生物群化石的页岩本身就有很多裂隙，都含有火山灰成分，岩层在地下水长期浸泡下非常酥软，采集下来后火山灰就会快速脱水导致岩层变形和粉末状破碎，因此，采集这类标本一直是个难题。但用“夹心饼干法”一天可以采集十多件标本，而且丝毫不损伤化石。这一方法要确定发现化石个体的范围，在化石及围岩四周用刀割出缝隙并开凿出小槽，沿槽在标本四周垫上软纸，用透明胶带紧紧缠绕固定，分离化石层下的相对酥松的层面，把标本顺着层面平移到已经准备好的木板上，然后垫上软纸，把另外一块木板压上，用胶带缠绕，只留下蒸发水汽的细小缝隙，最后慢慢脱水阴干。 化石修理是古生物学研究中最关键的环节之一。化石修理就是要把化石骨骼尽可能地暴露，同时不使化石受损。如在修理“夹心饼干法”采集的化石时，要正面打开彻底阴干了的标本，从野外发现骨骼的上层面开始沿着已经暴露的骨骼依次修理，其中有的标本中还保存了恐龙或鸟类的羽毛，翼龙的翼膜等软组织结构，因此要在显微镜下仔细修理，甚至还可以在修理前用X光扫描，来确认骨骼的展布情况来指导修理。 对石膏包采集下来的化石，因为在发掘时为了确定化石大小和开槽采集的需要，上层面的化石骨骼已经大部分暴露，只有从下层面修理才会加快修理进度。在修理过程中，要用锯条把石膏包四周的坚硬石膏锯掉，让围岩暴露出来，然后依次向下清理，直到骨骼四周的围岩全部清理掉。在清理的过程中，随时要用胶对在岩层中自然断裂的骨骼加固处理。命名 古生物学最基本的研究方法还是对化石形态学的详细记述，虽然很多是定性的描述，但却是其他一切研究的基础。在传统的形态学描述和分类学研究的基础上，分析这一生物类型的系统演化位置，讨论其起源与演化等。随着新技术新方法的不断出现，很多新技术逐渐运用到古生物学领域，如高精度CT扫描和三维重建技术可以在不损伤化石的前提下，清楚地了解化石生物的一些内部形态结构，如复杂的脑颅系统等。电镜和显微切片技术的应用，可以观察化石骨骼的显微结构，了解生物的年龄和个体发育。 如果化石研究证明是从来没有被发现过的新物种，那么古生物学家就要对这一化石进行命名。古生物命名也采用双名法，如阿凡达伊卡兰翼龙，拉丁文名称中前面是属名，后面是种名，属种名一律用斜体。翻译成中文时，种名“阿凡达”在前而属名“伊卡兰翼龙”在后，属名可以单独使用，我们可以叫“伊卡兰翼龙”，但种名不能单独使用，必须要和属名在一起才可以。古生物命名的词源有几种主要来源，其中包括：化石产地名，如天山哈密翼龙;人名，即纪念一些历史人物、有重要贡献的科学家或化石的发现者等，如圣贤孔子鸟;化石特征，如棘鼻青岛龙，种名来自于恐龙头顶上长长的“棘鼻”。这些命名中，属名是唯一的，种名可以多次重复命名。 在对化石形态学研究的基础上，我们知道了这种生物的个体大小、头骨和牙齿形态、身体各骨骼的大小比例，甚至保存的羽毛等软组织的形态，以及它们生活的环境等信息，艺术家会采用“将今论古”的原则，依据现生生物的一些特征和类似的环境背景，绘制出化石生物的形态复原图和生态复原图。 科普类文章：家务劳动或许能救你一命 我向来对体育锻炼不热衷。我的工作状态基本上是每天数小时坐在电脑前，偶尔会和别人交谈，当然也是坐着。晚上我通常是坐着看电视，除非外出——外出的时候，一般也是先坐出租车，然后坐着吃饭。坐着是我的常态，我可能一天当中有十五六个小时都在坐着(其余8个小时躺着睡觉)。所有的研究证据都表明，身体活动水平低下对健康不利。几年前知名医学杂志《柳叶刀》(The Lancet)上发表了一系列综述文章，指出身体活动水平低下是当今人类健康的第四大杀手。根据世界卫生组织的数据，全球每年死亡的人中，有10%(500万人)直接源自身体活动水平低下。 我的问题是，我深知不活动的危害却无法激励自己站起来运动。要让我真正进行 体育运动 ，除了它对身体有益之外还需要一个理由。倒不是说我身体有缺陷不能正常运动，而是心理上对其有抵触。例如，我儿子在北京的时候，我每天早上比现在早起一个小时，跟他一起骑车5公里到学校。我会在他学校附近的咖啡馆喝杯咖啡，然后骑5公里回家，再去离我的住处只有500米的办公室。显然，骑车是属于我的一项运动——因为它也是坐着完成的!但这确实是体育运动。而且，当你和一个17岁的男孩一起骑行，速度也相当可观。在路上，我们经常试图与电动自行车流竞速，这时我的心率很可能达到了体育训练的水平。 这里很关键的一点是，我每早乐此不疲地骑行是因为一个其他的理由，即与儿子为伴。我们经常会逆风前行，有时还会遇上暴风雪，两个人不怎么说话。但大多数情况下，他会给我讲他在学校干的事情，他对将来的规划，以及各种毫无意义的男人话题，比如说法拉利458意大利(Ita1ia)和兰博基尼埃文塔多(Aventador)哪个更棒?其实哪一款我们都不可能拥有，但对男人来说弄清楚这个问题很重要(顺便说一句，兰博基尼埃文塔多更棒)。他在北京的最后3个月，转到另外一所学校，距我们的住处17公里。然而我依然陪他骑行上学。我们比之前又早起30分钟。新的学校附近没有咖啡馆，每天他进了学校大门，我就直接调头折返。 在那几个月里，每天我到单位上班的时候，已经骑行了差不多一个全程 马拉松 。然而对我来说，这并不关乎运动。儿子现在回英国读大学，我仍然每天骑自行车，但只是从住处直接到办公室而已，每天总共也不过10分钟的运动量，并且速度和心率比我坐着工作时也强不到哪里去。我从未想过，自己应该调转方向，以3倍于平常的速度骑行半个小时，运动到大汗淋漓再回来。儿子不在我的身边，如此骑行对我就仅仅是一项运动，我没有足够的动力来做。我了解各种有关身体活动低下的统计结果和生物学原理，以及运动健身的好处，但这一惰性仍然如此强烈。那么对不了解运动益处的人，将会是怎样的情形? 不过， 户外运动 究竟有多么健康，对于住在北京的人来说还要考虑另外一个问题。这个问题就是空气污染。北京的空气质量之糟糕已是地球人都知道的事。我曾经连续3个月每天都骑行一个马拉松的距离，这真的对我的健康有益么?考虑到骑行时的空气质量，答案也许是否定的。 所以看起来怎么都是输。如果你不运动，就会遭遇各种与身体活动水平低下相关的生理和健康问题。然而如果你运动的话，中国东部大部分地区的空气质量可能会使得运动比不运动更加危险。那到底该怎么做?答案，至少对中国男人来说，是家务劳动。这个答案对中国的大多数妇女来说一定非常悦耳。你的丈夫在家是不是从来不分担家务?也许值得向他们指出:多做家务能降低他们患上各种非传染性疾病的风险，包括癌症。 这一论断的证据来自2013年发表在《公共科学图书馆·综合》 (PLOS One)杂志上的一篇文章，研究人员针对4000名中老年中国人研究了从事家务劳动的益处。筛查过程中剔除了1133名已经患有心脏病、中风、癌症或糖尿病的受试者，最终的有效数据来自2867名健康个体。他们记录了研究对象每天身体活动的时间，既包括体育运动和散步之类的休闲活动，也包括园艺劳动以及修剪草坪等。此外，研究人员还记录了研究对象花在室内家务劳动和居家维修上的时间。之后研究人员对受试对象进行了长达11年的跟踪调查，这期间有452人死亡，其中185人死于癌症。根据年龄、受 教育 水平和生活方式等有关因素对数据进行修正后，他们发现，从事更多更重家务劳动的个体的死亡风险显著低于很少或几乎不做家务劳动的个体。两者的风险比为，意味着风险降低了大约30%。这个效应非常巨大。但是，疾病风险的降低除了受家务劳动的直接影响外，还可能有各种各样的原因。例如，从事更多室内家务劳动的人可能体育运动或户外休闲活动也比较多。也许完全不从事家务劳动的人其实是严重肥胖的，因此他们的死亡率是与肥胖有关，而非家务劳动的多与少。然而，在对身体组成(体重指数)、生活状况(已婚、未婚等)和户外休闲活动的影响进行修正后两者之间的风险比仅变为，这说明上述其他因素对家务劳动和全因死亡之间的关系没有影响。家务劳动对于癌症风险的影响更为显著。从事大量家务劳动的研究对象得癌症的风险只有几乎不做家务劳动的人的一半(两者的风险比为)。而从事中等量、轻强度的家务劳动则对死亡风险影响甚微。 这项研究中有两个发现特别让人诧异。其一是家务劳动的影响远远超过包括体育运动在内的休闲活动。其二是家务劳动对健康的显著影响仅见于男性中。对研究中接受调查的女性而言，家务劳动的多少与全因死亡或癌症引起的死亡之间没有任何相关性!因此，对女性来说，这个研究的结果真是个好消息。你可以把所有的 家务活 都转交给丈夫，而不用担心会增加死亡或癌症发病的风险;你的丈夫承担所有的家务，同时能因此活得更长。在我看来，还有两点额外的益处。与体育锻炼相比，家务劳动的目的不同，这其实是一项工作。跟纯粹的运动相比，我更有可能坚持做家务，就像我能陪儿子骑行很远去上学，而没有他在身边却一点也不想多骑。另外一个好处是，根据定义，家务劳动是要在室内完成的，因此，这也是一项你不需将自己暴露在北京的空气污染中的“运动”。 这听起来太美好，以至于让人觉得不真实。而这很可能确实不是真的。对于所有这类研究，我们要记住非常重要的一点:尽管样本量很多(近3O00人)，随访调查的周期也很长(约10年)，但所得到的结果只是一个相关性。家务劳动的增加与死亡率的降低之间不一定是因果关系——无论数据看起来多么有说服力，也无论这些数据与其他研究结果是多么一致。举个例子，某个人对家务劳动的承担很可能反映出他整体上比较积极的生活态度。如果一个人把家里料理得井井有条可能意味着他对其他事情的态度也是积极认真的。也许是他们对生活的整体态度影响了他们做的其他事情，从而降低了死亡的风险。这些人可能饮食更健康，朋友圈子更广，对社区活动更热心等。上述几点都被认为与寿命以及包括癌症在内的非传染性疾病发病风险有关。料理家务也许只是体现其他真正对死亡风险有影响的因素的一个指标。因此，如果你决定开始承担大量家务，但在其他相关事情上不做任何改变，最终的结果可能仅仅是你有了一个更干净的家。承担家务对死亡风险的影响会很微弱，甚至有可能是负面的。也许愿意干家务和居家维修的人有一套专门的手艺，而不做家务的人则不具备。如果突然开始从事各种家务劳动，而没有相应的 经验 ，你可能会面临较高的事故风险，比如从梯子上摔下来、触电等。事实上，如果你对事物的看法原本是相当负面的，突然每周承担大量的家务劳动，不太会让你对生活的看法更乐观，而很可能会使情况变得更糟。我们真正需要的是一项随机对照实验，将受试者随机分成两组，给一组安排较多的家务劳动，另一组不安排，随后跟踪调查他们的死亡风险。只有这样我们才能确定观察性研究中的相关性是否属于因果关系。
由于随着科技和社会的发展，人们的生活水平不断提高，当代人把身体健康看得越来越重，对自己的饮食习惯，药物的使用与滥用和急救知识等格外关注。下面是我带来的医学科普 文章 ，欢迎阅读!
医学科普文章英文版1
为什么总是睡不好?十大常见睡眠错误
Most of us have struggled at some point with sleep. Whether it’s not getting enough sleepor struggling to get up in the morning, it can be difficult to get the balance just right.
大多数人都遇到过一些睡眠问题。有可能是睡得不够，又或者是早晨起不来，很难达到平衡睡得舒服。
However, sleep is essential if we want to be productive in life. It provides us with theenergy we need to get stuff done!
然而为了保证精力充沛，睡眠是十分必要的。我们需要睡足了才有精力干活!
Here are the 10 most common sleep mistakes people make and a few tips for avoidingthem!
下面列出了常见的十大睡眠错误以及纠正小贴士。
1. The snooze button
闹钟止闹按钮
Don’t EVER hit the snoozebutton. It really is much more beneficial to just get up on yourfirst alarm. Think about it – the snooze button gives you an extra 10 minutes or so sleep. Inthe grand scheme of your day this really won’t provide you with any more energy. In-fact itdoes the opposite. Research has shown that ‘interrupted sleep’ can cause us to feel moretired.
千万不要按止闹按钮，其实在闹铃一响时就起来对身体更好。想想看，止闹按钮可以让你多睡10分钟或者更长一点时间。但相比于一整天满满的计划，这多睡的10分钟根本无法为你多添几份活力。事实上恰恰相反，研究表明受干扰的睡眠会让人更加疲倦。
2. Disorganized sleeping habits
不规律的睡眠习惯
It’s much easier to get to sleep each night (and wake up feeling refreshed) if we have aregular routine. This means going to bed at roughly the same time each night and getting upat roughly the same time each morning. If you’re disorganized with your sleeping routine, youend up interrupting your natural sleeping rhythms, which can cause insomnia and fatigue.
如果每天的作息时间规律，每晚会更加容易入眠(醒来时也会感到神清气爽)。也就是说每晚在相对固定的时间睡觉，每天早上在相对固定的时间起床。如果你睡觉的时间不规律，就会打乱你的生物钟，导致失眠和疲劳感。
3. Long naps
小睡时间过长
Long naps can disrupt your sleeping rhythms so if you’re desperate for a nap then keep itunder the 30 minute mark (and before 4pm). Short naps after lunch can help to restore energylevels (just make sure you don’t sleep in).
小睡时间过长会打乱人的生物钟，所以如果你真的很想打个盹儿的话，请把时间控制在30分钟以内(而且要在下午四点前睡)。在午餐后小睡一会儿有助于恢复体力(只是不要睡过头了)。
4. Caffeine/stimulants
咖啡因/兴奋剂
Don’t drink any caffeinated drinks after mid-day. Caffeine stimulatesyour body for up to 12hours after consumption so it’s important to restrict your intake later in the day. Be aware ofsupposed ‘herbal’ drinks such as green tea, which can have a high dose of caffeine. Alwayscheck the label.
请不要在中午之后饮用含咖啡因的饮料。咖啡因会持续的影响人体12个小时，所以要控制自己不要在中午以后摄取咖啡因。小心一些“草本”饮料，例如绿茶含有很高的咖啡因。每次喝饮料之前都要看一下成份标签。
5. Stress &negative thinking
压力和消极想法
Stress is a large reason why many people find it difficult to sleep. One of the worse thingsyou can do is be stressed before bed. Stress produces chemicals that physically stop us fromsleeping. Try and clear your mind before bed time and make an effort to think positive thoughtsthat aid sleep.
压力是造成人难以入眠的重要原因。在上床睡觉前带着太大压力就更加糟糕了。压力会使人分泌出某些从生理上阻止睡眠的化学物质。尝试在睡前清空所思所想，努力朝有助于睡眠的积极方面想吧。
6. Too much light
光线太亮
Our bodies depend on ‘sleep signals’ to fall asleep and one of those signals is sure your room is as dark as possible before trying to get to sleep. Even a thin stream oflight coming in through your window can disrupt your pinealgland’s production of sleephormones and therefore disturb your sleep rhythms, so make sure your blinds are closed!
我们的身体依靠“睡眠信号”来入睡，其中一个信号就是黑暗。所以在睡觉前要确保房间光线尽可能暗。即便是透过玻璃窗射进来的一小束光线也可能会干扰人的松果体分泌睡眠荷尔蒙，从而干扰睡眠生物钟。因此要保证关上百叶窗!
7. Sugar before bedtime
睡前摄取糖分
Sugary snacks before bedtime are a really bad idea. The sugar can disrupt the chemicals inyour body causing you to wake up during the night. Limit all late night sweet treats – if you’rehungry go for a protein based snack instead.
睡前吃含糖的零食真的是个坏主意。糖会破坏人体体内的化学物质，导致人在夜间醒来。因此要控制晚间吃甜食的量，如果你饿了，去吃一些蛋白质为主的零食吧。
8. Alcohol before bedtime
睡前喝酒
Alcohol is a sedativeand therefore people get fooled into thinking it will help them get agood nights sleep. The reality is that it may initially induce sleep, however it usually drasticallyimpairs sleep during the second half of the night which leads to interrupted sleep patterns thatwill leave you feeling fatigued in the morning (not to mention the hangover!)
酒精有镇定作用，因此人们会误以为酒精能帮助睡眠。实际上酒精可能会在一开始促进人睡眠，但是它也常会在后半夜严重影响人的睡眠，打乱人的睡眠模式，让你在早上觉得很疲乏(更不用说还有宿醉了)。
9. TV in the bedroom
卧室里摆放电视
It can be easy to fall asleep on the couch in front of the TV. It’s important we don’t try andreplicatethis strategy in the bedroom though. The bedroom must only be associated withsleep. When you start to introduce mental stimulation such as a TV this can severely disruptyour sleep patterns.
坐在电视机前的沙发上很容易睡着，但重要的是我们不能在卧室里尝试这一 方法 。卧室应当只与睡眠有关，把电视机之类刺激神经的东西放进卧室会严重打乱你的睡眠模式。
10. Worrying about sleep
担心睡眠
If you’ve had a few bad nights sleep, then the worst thing you can do is worry too muchabout it. When we place too much focus on sleeping this can cause anxiety and only make theproblem worse. Try to go with the flow and let your body naturally get into a healthy sleeppattern.
当你几天都睡不好后，最糟糕的事情就是你还总是担心自己的睡眠。当我们把注意力过多放在睡眠上时，就会导致焦虑，而焦虑只会让睡眠问题变得更严重。试着顺其自然地让身体进入健康的睡眠模式吧。
医学科普文章英文版2
5个有害健康的常见生活习惯
Everyday health hazard 1: Lying
日常健康危害之1：撒谎
Whether you’re complimenting your best friend’s unflattering hairdo or “improvising”on thecost of your new designer shoes, we all tell the odd fibfrom time to time. However, accordingto research, those little white lies could be more harmful than you think. Lying can generatefeelings of stress which are damaging to your health, and a study by researchers at theUniversity of Notre Dame found that when people reduced the amount of lies they told theysuffered from less headaches, sore throats and anxiety.
无论你是在恭维你最好朋友那不讨喜的发型，或临时冲动购物买下最新名牌鞋，在这时候我们通常会撒一些古怪的小谎。但是最新的研究显示，即便是那些无害纯洁的小谎言也会带来意想不到的危害。撒谎会产生压力，而压力会损害你的健康。一项来自圣母大学的研究发现，当人们减少说谎话的次数时，他们就会减少头疼、咽喉疼痛和焦虑的患病次数。
Everyday health hazard 2: Eating at your desk
日常健康危害之2：办公桌上吃饭
If you’re having a busy day in work, it can be tempting to skip your lunch break and eat atyour desk. However, missing out on breaks is not only bad for your stress levels, eating whiledistracted may also mean you are more likely to overeat. Furthermore, spending your lunchhour at your desk can lengthen the time you are physically inactive and also expose you toharmful bacteria. According to a study by the University of Arizona, your work station containsnearly 400 times more germs than the average toilet seat, making it a less than ideal place fordining.
如果你工作忙绿，你的午餐休息时间可能没了，就不得不在办公桌上吃午饭。然而错过了休息不仅会让你感到压力紧张，而且心烦意乱的你在这时候吃饭会导致你进食过量。此外，在办公桌上吃饭，你的身体不活动的时间就会增加，还会让你暴露在有害的细菌环境中。亚利桑那大学的研究 报告 显示，办公环境细菌量是马桶座圈平均量的400倍，你还想在这样的地方进餐吗?
Everyday health hazard 3: Housework
日常健康危害之3：家务
Need an excuse to put your feet up? Well, good news: research suggests that leaving thehousework for another day could give your health a boost! Research results published in theJournal of Family Psychology revealed that doing housework when you get home from workprevents levels of cortisol (the stress hormone) from lowering and reduces recovery fromstress. However, stress levels for both men and women were lowered by housework beingcompleted – just so long as they weren’t the ones doing it. Look after your health by takingturns to do the housework with other members of your household if possible, and take timeout to relax afterwards.
想找个理由不做家务?那有好消息了：研究显示，人们把 家务活 留到第二天做，身体会更棒!《家庭心理学》刊登了这篇研究报告，报告结果显示，当你下班回家后做家务活，皮质醇(压力荷尔蒙)的释放会被抑制。皮质醇能降低压力，还能缩短受压后的恢复时间。但是当家务被完成后，男性和女性的压力水平都会降低——只要做家务的不仅仅只有他或她。可以的话，你可以和家人分担家务，这样能让自己保持健康，还有家务过后记得要抽时间休息啊。
Everyday health hazard 4: Using cash machines
日常健康危害之4：使用自动提款机
Withdrawing money from ATM machines is a common habit for most of us. However,cleanliness tests in Britain have revealed that cash machines are just as dirty as public toilets,and many of us are failing to wash our hands after using them. Experts assessed swabs fromthe key pads on cash machines and also from nearby public toilets and found that they bothcontained the same types of bacteria known to cause sickness. To look after your health, usean antibacterialhand gel once you have made your withdrawaland after handling money.
从自动提款机中提起现金是大多数人的日常习惯。然而一项英国的洁净测试显示，提款机和公厕一样脏，而且，大多数人在使用后都不会去洗手。专家们在自动提款机的键盘和附近的公厕中提取了样品，发现两者均含有同样致病菌。为了您的健康，请在提款和处理钱款后使用抗菌洗手液清洗。
Everyday health hazard 5: Cancelling plans
日常健康危害之5：取消计划
Find yourself frequently cancelling plans and bailing out on social events to have a bit oftime to yourself? Then it may be time to pay some attention to your social life. While a bit of‘me time’ is essential to good mental and physical health, too much time on your own canactually be bad for you. Research suggests that having strong social bonds promotes brainhealth, reduces feelings of depression and stress and encourages you to look after yourhealth. In fact, a study found that having few friends affects your longevityas much as smoking15 cigarettes a day.
发现自己频繁取消计划，还想摆脱社交活动，只为挤出属于自己的空闲时间?那么现在是时候在自己的社交生活中多多用心。拥有少量属于自己的时间，对于精神和身体方面是非常有益处的，但是太多属于自己的时间，反而有可能会害了你。研究显示，较强的社交联系有益于大脑的健康，同时能避免抑郁、降低压力，还能鼓励自己多关注自身的健康。事实上一项研究发现，没有朋友也会减少你的寿命，效果相当于1天抽15根烟。
医学科普文章英文版3
睡前玩iPad会影响睡眠质量
Using tablet computers like Apple’s iPad and Samsung’s Galaxy Note just before bed can lead toa poor night’s sleep, according to research.
More and more people are taking their tablets to bed with them to surf the web, checkFacebook or email before switching off the light.
But researchers are warning that the blueish light their screens emit can stop users getting agood night’s sleep.
That is because this type of light mimics daylight, convincing the brain that it is still daytime.
Blue light suppresses production of a brain chemical called melatonin, which helps us fall is because our brains have evolved to be wakeful during daylight hours.
By contrast, light which is more orange or red in tone does not suppress melatoninproduction, perhaps because our brains recognize it as a cue that the day is ending.
Neurologists have known for years that staring at screens late in the evening can disrupt sleep- be they television screens, computer screens or mobile phone screens.
However, because mobiles and tablets are by nature portable - not to say addictive - morepeople are taking them into the bedroom.
Users also tend to hold them much closer to their eyes than a computer or television screen.
Researchers at the Lighting Research Centre, at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in NewYork, are warning that looking at tablet displays for more than two hours “leads to asuppression of our natural melatonin levels as the devices emit optical radiation at shortwavelengths” - in other words, they emit bluer light.
They say: “Although turning off devices at night is the ultimate solution, it is recommendedthat if these devices are used at night displays are dimmed as much as possible and that thetime spent on them before bed should be limited.”
They drew their conclusions after measuring melatonin levels in 13 volunteers, after they hadspent time viewing iPads at full brightness at a distance of 10 inches, for two hours.
Melatonin levels were significantly lower after they had done this, than they were after thevolunteers had viewed their iPads for the same time, but while wearing orange glass goggles,which cut out the blue light.
They wrote in the journal Applied Ergonomics that tablet makers could "tune the spectral powerdistribution of self-luminous devices" so that they disrupted the sleep patterns of users less.
It is not just a good night’s sleep that could be jeopardized by too much late night screentime.
Researchers know that persistent disruption to sleep patterns can lead to an increased risk ofobesity, and even breast cancer.
However, these studies tend to be comparisons of those with chronic sleep disruption, suchas long term shift workers, with those who have normal sleep patterns.
我国药食同源的 历史 源远流长。《黄帝内经太素》中记载：“用之充饥则谓之食，以其疗病则谓之药”。我国最早的药学专著《神农本草经》中列为上品的大部分是日常食物，许多食物即是药物，它们之间并无绝对的分界线，性味多平和。药食同源的物质，本质为可食用中药材，因兼具药食两用性，一般食性强于药性，多为补益药，具有调养、康复、保健作用，历来以食疗、食补和药膳等形式应用于医疗保健中。 古代医学家将中药的“四性五味”理论运用到食物之中，认为每种食物也具有“四性”、“五味”，使用时也应遵循“因人、因时、因地制宜”的原则，同时注意食物和药物的配伍禁忌。 中医认为肥胖与先天体质及饮食失节、好静恶动、情志失调等多种因素有关。治疗上，在辨证施治的基础上，采用补虚泻实的原则，调整脏腑气血阴阳不足，结合行气化痰、利水、消导通腑、化瘀等方法综合治疗。日常生活中，我们可以选用具有药食同源的中药进行预防与治疗。 一、昆布 性味咸寒，归入肝、胃、肾经。 功效：软坚散结、消痰利水。 “下气，久服瘦人。” ——《食疗本草》 含昆布素，为多糖类，有消除血脂的作用。其所含多种矿物质、微量元素等 ，能减少人体摄入动物脂肪在心脏、血管、肠壁上沉积。 二、海藻 性味苦咸寒，归入肝、胃、肾经。 功效：消痰软坚、利水。 “瘦人，不可服之。” ——《食疗本草》 有降低血脂的作用。海藻所含的藻胶酸与等分子的苯丙胺制成的合剂，是一种食欲抑制剂，能减轻肥胖。 三、赤小豆 性味甘酸而平，入脾、心、小肠经。 功效：利尿消肿、解毒。 “久食瘦人。” ——《食疗本草》 “性逐津液，久食令人枯燥。”——陶弘景 含有石碱酸，可加快肠胃蠕动，促进排尿、消除水肿。对伴有水肿的肥胖患者效果尤好。 四、荷叶 性味甘涩平，入脾经。 功效：清暑化湿、升发清阳。 “荷叶服之，令人瘦劣。” ——《本草纲目》 可用鲜荷叶煮粥，或煎汤代茶饮。尤其适用于夏季减肥，或用于肥胖患者脾虚湿阻化热症和胃热湿阻。 荷叶碱能有效分解体内的脂肪，并排出体外。荷叶碱能密布在人体肠壁上，形成一层脂肪隔离膜，阻止脂肪吸收，防止脂肪堆积。 五、冬瓜 味甘淡而性寒。 功效：利尿消痰、清热解毒。 “煮食之，能炼五脏精细，欲得肥者，勿食之，为下气。欲瘦小轻健者，食之甚健人。” ——《食疗本草》 含有丙醇二酸，这种物质能够有效的抑制糖类转化成脂肪，冬瓜中的膳食纤维含量很高，可降低体内胆固醇，防止动脉粥样硬化。 六、山楂 性味酸甘微温，入脾、胃、肝经。 功效：消食化积，行气散瘀。 “化饮食，消肉积。” ——《本草纲目》 山楂可以让脂肪快速地分解消耗，可促进身体内脂肪类食物的消化。 本文作者：中国中医科学院广安门医院内分泌科 主任医师 白煜 内分泌科“肥胖及代谢综合征”专家出诊表 注： 1.“专题门诊”需挂“专题号”就诊； 2. “专题门诊”由主治及以上职称医师轮流出诊。
1、中医对气血的解释
明代《景岳全书.血证》说：“人有阴阳，即为血气。阳主气，故气全则神旺；阴主血，故血盛则形强。人生所赖，唯斯而已。”
中医认为，气和血是维持人体生命活动的主要物质，关系着脏腑机能的运行和身体的 健康 。人体的生命活动就是气的升降出入的运动，气由肾中的精气、脾胃吸收运化食物之气和肺吸入的清气共同结合而成，具有推动、温煦、防御、固摄和气化等功能。
而血的生成则以营气、肾精、津液作为物质基础，血对机体有濡养及化神(精神活动)作用，机体任何部位缺少血液的濡养，都会影响其正常机能，造成功能紊乱及组织损伤，严重还能危及生命。
气为血之帅，对血具有推动、温煦、化生统摄等作用，血为气之母，对气具有濡养和运载等作用，气血充盈，气机调畅，则百病不生，如果气血亏虚，内脏经脉得不到濡养，可导致脏腑功能减退，生理机能衰退，长久得不到改善则导致百病丛生。
2、什么是阳虚体质
阳虚是指身体脏腑功能活力不足，生理机能衰弱，温煦功能减退，代谢活动减退的病理现象。多是由于先天不足、或房事不节、精神情绪失调、饮食生活不规律、久病不愈、手术之后等原因引起的。
中医认为，阳气有温暖肢体和脏腑的作用，如果阳虚则机体功能减退，容易出现畏寒怕冷，手脚冰凉、面色苍白、消化不良、大便溏薄、小便清长、脉沉微无力等，阳虚长久得不到改善还可导致阳痿早泄，性欲衰退或者流产，不孕不育等疾病。阳虚型体质者一般可通过“温阳暖肾补气”来调理改善身体。
3、什么是血瘀体质
中医认为，离开经脉的血不能及时消散而且瘀滞于某一处，或者血流不畅，运行受阻，郁积于经脉或器官内呈凝滞状态，就是血瘀。多是由于气虚运血无力，或者气行不畅，而引起血液的运行瘀滞，常见于精神情绪失调、寒冷侵袭、年老体虚、久病未愈、跌打损伤等原因引起的。
血瘀容易出现面色晦黯、皮肤粗糙、脸上长斑、口唇黯淡、发质差、脱发、身体疼痛、月经不调，月经淤血、痛经、闭经等。
长久得不到改善还可导致多种疾病。如冠心病、脑血栓、脑卒中等心脑血管疾病。血瘀型体质者一般可通过“行气活血化瘀”来调理改善身体。
4、寒邪对女性 健康 的影响
中医认为，月经以血为本，以气为用，气虚血亏，寒邪很容易乘虚而入，寒冷容易引起气血凝滞，所以血流运行受阻不畅，经血就不能及时排出，瘀阻在胞宫（子宫），所谓“淤则堵,堵则不通,不通则痛”，所以会引起痛经、月经淤血、月经量少甚至闭经等症状，通过暖宫祛寒，温经止痛，可以使寒凝消散，淤堵化开，气血畅通，女性的宫寒痛经淤血等情况自然也就得到缓解。
5、中医对女性月经的解释
《黄帝内经》：“二七，天葵至，任脉通，太冲脉盛，月事以时下，故有子”
中医认为，女子以血为本，血是妇女月经、怀孕、哺乳的基础；当女性到了青春期，气血充足时，冲脉的气带动任脉的血运行，于是开始有月经，具有生育能力了。如果女子没有怀孕，气血就会向下走变成月经，怀孕的时候，气血就会提供营养濡养胎儿，女性生产后，气血就会上行变成乳汁分泌出来。
而月经的多少是取决于人体气血盈亏和脏腑平衡的状况。在更年期之前，如果体质强壮，经期三至七天属正常情况，第一天和最后一天量稍少些，中间正常经量，最后结束时比较干净，不会出现淋漓不尽的情况。
若经期时间过短，经量过少，则说明气血亏虚，可能存在卵巢早衰情况，如果经期过长，经量过多，则说明可能存在气虚血热，或子宫、卵巢等生殖系统疾病。
6、中医和西医对疾病的概念解释
疾病是一个极其复杂的概念！
西医认为，在大多情况下，人体的形态、功能偏离了均值范围，过高或过低，导致“不正常”，就属于疾病。
中医认为，机体受到某些外来因素或内在因素的扰动，使其原来的平衡状态受到破坏，进而偏离了原来保持的动态调节范围，这就属于疾病。
以中国工程院张伯礼院士对这次上海疫情的分析为例：这次上海疫情出现了众多无症状感染者，所谓“无症状”是因为他们的症状表现没有偏离正常人的均值范围，所以是“无症状”。
但有些无症状感染者，出现了倦怠无力、舌苔腻、脘腹胀满等中医证候表现，这说明了他们机体的平衡状态其实是被打破了的，这让他们很容易发展为患者，甚至重症患者。 中医的优势就在于能更早发现并干预这种情况，防止病情恶化。
气血不足（insufficiency of qi and blood）即中医学中的气虚和血虚。气血不足的结果会导致脏腑功能的减退，引起早衰。气虚即脏腑功能衰退抗病能力差，表现为畏寒肢冷、自汗、头晕耳鸣、精神萎靡、疲倦无力、心悸气短、发育迟缓。血虚可见面色无华萎黄、皮肤干燥、毛发枯萎、指甲干裂、视物昏花、手足麻木、失眠多梦、健忘心悸、精神恍惚。气血不足属气血同病。气血亏虚则会形体失养，以神疲乏力、气短懒言、面色淡白或萎黄、头晕目眩、唇甲色淡、心悸失眠、舌淡脉弱等为常见证候。外文名insufficiency of qi and blood就诊科室中医科常见病因气虚则血少、久病伤气耗血，而致气血双亏常见症状畏寒肢冷、自汗、头晕耳鸣、疲倦无力、心悸等专家解读专家图片血虚如何调理血虚是指血液生成不足或血的濡养功能减退的一种病理状态。科普中国致力于权威的科学传播本词条认证专家为贡献者头像顾军丨副主任中医师南通市肿瘤医院 中医科 审核贡献者头像郎娜丨副主任医师中国中医科学院西苑医院 皮肤科 审核疾病概况科普文章 (2)目录1 病因病机2 临床表现3 诊断4 辨证施治5 其他疗法6 运动与养生基本信息外文名insufficiency of qi and blood就诊科室中医科常见病因气虚则血少、久病伤气耗血，而致气血双亏常见症状畏寒肢冷、自汗、头晕耳鸣、疲倦无力、心悸等病因病机 语音气血为维护机体正常功能之物质基础，气可以推动血液运行，血可以运载气，气血相互滋生，气虚则血少、血少则气虚。久病伤气耗血，而致气血双亏。临床表现 语音气血不足，体质虚弱，气虚则畏寒肢冷、自汗、头晕耳鸣、疲倦无力、心悸气短、发育迟缓。血虚可见面色无华萎黄、皮肤干燥、毛发枯萎、指甲干裂、视物昏花、手足麻木、失眠多梦、健忘心悸、精神恍惚。气血不足则神疲乏力、气短懒言、面色淡白或萎黄、头晕目眩、唇甲色淡、心悸失眠、女性月经量少、延期或闭经，舌淡脉弱。诊断 语音气血双亏之主证：面色萎黄少华，少气懒言，倦怠乏力，头晕目眩，心悸少寐，食少纳呆，舌质淡白，脉濡细。1.眼睛看眼睛的色泽和清澈度，眼白的颜色变得浑浊、发黄，有血丝，表明气血不足。2.皮肤皮肤白里透着粉红，有光泽、弹性、无皱纹、无斑，代表肺的气血充足。皮肤粗糙，没光泽，发暗、发黄、发白、发青、发红、长斑，表明身体状况不佳、气血不足。3.头发头发的生长速度跟肝血相关，如果肝血不足，头发长得慢、头发干枯掉发，头发发黄、发白、开叉，表明气血不足，肝血肾气衰落。4.牙龈牙龈与胃肠相关，牙龈萎缩代表气血不足。5.指甲手指上没有半月形或只有大拇指上有半月形，指甲上出现纵纹，说明体内寒气重、气血两亏，出现透支，是肌体衰老的象征。6.手指手指指腹饱满，肉多有弹性，说明气血充足；手指指腹扁平、薄弱或指尖细细的，则代表气血不足。7.睡眠入睡快、睡眠沉，呼吸均匀，一觉睡到自然醒，说明气血足；入睡困难，易惊易醒，夜尿多，呼吸深重或打呼噜，表明气血亏虚。8.运动运动时出现胸闷、气短、疲劳难以恢复的状态，则表明气血不足。9.手的温度气血充足手是温暖的；如果手心偏热或者出汗或者手冷，都是气血不足的表现。辨证施治 语音证型：气血双亏。证候：面色苍白或萎黄少华，少气懒言，倦怠乏力，头晕目眩，心悸怔忡少寐，食少纳呆，舌质淡白，脉濡细或虚大无力。。治则：补气养血。主方：八珍汤加减。方药：熟地、当归、白芍、川芎、党参、白术、茯苓、甘草。气虚重者加黄芪；血虚重者加熟地、首乌；心悸不寐者加远志、炒枣仁；大便稀薄者加扁豆、肉豆蔻；若有水肿者加桂枝、补骨脂。其他疗法 语音1.经络疗法经常做头部、面部、脚部保健按摩疏通经络、活动血脉，并坚持艾灸关元、气海、足三里、三阴交等重要穴位，对调理气血不足、延缓衰老有积极的作用。2.食疗（1）气虚 ①补益食品：牛肉、羊肉、枸杞、鸡肉、猪肉、糯米、大豆、白扁豆、大枣、鲫鱼、鲤鱼、鹌鹑、黄鳝、虾、蘑菇等。②补益膳食：山药百合莲子汤；参药煨乳鸽；五 香牛肉；花生大枣烧猪蹄。③忌食少食：荞麦、柚子、柑、金橘、金橘饼、橙子、荸荠、生萝卜、地骷髅、芥菜、薤白、君达菜、砂仁、菊花、茶叶、山楂、佛手、柑、槟榔、大蒜、苤蓝、萝卜缨、芫荽（香菜）、芜菁（大头菜）、胡椒、荜拨、紫苏叶、薄荷、荷叶。忌烟酒。（2）血虚 ①补益食品：乌骨鸡、黑芝麻、胡桃肉、龙眼肉、鸡肉、猪血、猪肝、红糖、赤豆等。②补益膳食：当归熟地乌骨鸡；山药牛腩煲；怀菊带鱼；玫瑰怀菊露。③忌食少食：海藻、草豆蔻、荷叶、白酒、薄荷、菊花、槟榔、生萝卜、荸荠、大蒜等。