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外贸函电写作原则文献综述 （第一稿）
建议写第四个题目，这种战略性研究论文，只需要将一些国际形势做做分析，然后再以具体的案例来辅助说明，基本上就能够写出一篇比较好的学术论文，一般要求5000字数应该是中文核心级别的论文吧，要不然就是CSCD，建议你百度下：普刊学术中心，很多关于论文的写作教程。如果你想发EI级别的文章，也可以百度下：EI学术会议中心，专门做EI会议论文的
This is an english writing howto I copied from somewhere (name withheld) some time ago. hopefully you'll find it helpful too. 日常要处理许多信件电邮,因而运用英语上不得不留神,以下有一些个人意见,也参考了一些书本,希望大家有所得益。 外贸函电写作技巧之一 A. 文法上 1. 切忌主客不分或模糊. 例子: Deciding to rescind the earlier estimate, our report was updated to include $40,000 for new equipment.” 应改为 Deciding to rescind our earlier estimate, we have updated our report to include $40,000 for new equipment. (We决定呀, 不是report.) 2.句子不要凌碎. 例子: He decided not to audit the last ten contracts. Because of our previous objections about compliance. 应该连在一起. 3.结构对称,令人容易理解. 例子: The owner questioned the occupant's lease intentions and the fact that the contract had been altered with ink markings. 应改为: The owner questioned the occupant's lease intentions and ink alterations of the contract. 4.单众数不要搞乱,不然会好刺眼,看不舒服. 例如: An authorized person must show that they have security clearance. 5.动词主词要呼应. 想想这两个分别: is one of the public-relations functions that is underbudgeted. 2. This is one of the public-relations functions, which are underbudgeted. 6.时态和语气不要转变太多.看商务英语已经是苦事,不要浪费人家的精力啊. 7.标点要准确. 例如: He did not make repairs, however, he continued to monitor the equipment. 改为: He did not make repairs; however, he continued to monitor the equipment. 8.选词正确. 好像affect和effect, operative和operational等等就要弄清楚才好用啦. 9.拼字正确. 有电脑拼字检查功能后,就更加不能偷懒. 10.大小写要注意.非必要不要整个字都是大写,除非要骂人,:,例如: MUST change to OS immediately. 外国人就觉得不礼貌和喝令人一样. 要强调的话,用底线,斜字,粗体就可以了. 外贸函电写作技巧之二 B. 文体 1.可读性.对象是大学程度的话,用高中的英文就行,不要以为人人都是语言大师.多用短句(15-20字吧), 技术性的字,就更加要简单易明. 2.注意段落的开头.一般来说,重要或强调的事情都放在信件或段落的开头,而句子就放在最尾. 例如: he was unable to attend the meeting personally, he forwarded his congratulations on cassette tape. forwarded his congratulations on cassette tape because he was unable to attend the meeting personally. 两者强调的事情就有分别了. 3.轻重有分. 同等重要的用and来连接,较轻放在次要的句子里. 4.意思转接词要留神. 例如: but (相反), therefore (结论), also (增添), for example (阐明). 分不清furthermore和moreover就不要用啦. 5.句子开头不要含糊不清的主词. 例子: These decisions have been a big disappointment to the committee members. They have delayed further action. They是指什么呀????开头少用this, that, it, they, 或 which. 6.修饰词的位置要小心,例如: He could only reimburse the cost after July 15. 应为 He could reimburse the cost only after July 15. 7.用语要肯定准确.切忌含糊. 例如:The figures show a significant increase.” 怎样significant呀,大哥? 改为: The figures show an increase of 19%. 8.立场观点一致. 少用被动语. 例如: Partial data should be submitted by April. 改为: You should submit partial data by April.就很好了. 外贸函电写作技巧之三 C. 格调 1.式样和句子长度不要太单调. 千篇一律的subject-verb-object会闷死人的.有时短句跟着长句可以化解一下. 2.弱软的词(. was, were, is, are...)可以加强一点. 例如: Prunton products are highly effective in ... 改为: Prunton products excel in ...就有力很多了. 3.亲切,口语化是比较受欢迎! 用宾词和主动的词,让人家受落. 例如: 1. This information will be sincerely appreciated.” 2. We sincerely appreciate your information. 明显地,我们会喜欢第2句. 外贸函电写作技巧之四 D. 写信提示 1.人家的名字千万不要错.老一辈的看到名字错就干脆撵去垃圾桶. 同样, 头衔都不要错. 头衔或学位,任择其一吧.以下是一样的: Howard E. Wyatt, . Dr. Howard E. Hyatt 2.多过一个男人,用Messrs,就是Misters的意思,不过不要跟名字,跟姓就行啦.例如: Messrs. Smith, Wyatt, and Fury 女人呢? 用Mesdames, Mmes., or Mses. 同样不要跟名字. 例子: Mses. Farb, Lionel, and Gray 男女一齐呢? 弄清楚称呼就行.例如: Dr. and Mrs. Harold Wright Mr. Harold Wright and Dr. Margaret Wright Mr. and Mrs. Harvey Adams-Quinn 3.有人有自己头衔就要跟紧,例如有人有荣誉学位就不喜欢用一般的头衔啊~有时大头不知道对方头衔,干脆用Ms.算了. Ms. Sarah Gray 4.地址要低日期至少两行.处名时,职衔短可以一行过,长就下一行吧.例如: Ken Green, President Ken Green Vice President of International Operations 但这个就显得有点。。。: Ken Green Vice President of Unicom China 正确应为: Ken Green Vice President, Unicom China 5.老外的名字有时有Jr. 或 Sr.,之前的逗点是随你喜欢的,以下都是正确,不要笑人: Michael J. Smith, Jr. Michael J. Smith Sr. 6.外国国名尽量用大写.是为尊重,也方便邮差叔叔. 7.地址上的数字直接用阿拉伯数字吧,除了One,例子: 127 Ninth Avenue, North 127 E. 15 Street 5 Park Avenue One Wingren Plaza 556 - 91 Street 外贸函电写作技巧之五 书信的结尾致意要留意,弄清大家的关系才选择用词,例子: 1. Very formal非常正规的(例如给政府大老爷的) Respectfully yours, Yours respectfully, 2. formal正规的(例如客户公司之间啦) Very truly yours, Yours very truly, Yours truly, 3. Less formal不太正规的(例如客户) Sincerely yours, Yours sincerely, Sincerely, Cordially yours, Yours cordially, Cordially, 4. Informal非正规的(例如猪朋狗友,同事之类) Regards, Warm regards, With kindest regards, With my best regards, My best, Give my best to Mary, Fondly, Thanks, See you next week! 有时在we, I, and you之间选择是很烦的事-- 如果是公司代表联络生意之类,可以用: We will reimburse you for these legal expenses. Sinopec will reimburse you for these legal expenses. 如果单纯说你自己,可以用: I found the brochure very informative. 有时可以一起用啦...: We are pleased to offer you the position of sales director, and I am looking forward to our Tuesday morning meeting. 那么I和you呢?好烦好烦.一般来说,收信人的利益比较重要,名义上都要这样想.给人尊重的语气就一般不会错了. 多用you有时会有隔阂的感觉. You will be pleased to learn that you have been selected to serve on our advisory board. Your prompt response will be appreciated. (好像欠你一样) I'm pleased that our board has selected you as the best qualified candidate to serve on our advisory board. I hope you'll agree to serve. (这就友善多了) Your book was well written and comprehensive. (不用你来判断我呀~~) I thoroughly enjoyed your book and found an answer to every one of my questions about performance appraisals. (客气一点,人家受落) 总之,语气和宾词的运用得当能决定你的礼貌程度. 外贸函电写作技巧之六 开头致意 用人家的名字总好过人家的头衔称呼. 如果没有名字,或者是好正规信的信件,可以考虑这些: Dear Committee Membe:r: Dear Meeting Planner: Dear Colleagues: To All Sales Reps: To Whom It May Concern: Dear Sir or Madam: Dear Madam or Sir: Dear Purchasing Agent: 如果是公司呢? Gentlemen or Ladies: Ladies or Gentlemen: 什么怪事都有,如果那公司是全男班或全女班呢? Dear Sirs: Dear Ladies: Dear Mesdames: Gentlemen: Ladies: 有时见到人家用冒号就说人家错,其实也未必啊,看: Dear Mr. Jones: (非常正规) Dear Joan: Dear Jim, Jim, (非正规) 外贸函电写作技巧之七 签名 用笔亲自签名会比较受落,免到过都不要电脑贴图或盖章啦....不要把Mr., Ms., Mrs., Dr.之类一起签,人家会笑你的... 签名也看信件的语气.给朋友或公司客户,签Bill也可以,给陌生人就最好用Gates或者Bill Gates
写作商务信函并不要求您使用华丽优美的词句。所有您需要做的就是，用简单朴实的语言，准确的表达自己的意思，让对方可以非常清楚的了解您想说什么。围绕这一点，我们总结了几方面的内容，希望对您写作商务信函有借鉴作用。 1、口语化 每一封信函的往来，都是您跟收信人彼此之间的一次交流。人都是感性的，所以您需要在您的信函里体现感性的一面。然而很多人都有一种误解，以为写作商务信函就应该用一种特殊的“生意腔”，于是把一封本来应该是热情而友好的信函写得呆板而死气沉沉。他们宁愿写“Your letter has been received”，“Your complaint is being looked into”而不是“I have received your letter”或者“We are looking into your complaint”。其实我们简单的来理解一下，每次信函的往来不就是跟对方进行了一次交谈吗？只不过是把交谈的内容写到了纸上而已。多用一些简单明了的语句，用我/我们做主语，这样才能让我们的信函读起来热情，友好，就象两个朋友之间的谈话那样简单，自然，人性化。 2、语气语调 由于您写的信函都是有其目的性的，所以您信函里所采用的语气语调也应该符合您的目的。在写之前先不妨仔细考虑一下，您写这封信函是想达到一个什么样的目的，您希望对收信人产生一种怎样的影响呢？是歉意的，劝说性的，还是坚决的，要求性的。这完全可以通过信函中的语气语调来表现。 3、礼貌 我们这里所说的礼貌，并不是简单用一些礼貌用语比如your kind inquiry, your esteemed order等就可以的。而是要体现一种为他人考虑，多体谅对方心情和处境的态度。如果本着这样的态度去跟别人交流，那么就算您这次拒绝了对方的要求，也不会因此失去这个朋友，不会影响今后合作的机会。 特别要注意，当双方观点不能统一时，我们首先要理解并尊重对方的观点。如果对方的建议不合理或者对您的指责不公平时，请表现一下您的高姿态，您可以据理力争，说明您的观点，但注意要讲究礼节礼貌，避免用冒犯性的语言。 还要提醒一点，中国人有句话叫做“过犹不及”。任何事情，一旦过了头，效果反而不好。礼貌过了头，可能会变成阿谀奉承，真诚过了头，也会变成天真幼稚。所以最关键的还是要把握好“度”，才能达到预期的效果。 4、简洁 就象前面提到的，要用简洁朴实的语言来写信函，让您的信函读起来简单，清楚，容易理解。用常见的单词，避免生僻或者拼写复杂的单词。一个单词可以表达，就不要用词组。多用短句，因为短句更容易理解。少用“and”，“but”，“however”，“consequently”这些让句子变得冗长的连词。在同一封信函里，不要使用多个相同含义的单词。比如，您前面写了“goods have been sent”，那后面再提到这件事时就不要再用其他单词如“forward”“dispatch”等。因为这样写会误导您的读者无谓地去考虑这些词之间是否另有含义。 5、回复迅速及时 给买家的回复，千万要迅速及时。因为买家通常只看最先收到的几封回复，从中去选择合适的供应商。如果您的回复不够及时，就可能因为抢不到先机而失去商机。 6、标题 这一点是特别针对写电子邮件的。也许很多人都没有意识到，事实上，E-mail的标题是很重要的一个部分，您的邮件给对方的第一个印象就是通过标题来完成的。如果标题没有内容，看起来象群发的垃圾邮件的话，很多买家就会直接删除。比如这样的标题“How are you?” ，“Can we work together?”，建议您改成“Proposal: Bright Ideas Imports--Zhejiang Textile’s Partnership Opportunity”或者“Introduction: Our Product Offerings for Bright Ideas Imports.”这样您的邮件会显得更加专业。 7、精确 当涉及到数据或者具体的信息时，比如时间，地点，价格，货号等等，尽可能做到精确。这样会使交流的内容更加清楚，更有助于加快事务的进程。 8、针对性 请在邮件中写上对方公司的名称，或者在信头直接称呼收件人的名字。这样会让对方知道这封邮件是专门给他的，而不是那种群发的通函，从而表示对此的重视。当然，如果您无法确定收信人的名字，那就在称呼一栏里写“Dear Sirs” or “Dear Sir or Madam”。
总是不时接待网友的访问，先提供一个大纲和部分实例，其他在你写的过程中慢慢商讨。题目：The Application of the Courtesy in Buisiness Letters大纲General outline正文A. The importance to use polite ways in a buisiness letter (略)B. the suitable formet of a letter helps to impress the other side . A normative headline tells him how you are thinking highly of the deal between 正式信函在信端的有上角应该有印刷精美的name、address、tel、email、fax。西方国家中有些心头甚至还印有单位负责人和职称，各式美观，颜色艳丽，字体大小搭配适当，给人以美的感受。信端的目的是让人受到信函后对发文地点、时间和联系方式一目了然，便于复函和查阅。信端的格式有两种：并列式： 斜列式： __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ ____________ 2. A set of decent stationery and envelope 3. sultation (称呼用语) Your Excellency，your Excellency Respected 阁下. 后面可以加上头衔chairman, manager 或姓氏：XX 阁下 Your Majaexty … XX陛下 Your Highness … XX 殿下4. D. Body （正文）5. 签名 （Dignature）6. Introductive address C. 开头结尾常用语I am writing to ask if you can do me a favor to do ... 写信给您求您帮忙做......I hear that you are doing ... 听说您正......I am writing to you to ask about the meeting to be held next month. 写信给您大听一下下月会议事宜。Your letter came to me this morning. 大函今晨收悉。In replying to your letter about the ..., let me tell you that ... 关于......事宜，兹答复如下。I have received your letter of the ... inst. 本月X日已经收悉。I beg to notify (imform) you that ... 兹通知......I am glad to tell you that ... 我很高兴地告知您......Very many thanks for your kind letter. 非常感谢您的来信。Thank you very much for your letter dated ... X 日来信收到，甚为感谢。I feel very much complimented by your kind letter which arrived yesterday. 昨日收到大函甚感欣慰。I am in receipt of your kind note. 来函收悉。With great delight I learn that ... 欣闻......I was shocked to learn that ... 惊悉......I hope this letter reaches you in ... 希望您能在X 地收到此信。Please forgive me for not having replied to you earlier. 未及时回信敬请原谅。It is already a week since we saw each other last time. 上次见面至今已有一周时间。I am just writing a few lines to introduce XXX, whom, I think, you might like to meet. 兹介绍XXX，谨盼期会。I am very much obliged to you for your warm congratuations. 承蒙热情祝贺，万分感谢。Your favor of the X inst. has come to hand, and its contents have been duly noted. 本月X日来信收到，悉闻有关事宜。Not having heard of you for long, I feel anxious about you. 久未通信，甚感挂念。I beg a thousand pardons for not having written to you for greeting. 久未问候。歉甚歉甚。I am deeply sorry for negecting to reply more promptly to your favor of ... X日大函奉读，迟复为歉。First of all I must thank you for your kindness to me and for your compliments. 首先感谢您对我的友爱和问候。结尾用语With kindest loving regards. 顺致问候With very many thanks. 多谢！With fondest (best) love! 祝好！With many apologies for troubling you with this matter. 麻烦之处，深表歉意。Give my best wishes to ... 请向XX致意。XX joines me in love to you. XX附笔问好。XX asks also to add best wishes to mine. XX附笔致意。Much love to you and your family. 谨祝您及阖家安好。With my sincere sympathy and condolences. 特表同情和悼念。Please remember me to ... 带我向XX问好。All my best wishes for the future. 知您万事如意。Wish you every success in your future. 祝您马到成功。With the season's greetings. 谨致节日问候。Trusting to be favored with your generous reponse to our appeal. 望能惠于答复。Kindly favor us with a reply at your earlist convenience. 盼能早日赐复。Thank you for an early answer. 早日赐复，感激之至。Thank you in acvance for your kindess in granting my application. 承蒙俯允所请，特此敬谢I trust that my request will meet your favourable consideration and assure you of my cordial thanks. 望体谅我的请求，谨致崇高敬意For any other oarticulars please be sure to write to us again. 欲知其他详情，请再来函询问D. 商务函电常用语气语态分析。 1. 陈述语气2. 感叹语气3. 感叹语气4. .祈使语气5. 被动语态：淡化行为者，突出具体业务。6. 虚拟语气：起到委婉效果。E. 结尾
我是商务英语专业毕业生，这是我们学校给我选题，你可以参考下： 商务英语专业毕业论文选题参考 1、论商务英语与文化的关系 2、试论BodyLanguage在商务谈判中的作用 3、论商务英语广告语言的特征与表达 4、试论普通英语与商务英语的差异 5、论文化因素对商务活动的作用 6、浅谈外贸函电的写作特点 7、论商务面试中的注意事项 8、浅谈商务英语口语的学习方法 9、商务英语口语学习状况调查 10、英语口语在商务领域中的应用 11、国际贸易中英语的作用 12、浅议商务英语的特点 13、谈外贸口语的特点及在实际中的应用 14、商务英语学习中的文化习得 15、如何把英语语言和专业知识结合到实际工作当中 16、不同文化中的非言语行为 17、商务英语和普通英语的比较 18、试论中西文化习惯在商务谈判中的作用 19、文化差异对国际商务谈判的影响 20、商务英语专业的学生应具备的素质 21、商务英语翻译中的不对等性 22、试论自主学习对学习商务英语的帮助 23、论撰写商务信函的礼貌原则 24、论英语课外活动的开展 26、如何翻译好日常商务文书 27、商务谈判中应注意的若干问题28、跨国企业电子商务专项分析29、全球经济一体化企业市场营销行为、策略研究30、商务英语交流的文化差异性 31、英语口语或语法在商务领域中的应用32、国际贸易实务中专项问题研究33、某企业国际商务案例研究 34、商务英语在中国加入WTO后的新趋势 35、中英文在生活习语中的差异 36、论英汉翻译中的外来词译法 37、中英文化的背景差异 38、习语的翻译 39、色彩文化中西语义比较 40、中国语言结构与英语语言结构的对比 41、商务谈判中英语的作用 42、商务谈判中应掌握的相关知识 43、影响消费者购买决策的因素分析 44、对×××地区的商务行为中英语应用情况的调查报告 45、中外商人之间的语言交流特点 46、非语言交际的身势语在商务谈判中的应用 47、跨文化交际中的中西文化冲突 48、在跨文化交际中商务行为所呈现的独特性 49、电子商务环境下顾客忠诚度的培养 50、英语语法在商务领域中的应用 51、商务英语翻译中的技巧 52、中外商业广告对比研究 53、外贸函电翻译的用词技巧 54、外贸函电的语言特点分析 55、×××合资/外贸企业国际贸易情况分析 56、商务英语缩略语分析 57、商务沟通能力的培养与提高 58、电子商务对消费者的影响 59、商务英语信函的翻译/写作原则 60、礼貌用语的文化差异 61、论文化因素对英汉翻译的影响 62、英语学习中的汉语干扰问题 63、商标名称的反义与策略 64、社会文化迁移对中国式英语的影响 65、浅谈×××市外贸企业的困境与处理 66、影响长句翻译的因素 67、商务礼仪促进交际成功 68、浅谈商务英语的文体风格 69、报刊/新闻商务英语的特点 70、国际商务谈判中的语言交际技巧 71、礼貌原则下的商务英语函电写作 72、商务英语阅读的学习策略 73、电子商务对国际贸易的影响及对策 74、入世对国有企业外贸公司的影响及其对策研究 75、商务英语写作中的语气使用 76、商务装束礼仪与禁忌 77、在英语学习中培养文化一时的重要性 78、世界经济一体化对我国对外贸易的影响 79、电子商务为我国对外贸易企业带来的商机与挑战 80、浅谈阅读科技英语的技巧
学术堂整理十五个经贸英语专业毕业论文题目，大家可以经常参考：1、经济全球化背景下竞争法、产业法与反倾销法的冲突与协调2、国际文化产业的非均衡竞争与中国的竞争方略3、中国的对外贸易环境与政策变化4、迎接宏观与微观上的时代变局5、建筑企业如何应对技术壁垒6、加速标准信息化管理增强企业风险防范能力7、电子商务环境下新型国际贸易交易结构的确定8、欧盟优惠性原产地规则调整与中国出口战略应对9、我国纺织品出口的比较优势与竞争优势10、经济全球化下我国加快发展国际保理的探讨11、中小企业国际市场营销策略探析12、日本对华投资与中日贸易的发展13、后配额时代我国纺织品出口面临的难题及对策14、电子商务的应用及对企业的影响15、商业信息的特点与搜集方法
毕业论文建议多找一些资料来多参考下。
This is an english writing howto I copied from somewhere (name withheld) some time ago. hopefully you'll find it helpful too. 日常要处理许多信件电邮,因而运用英语上不得不留神,以下有一些个人意见,也参考了一些书本,希望大家有所得益。 外贸函电写作技巧之一 A. 文法上 1. 切忌主客不分或模糊. 例子: Deciding to rescind the earlier estimate, our report was updated to include $40,000 for new equipment.” 应改为 Deciding to rescind our earlier estimate, we have updated our report to include $40,000 for new equipment. (We决定呀, 不是report.) 2.句子不要凌碎. 例子: He decided not to audit the last ten contracts. Because of our previous objections about compliance. 应该连在一起. 3.结构对称,令人容易理解. 例子: The owner questioned the occupant's lease intentions and the fact that the contract had been altered with ink markings. 应改为: The owner questioned the occupant's lease intentions and ink alterations of the contract. 4.单众数不要搞乱,不然会好刺眼,看不舒服. 例如: An authorized person must show that they have security clearance. 5.动词主词要呼应. 想想这两个分别: is one of the public-relations functions that is underbudgeted. 2. This is one of the public-relations functions, which are underbudgeted. 6.时态和语气不要转变太多.看商务英语已经是苦事,不要浪费人家的精力啊. 7.标点要准确. 例如: He did not make repairs, however, he continued to monitor the equipment. 改为: He did not make repairs; however, he continued to monitor the equipment. 8.选词正确. 好像affect和effect, operative和operational等等就要弄清楚才好用啦. 9.拼字正确. 有电脑拼字检查功能后,就更加不能偷懒. 10.大小写要注意.非必要不要整个字都是大写,除非要骂人,:,例如: MUST change to OS immediately. 外国人就觉得不礼貌和喝令人一样. 要强调的话,用底线,斜字,粗体就可以了. 外贸函电写作技巧之二 B. 文体 1.可读性.对象是大学程度的话,用高中的英文就行,不要以为人人都是语言大师.多用短句(15-20字吧), 技术性的字,就更加要简单易明. 2.注意段落的开头.一般来说,重要或强调的事情都放在信件或段落的开头,而句子就放在最尾. 例如: he was unable to attend the meeting personally, he forwarded his congratulations on cassette tape. forwarded his congratulations on cassette tape because he was unable to attend the meeting personally. 两者强调的事情就有分别了. 3.轻重有分. 同等重要的用and来连接,较轻放在次要的句子里. 4.意思转接词要留神. 例如: but (相反), therefore (结论), also (增添), for example (阐明). 分不清furthermore和moreover就不要用啦. 5.句子开头不要含糊不清的主词. 例子: These decisions have been a big disappointment to the committee members. They have delayed further action. They是指什么呀????开头少用this, that, it, they, 或 which. 6.修饰词的位置要小心,例如: He could only reimburse the cost after July 15. 应为 He could reimburse the cost only after July 15. 7.用语要肯定准确.切忌含糊. 例如:The figures show a significant increase.” 怎样significant呀,大哥? 改为: The figures show an increase of 19%. 8.立场观点一致. 少用被动语. 例如: Partial data should be submitted by April. 改为: You should submit partial data by April.就很好了. 外贸函电写作技巧之三 C. 格调 1.式样和句子长度不要太单调. 千篇一律的subject-verb-object会闷死人的.有时短句跟着长句可以化解一下. 2.弱软的词(. was, were, is, are...)可以加强一点. 例如: Prunton products are highly effective in ... 改为: Prunton products excel in ...就有力很多了. 3.亲切,口语化是比较受欢迎! 用宾词和主动的词,让人家受落. 例如: 1. This information will be sincerely appreciated.” 2. We sincerely appreciate your information. 明显地,我们会喜欢第2句. 外贸函电写作技巧之四 D. 写信提示 1.人家的名字千万不要错.老一辈的看到名字错就干脆撵去垃圾桶. 同样, 头衔都不要错. 头衔或学位,任择其一吧.以下是一样的: Howard E. Wyatt, . Dr. Howard E. Hyatt 2.多过一个男人,用Messrs,就是Misters的意思,不过不要跟名字,跟姓就行啦.例如: Messrs. Smith, Wyatt, and Fury 女人呢? 用Mesdames, Mmes., or Mses. 同样不要跟名字. 例子: Mses. Farb, Lionel, and Gray 男女一齐呢? 弄清楚称呼就行.例如: Dr. and Mrs. Harold Wright Mr. Harold Wright and Dr. Margaret Wright Mr. and Mrs. Harvey Adams-Quinn 3.有人有自己头衔就要跟紧,例如有人有荣誉学位就不喜欢用一般的头衔啊~有时大头不知道对方头衔,干脆用Ms.算了. Ms. Sarah Gray 4.地址要低日期至少两行.处名时,职衔短可以一行过,长就下一行吧.例如: Ken Green, President Ken Green Vice President of International Operations 但这个就显得有点。。。: Ken Green Vice President of Unicom China 正确应为: Ken Green Vice President, Unicom China 5.老外的名字有时有Jr. 或 Sr.,之前的逗点是随你喜欢的,以下都是正确,不要笑人: Michael J. Smith, Jr. Michael J. Smith Sr. 6.外国国名尽量用大写.是为尊重,也方便邮差叔叔. 7.地址上的数字直接用阿拉伯数字吧,除了One,例子: 127 Ninth Avenue, North 127 E. 15 Street 5 Park Avenue One Wingren Plaza 556 - 91 Street 外贸函电写作技巧之五 书信的结尾致意要留意,弄清大家的关系才选择用词,例子: 1. Very formal非常正规的(例如给政府大老爷的) Respectfully yours, Yours respectfully, 2. formal正规的(例如客户公司之间啦) Very truly yours, Yours very truly, Yours truly, 3. Less formal不太正规的(例如客户) Sincerely yours, Yours sincerely, Sincerely, Cordially yours, Yours cordially, Cordially, 4. Informal非正规的(例如猪朋狗友,同事之类) Regards, Warm regards, With kindest regards, With my best regards, My best, Give my best to Mary, Fondly, Thanks, See you next week! 有时在we, I, and you之间选择是很烦的事-- 如果是公司代表联络生意之类,可以用: We will reimburse you for these legal expenses. Sinopec will reimburse you for these legal expenses. 如果单纯说你自己,可以用: I found the brochure very informative. 有时可以一起用啦...: We are pleased to offer you the position of sales director, and I am looking forward to our Tuesday morning meeting. 那么I和you呢?好烦好烦.一般来说,收信人的利益比较重要,名义上都要这样想.给人尊重的语气就一般不会错了. 多用you有时会有隔阂的感觉. You will be pleased to learn that you have been selected to serve on our advisory board. Your prompt response will be appreciated. (好像欠你一样) I'm pleased that our board has selected you as the best qualified candidate to serve on our advisory board. I hope you'll agree to serve. (这就友善多了) Your book was well written and comprehensive. (不用你来判断我呀~~) I thoroughly enjoyed your book and found an answer to every one of my questions about performance appraisals. (客气一点,人家受落) 总之,语气和宾词的运用得当能决定你的礼貌程度. 外贸函电写作技巧之六 开头致意 用人家的名字总好过人家的头衔称呼. 如果没有名字,或者是好正规信的信件,可以考虑这些: Dear Committee Membe:r: Dear Meeting Planner: Dear Colleagues: To All Sales Reps: To Whom It May Concern: Dear Sir or Madam: Dear Madam or Sir: Dear Purchasing Agent: 如果是公司呢? Gentlemen or Ladies: Ladies or Gentlemen: 什么怪事都有,如果那公司是全男班或全女班呢? Dear Sirs: Dear Ladies: Dear Mesdames: Gentlemen: Ladies: 有时见到人家用冒号就说人家错,其实也未必啊,看: Dear Mr. Jones: (非常正规) Dear Joan: Dear Jim, Jim, (非正规) 外贸函电写作技巧之七 签名 用笔亲自签名会比较受落,免到过都不要电脑贴图或盖章啦....不要把Mr., Ms., Mrs., Dr.之类一起签,人家会笑你的... 签名也看信件的语气.给朋友或公司客户,签Bill也可以,给陌生人就最好用Gates或者Bill Gates
报关在国际货运中的地位 为题 应该还行 补充一句： 自己写吧 上了几年的学 都是快要离开学校的人了 写个论文还要别人帮忙 不是我打击你 你太失败了吧 自己写 以后还有点东西回忆 还可以多学点东西
关键词：商标；跨文化交际；文化因素 Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Trademark translation and cross-cultural communication 2 Trademark’s cultural features 2 Cross-cultural communication in trademark translation 2 3. The impact of cultural diversity in trademark translation 3 The impact of religious diversity in trademark translation 4 The impact of political system diversity in trademark translation 4 The impact of historical diversity in trademark translation 4 The impact of the customs diversity in trademark translation 5 The impact of the national psychological diversity in trademark translation 6 4. Suggestions on trademark translation involved in cultural factors 参考资料： 希望采纳
写作商务信函并不要求您使用华丽优美的词句。所有您需要做的就是，用简单朴实的语言，准确的表达自己的意思，让对方可以非常清楚的了解您想说什么。围绕这一点，我们总结了几方面的内容，希望对您写作商务信函有借鉴作用。 1、口语化 每一封信函的往来，都是您跟收信人彼此之间的一次交流。人都是感性的，所以您需要在您的信函里体现感性的一面。然而很多人都有一种误解，以为写作商务信函就应该用一种特殊的“生意腔”，于是把一封本来应该是热情而友好的信函写得呆板而死气沉沉。他们宁愿写“Your letter has been received”，“Your complaint is being looked into”而不是“I have received your letter”或者“We are looking into your complaint”。其实我们简单的来理解一下，每次信函的往来不就是跟对方进行了一次交谈吗？只不过是把交谈的内容写到了纸上而已。多用一些简单明了的语句，用我/我们做主语，这样才能让我们的信函读起来热情，友好，就象两个朋友之间的谈话那样简单，自然，人性化。 2、语气语调 由于您写的信函都是有其目的性的，所以您信函里所采用的语气语调也应该符合您的目的。在写之前先不妨仔细考虑一下，您写这封信函是想达到一个什么样的目的，您希望对收信人产生一种怎样的影响呢？是歉意的，劝说性的，还是坚决的，要求性的。这完全可以通过信函中的语气语调来表现。 3、礼貌 我们这里所说的礼貌，并不是简单用一些礼貌用语比如your kind inquiry, your esteemed order等就可以的。而是要体现一种为他人考虑，多体谅对方心情和处境的态度。如果本着这样的态度去跟别人交流，那么就算您这次拒绝了对方的要求，也不会因此失去这个朋友，不会影响今后合作的机会。 特别要注意，当双方观点不能统一时，我们首先要理解并尊重对方的观点。如果对方的建议不合理或者对您的指责不公平时，请表现一下您的高姿态，您可以据理力争，说明您的观点，但注意要讲究礼节礼貌，避免用冒犯性的语言。 还要提醒一点，中国人有句话叫做“过犹不及”。任何事情，一旦过了头，效果反而不好。礼貌过了头，可能会变成阿谀奉承，真诚过了头，也会变成天真幼稚。所以最关键的还是要把握好“度”，才能达到预期的效果。 4、简洁 就象前面提到的，要用简洁朴实的语言来写信函，让您的信函读起来简单，清楚，容易理解。用常见的单词，避免生僻或者拼写复杂的单词。一个单词可以表达，就不要用词组。多用短句，因为短句更容易理解。少用“and”，“but”，“however”，“consequently”这些让句子变得冗长的连词。在同一封信函里，不要使用多个相同含义的单词。比如，您前面写了“goods have been sent”，那后面再提到这件事时就不要再用其他单词如“forward”“dispatch”等。因为这样写会误导您的读者无谓地去考虑这些词之间是否另有含义。 5、回复迅速及时 给买家的回复，千万要迅速及时。因为买家通常只看最先收到的几封回复，从中去选择合适的供应商。如果您的回复不够及时，就可能因为抢不到先机而失去商机。 6、标题 这一点是特别针对写电子邮件的。也许很多人都没有意识到，事实上，E-mail的标题是很重要的一个部分，您的邮件给对方的第一个印象就是通过标题来完成的。如果标题没有内容，看起来象群发的垃圾邮件的话，很多买家就会直接删除。比如这样的标题“How are you?” ，“Can we work together?”，建议您改成“Proposal: Bright Ideas Imports--Zhejiang Textile’s Partnership Opportunity”或者“Introduction: Our Product Offerings for Bright Ideas Imports.”这样您的邮件会显得更加专业。 7、精确 当涉及到数据或者具体的信息时，比如时间，地点，价格，货号等等，尽可能做到精确。这样会使交流的内容更加清楚，更有助于加快事务的进程。 8、针对性 请在邮件中写上对方公司的名称，或者在信头直接称呼收件人的名字。这样会让对方知道这封邮件是专门给他的，而不是那种群发的通函，从而表示对此的重视。当然，如果您无法确定收信人的名字，那就在称呼一栏里写“Dear Sirs” or “Dear Sir or Madam”。
商务英语专业主修课程：基础英语、高级英语、英语听力、英语口语、英语写作、翻译理论与实践、英美文学史及选读、西方经济学、国际贸易、国际商务、市场营销等课程。学商务英语应注意：必须要集中精力学习，研究表明，不同类别的信息记忆会彼此干扰，造成遗忘。所以不要今天学一个生活口语主题，明天学一个商务英语主题。选择一本好的商务英语教材即可，内容不要太杂。如果是为了在工作中开口用的话，就专注于口语。至于阅读、和写作可以分时间集中训练。不要填鸭式集中学习，研究指出，多次小段时间学习一份资料，能给予大脑充分的时间处理信息。当然，这个小段时间不能太短，如10分钟，15分钟，时间太短很难马上集中精力。给自己制定模块化商务英语学习，商务英语有多个方面，比如面试英语、办公室日常用语、演示英语以及谈判/会议英语等等，制定相应化的商务英语学习。想要了解更多关于商务英语的相关信息，推荐咨询美联英语。美联英语是美国TESOL教育学会认证的英语培训机构、具备TESOL/TEFL/TKT英语师资团队。其师资力量强大，授课老师有中籍和外籍老师，小班面授课程；课后更有英语SA老师监督，保障习进步，英语辅导老师7*24小时解答学习疑问，跟进学员的学习进度和学习轨迹。【免费领取英语试听课】
自己上网上图书馆找，国家图书馆之类的，外贸函电用词特点这个好多啊！
我是商务英语专业毕业生，这是我们学校给我选题，你可以参考下： 商务英语专业毕业论文选题参考 1、论商务英语与文化的关系 2、试论BodyLanguage在商务谈判中的作用 3、论商务英语广告语言的特征与表达 4、试论普通英语与商务英语的差异 5、论文化因素对商务活动的作用 6、浅谈外贸函电的写作特点 7、论商务面试中的注意事项 8、浅谈商务英语口语的学习方法 9、商务英语口语学习状况调查 10、英语口语在商务领域中的应用 11、国际贸易中英语的作用 12、浅议商务英语的特点 13、谈外贸口语的特点及在实际中的应用 14、商务英语学习中的文化习得 15、如何把英语语言和专业知识结合到实际工作当中 16、不同文化中的非言语行为 17、商务英语和普通英语的比较 18、试论中西文化习惯在商务谈判中的作用 19、文化差异对国际商务谈判的影响 20、商务英语专业的学生应具备的素质 21、商务英语翻译中的不对等性 22、试论自主学习对学习商务英语的帮助 23、论撰写商务信函的礼貌原则 24、论英语课外活动的开展 26、如何翻译好日常商务文书 27、商务谈判中应注意的若干问题28、跨国企业电子商务专项分析29、全球经济一体化企业市场营销行为、策略研究30、商务英语交流的文化差异性 31、英语口语或语法在商务领域中的应用32、国际贸易实务中专项问题研究33、某企业国际商务案例研究 34、商务英语在中国加入WTO后的新趋势 35、中英文在生活习语中的差异 36、论英汉翻译中的外来词译法 37、中英文化的背景差异 38、习语的翻译 39、色彩文化中西语义比较 40、中国语言结构与英语语言结构的对比 41、商务谈判中英语的作用 42、商务谈判中应掌握的相关知识 43、影响消费者购买决策的因素分析 44、对×××地区的商务行为中英语应用情况的调查报告 45、中外商人之间的语言交流特点 46、非语言交际的身势语在商务谈判中的应用 47、跨文化交际中的中西文化冲突 48、在跨文化交际中商务行为所呈现的独特性 49、电子商务环境下顾客忠诚度的培养 50、英语语法在商务领域中的应用 51、商务英语翻译中的技巧 52、中外商业广告对比研究 53、外贸函电翻译的用词技巧 54、外贸函电的语言特点分析 55、×××合资/外贸企业国际贸易情况分析 56、商务英语缩略语分析 57、商务沟通能力的培养与提高 58、电子商务对消费者的影响 59、商务英语信函的翻译/写作原则 60、礼貌用语的文化差异 61、论文化因素对英汉翻译的影响 62、英语学习中的汉语干扰问题 63、商标名称的反义与策略 64、社会文化迁移对中国式英语的影响 65、浅谈×××市外贸企业的困境与处理 66、影响长句翻译的因素 67、商务礼仪促进交际成功 68、浅谈商务英语的文体风格 69、报刊/新闻商务英语的特点 70、国际商务谈判中的语言交际技巧 71、礼貌原则下的商务英语函电写作 72、商务英语阅读的学习策略 73、电子商务对国际贸易的影响及对策 74、入世对国有企业外贸公司的影响及其对策研究 75、商务英语写作中的语气使用 76、商务装束礼仪与禁忌 77、在英语学习中培养文化一时的重要性 78、世界经济一体化对我国对外贸易的影响 79、电子商务为我国对外贸易企业带来的商机与挑战 80、浅谈阅读科技英语的技巧
①：去图书馆（网上）的期刊论文数据库，搜索和business correspondence相关的论文，纯英文的很少，但有英文摘要的就不少了。②：在搜索引擎里搜索相关的英文文章，比如：stduy tips也可以用搜索关键词："business correspondence" filetype:pdf搜索到的都是pdf文档，不用下载，直接看“HTML 版”即可。这篇文章，会让你惊喜的：部分摘录：Business Correspondence-The MythThe myth about business correspondence is that it must be formal, standardized and often terse. The writer seems to transform him/herself from the personal to the appear to be written from one “institution” to another rather than from person to person. ……
Read something about WTO.
国际贸易硕士论文选题
从事国际贸易，英语应当是相当好的，不仅仅是书面英语，比如外贸英语函电，口语也是相当重要。下面，我为大家分享国际贸易硕士论文选题，希望对大家有所帮助!
1、中美纺织品贸易隐含碳测算及碳责任分析
2、中日贸易隐含碳排放实证研究
3、中日文化产品贸易结构对贸易竞争力影响的比较研究
4、中国与日本文化贸易的对比研究
5、扩大中泰木薯产品贸易的对策研究
6、中俄转轨过程中汇率安排对贸易和FDI影响的比较研究
7、全球贸易便利化对中国进口的影响
8、马克思的自由贸易思想探索
9、TPP对中国纺织品服装产业的影响研究
10、中美光伏产业贸易摩擦的政治经济学分析
11、金砖国家自贸区预期经济效应分析
12、基于CMS模型的中日高新技术产品贸易的变动因素分析
13、应诉反倾销结构价格研究
14、中国与澳大利亚自由贸易区的经济效应研究
15、中美贸易非均衡影响因素实证研究-总体与电子产业比较
16、出口代理企业内部控制体系构建与评价
17、中国与俄罗斯贸易的竞争性与互补性问题研究
18、要素市场扭曲对中国出口企业利润率的影响分析
19、中俄贸易商品结构失衡问题研究
20、跨太平洋伙伴关系协定(TPP)的发展及其贸易影响研究
21、中国智利自贸协定下贸易效应研究
22、TPP国际贸易投资规制及中国的应对策略
23、贸易便利化水平对服务贸易的影响研究
24、自贸区原产地规则比较研究
25、中国对日本船舶出口贸易潜力研究
26、中国与东盟制造业产业内贸易影响因素分析
27、人民币升值对中美加工贸易的影响研究
28、中日韩区域经济一体化经济效应研究
29、中欧高技术产品产业内贸易及其影响因素研究
30、多边自由贸易区与开放型经济水平研究
31、中国与俄罗斯服务贸易比较研究
32、韩国经济调整及对韩美经贸关系的影响研究
33、RTAs框架下印度服务贸易自由化分析与评估
34、美国碳关税对我国出口贸易的影响及应对策略研究
35、中加天然气贸易可行性问题的系统建模和分析
36、信息不对称环境下的服务外包契约设计
37、国际贸易中的环境标准研究
38、欧盟对华瓷砖反倾销贸易效应分析
39、G公司俄罗斯市场客户关系的维护研究
40、服务业跨国公司的贸易效应研究
41、比较社会交易成本与贸易便利化问题研究
42、TPP高标准贸易规则及其对中国涉外贸易影响的研究
43、基于中日韩自由贸易区视角下三国贸易互补性与竞争性分析
44、生产性服务贸易对全球价值链影响的研究
45、中国和英国商品贸易互补性与贸易潜力研究
46、中印服务贸易出口结构影响因素分析
47、我国贸易结算中出口信用证拒付问题研究
48、中美产业内服务贸易指数及其影响因素分析
49、中美钢铁产品贸易摩擦问题研究
50、中韩两国文化贸易竞争力研究分析
51、商业银行国际保理业务风险管理
52、日本非关税壁垒对山东省机电产品出口影响研究
53、欧美对中国白酒实施技术性贸易壁垒的.影响研究
54、中国和喀麦隆木材贸易及对策研究
55、内蒙古与蒙古国出入境旅游与进出口贸易互动关系研究
56、人民币汇率与中美贸易差额关系的理论与实证研究
57、N银行苏州分行信用证风险管控研究
58、制度距离对国际贸易的影响研究
59、印度服务贸易竞争力分析
60、自由贸易协定下我国货物贸易结构变动的实证研究
61、印度对中国企业反倾销调查的原因、影响及对策研究
62、中小企业国际贸易融资问题研究
63、中智出口增长的二元边际及影响因素分析
64、我国转口贸易支付风险问题研究
65、出口信用证项下中小企业贸易融资方式的适应性和选择分析
66、中国与欧盟贸易成本的变动及其启示
67、海上新丝路沿线国家进口需求研究
68、商业银行国际贸易融资的现状、问题及创新路径
69、中国-新加坡自由贸易区的经济效应研究
70、外商直接投资对西非共同体畜牧贸易影响研究
71、多哈农业谈判对中国经济的影响分析
72、越南的经济增长与中越能源贸易关系的研究
73、中俄农产品贸易的影响因素与对策研究
74、中意食品饮料行业进出口贸易
75、蒙古国的皮革制品出口问题研究
76、中泰天然橡胶贸易发展对策研究
77、中俄两国服务贸易结构与国际竞争力的比较研究
78、俄罗斯出口增长的二元边际与影响因素研究
79、中国与东盟反补贴政策的比较研究
80、越南对美国货物出口贸易发展研究
81、ZG银行江西省分行国际贸易融资业务风险管理研究
82、WTO与中国自然资源出口限制研究
83、欧亚经济整合框架中的哈萨克斯坦的外贸政策
84、A出口企业汇率风险规避模式研究
85、中国与主要贸易伙伴双边贸易成本的测度与分析
86、中国与哈萨克斯坦双边货物贸易潜力研究
87、基于系统动力学模型的中美贸易顺差分析
88、基于数据驱动的Y公司大宗商品套利策略研究
89、服务贸易出口技术复杂度的国际比较及其影响因素研究
90、国际金融监管下的韩国贸易金融制度研究
91、美国对进口中国钢铁类制成品反倾销的贸易转移效应研究
92、俄罗斯削减关税对中俄汽车贸易合作影响研究
93、文化距离对文化产品贸易影响的实证分析
94、J企业出口物流成本控制的改善研究
95、俄罗斯入世对中俄双边贸易的影响研究
96、外贸企业的内部控制研究
97、日本对华FDI与对华出口贸易关系的实证研究
98、中美经济非对称性共生及对我国出口贸易的影响
99、中国企业东盟市场进入模式研究
100、中国与韩国、日本汽车产品内贸易结构研究
Beyond Language: Cultural Predispositions in international Business CorrespondenceTranslation covers only part of the problem of working with people of other nations and cultures. Differences in cultural background may affect business correspondence between Americans and others, and International English may be evolving a cultural style of its own. In correspondence, business people from the low-context cultures of Northern Europe and North America sometimes inadvertently offend their counterparts in high-context cultures by assuming that their correspondents share their values. Such correspondence might be more effective if writers used a rhetorical framework to conceptualize in their letters a sense of their addressees' conditions and of their own roles in relation to their addressees. This dimension of relationship may be difficult for people from low-context cultures. However, because of the increasing use of English as a lingua franca of business, correspondence standards may be changing. Using the example of rhetorical patterns in English and Chinese business letters, I suggest a way to use Western rhetorical principles to accommodate other cultural patterns. Business Correspondence includs：Requesting InformationHow to ask somebody to send you InformationWhat to say when you send or CVA resume (AmE) or CV (BrE) is usually requested by a prospective employer as a record of your qualifications and professional experience. CV stands for the Latin words "curriculum vitae", meaning "the course of one's life".Covering Letter for Resume/CVIt is usual to send a covering letter (BrE) or cover letter (AmE) with your resume/CV when applying for a of ReferenceCompanies and other organizations often ask for a letter of reference. This is a character reference written by someone such as an ex-employer who knows the subject 's take the ever-more-common case of the American who wants to strike up business dealings with people of another language and culture. Box 3 reproduces a letter to a delegation of Chinese who had visited the United States. They had expressed some interest in the products of Mr. Jones's company, so he wrote them a letter, presumably hoping to sell some. However, as Boiarsky (1995) informs us, his letter drew no response. Dear Sir:Your name and address were referred to me by the Illinois Department of Agriculture--Far East Office. They stated that you had expressed an interest in our products and requested further am therefore enclosing a brocuhre which itemizes our products and services. Pleas let me know your exact requirements. I will be happy to provide you with further details. Thank you for your participation at the Illinois Slide and Catalog Show. I look forward to your reply. Sincerely, Peter Jones Director of Sales Agri-Equipment Division --------------------------------------------------------------------------------The letter pretty much follows the cultural conventions of English letters: blunt and businesslike, highly purposive. To trace why this letter didn't work for the Chinese, I'd like to back up a bit and examine some characteristics of the rhetorical style of Americans and Northern Europeans that may be at cross purposes with those of Asian cultures. Additional evidence that the letter represents "good writing" in the Chinese sense comes from a book just published by Li Xiao-ming, "Good Writing" in Cross-cultural Context. Li's interest is in seeing what is valued in the teaching of composition in the USA as compared to China. He quotes a Chinese teacher of writing: Basically we think a piece of writing should have four components: introduction, development, transition, and closure [qi3 cheng2 zhuan3 he2]. I think this basic format is still valid because they are in accord with the way we think . . . . We have three thousand years of writing history . . . Teachers have the responsibility to teach a student the successful writing experiences of our forefathers. (1996: 73-74) Another Chinese teacher adds: It is very unlikely that one would start a piece from a form; we all start from ideas or from experience in life. . . . Especially in a country like China that has a literary history of thousands of years, is arrogant to think that one can surpass his predecessors without first learning from them. (74) Two characteristics that contribute to good writing are the qualities qing and li. As the second teacher describes them: Qing has great persuasive powers. Li (reason) is inseparable from qing: qing is couched in li, and li is couched in qing. Li (reason) is different from lizhi (rational). Being rational, one is emotionally controlled, somber, composed, exercising only intellectual and reasoning faculties. Reason, however, deals with truths. Truths, though existing in objectivity, are approached and learned only through subjectivity. Truths should be learned with passion and conviction. (55) I wish that Li Xiao-ming had said more about the differences the writing systems make in the way writers conceive and express the world. It is exceedingly difficult to know which of the many Chinese characters that correspond roughly to the sound qing might be meant, and in Chinese, the character is less ambiguous than the spoken word. A Chinese-American friend pointed out to me that li has the sense of both "reasoning" and "decorum"; it seems similar to the ancient Greek nomos, often translated "law" but not meaning written or codified law--closer to "the right way of being or behaving that everybody knows," or perhaps to "common sense." So given the difficulty of conveying the sense of the Chinese into English, I will nonetheless boldly suggest that the conception of reason couched in emotion marks a difference between Chinese and Western rhetorics. While li appears roughly analogous to logos, qing seems to represent the axis of relationship between ethos and pathos. That is, Chinese rhetoric does not appear to make that Western distinction between individual and audience. Emotions are not yours or mine, but ours. Emotion, though, is not usually expressed overtly. The indirect quality comes from jing. Quoting again the first teacher: Traditionally, there are two ways to express one's qing: either directly express it, or indirectly through a description of nature. And because Chinese are mostly reserved and introverted in temperament, we prefer to "couch qing in jing," suggest what one feels through the description of nature. (87) I think we can find some qing couched in jing in the first paragraph, though most of the letter is more direct. Good Writing? For Whom? The qualities of the letter that make it seem like "good writing" also seem to make it less effective for its readers, possibly because in was written in English and not Chinese, but also because the kind of writing Li studied was the personal essay. The letter to the Explosives Society does seem more like an essay than like the usual Western business letter. The surprise for Bernick and me in our 1993 survey (Box 7) was that our Asian respondents didn't like the letter any better than the Westerners. Our Asian editors (six women and five men) also made a number of predictions about the author of the letter: he was well educated, much older (probably at least in his 70's) and was from an upper-middle- or upper-class home. These comments were motivated by the excessive politeness. Our editors also felt that if the letter had been translated directly into Japanese that it would have been more acceptable than it was in English, but that translation wouldn't make it more effective or less confusing. Asian editors’ reactionsWriter's goals were unclear. Doesn't really read like a letter. Three unnecessary paragraphs. Needs to be shorter. Inappropriate way for authors to develop ethos. Style would be more appropriate in Japanese, or even Chinese, but for English it is clearly inappropriate. Length detracts from letter, and makes it ineffective and confusing. For business-letter writers in low-context cultures writing in English to readers in high-context cultures (Latin or Asian), this advice may be as simple as remembering that their cultures predispose readers to be more interested in long-term relations with reliable people than in products or profits for their own sake. Hence, letters begin with paragraphs that establish common ground and show understanding of the readers. This strategy, in my own experience, works pretty well even on readers in low-context cultures. referrence：Brockmann, R. John. 1989. A Historical Consideration of Ethics and the Technical Writer: From the 1880's to the 1980's. Technical Communication and Ethics, ed. R. John Brockmann and Fern Rook. Arlington, VA: Society for Technical Communication. 107-112. Campbell, Charles P., and Philip Bernick. 1993. Editors, "Good English," and International Readers. IPCC 93 Proceedings. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. 38-43. Campbell, Charles P. 1995. Ethos: Character and Ethics in Technical Writing. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 38, 3: 132-138. Coney, Mary B. 1992. "Technical Readers and their Rhetorical Roles." IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 35 (June):58-63. Dennett, Joann Temple. 1988. "Not to Say is Better Than to Say": How Rhetorical Structure Reflects Cultural Context in Japanese-English Technical Writing. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 31: 116-9. Hall, Edward T. 1983. The Dance of Life: The Other Dimension of Time. New York: Doubleday. Hofstede, Geert H. 1991. Cultures and organizations : software of the mind. New York : McGraw-Hill. 我从这一篇里裁减了几段出来，然后LZ再加入几段学习中遇到的实际问题，最好是从课本上的第几页的练习题得出来的，基本就够了。