互联网保险专业的毕业论文

网络保险 Internet Insurance Network insuranceNet Insurance保险学 Insurance , in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium. An insurer is a company selling the insurance. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount, called the premium, to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and of insuranceA large number of homogeneous exposure units. The vast majority of insurance policies are provided for individual members of very large classes. Automobile insurance, for example, covered about 175 million automobiles in the United States in 2004.[2] The existence of a large number of homogeneous exposure units allows insurers to benefit from the so-called “law of large numbers,” which in effect states that as the number of exposure units increases, the actual results are increasingly likely to become close to expected results. There are exceptions to this criterion. Lloyd's of London is famous for insuring the life or health of actors, actresses and sports figures. Satellite Launch insurance covers events that are infrequent. Large commercial property policies may insure exceptional properties for which there are no ‘homogeneous’ exposure units. Despite failing on this criterion, many exposures like these are generally considered to be insurable. Definite Loss. The event that gives rise to the loss that is subject to insurance should, at least in principle, take place at a known time, in a known place, and from a known cause. The classic example is death of an insured on a life insurance policy. Fire, automobile accidents, and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion. Other types of losses may only be definite in theory. Occupational disease, for instance, may involve prolonged exposure to injurious conditions where no specific time, place or cause is identifiable. Ideally, the time, place and cause of a loss should be clear enough that a reasonable person, with sufficient information, could objectively verify all three elements. Accidental Loss. The event that constitutes the trigger of a claim should be fortuitous, or at least outside the control of the beneficiary of the insurance. The loss should be ‘pure,’ in the sense that it results from an event for which there is only the opportunity for cost. Events that contain speculative elements, such as ordinary business risks, are generally not considered insurable. Large Loss. The size of the loss must be meaningful from the perspective of the insured. Insurance premiums need to cover both the expected cost of losses, plus the cost of issuing and administering the policy, adjusting losses, and supplying the capital needed to reasonably assure that the insurer will be able to pay claims. For small losses these latter costs may be several times the size of the expected cost of losses. There is little point in paying such costs unless the protection offered has real value to a buyer. Affordable Premium. If the likelihood of an insured event is so high, or the cost of the event so large, that the resulting premium is large relative to the amount of protection offered, it is not likely that anyone will buy insurance, even if on offer. Further, as the accounting profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards, the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer. If there is no such chance of loss, the transaction may have the form of insurance, but not the substance. (See the . Financial Accounting Standards Board standard number 113) Calculable Loss. There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss, and the attendant cost. Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a copy of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim. Limited risk of catastrophically large losses. The essential risk is often aggregation. If the same event can cause losses to numerous policyholders of the same insurer, the ability of that insurer to issue policies becomes constrained, not by factors surrounding the individual characteristics of a given policyholder, but by the factors surrounding the sum of all policyholders so exposed. Typically, insurers prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some small portion of their capital base, on the order of 5 percent. Where the loss can be aggregated, or an individual policy could produce exceptionally large claims, the capital constraint will restrict an insurers appetite for additional policyholders. The classic example is earthquake insurance, where the ability of an underwriter to issue a new policy depends on the number and size of the policies that it has already underwritten. Wind insurance in hurricane zones, particularly along coast lines, is another example of this phenomenon. In extreme cases, the aggregation can affect the entire industry, since the combined capital of insurers and reinsurers can be small compared to the needs of potential policyholders in areas exposed to aggregation risk. In commercial fire insurance it is possible to find single properties whose total exposed value is well in excess of any individual insurer’s capital constraint. Such properties are generally shared among several insurers, or are insured by a single insurer who syndicates the risk into the reinsurance market. [edit] IndemnificationMain article: IndemnityThe technical definition of "indemnity" means to make whole again. There are two types of insurance contracts; 1) an "indemnity" policy and 2) a "pay on behalf" or "on behalf of"[3] policy. The difference is significant on paper, but rarely material in "indemnity" policy will never pay claims until the insured has paid out of pocket to some third party; . a visitor to your home slips on a floor that you left wet and sues you for $10,000 and wins. Under an "indemnity" policy the homeowner would have to come up with the $10,000 to pay for the visitors fall and then would be "indemnified" by the insurance carrier for the out of pocket costs (the $10,000)[4].Under the same situation, a "pay on behalf" policy, the insurance carrier would pay the claim and the insured (the homeowner) would not be out of pocket for anything. Most modern liability insurance is written on the basis of "pay on behalf" language[5].An entity seeking to transfer risk (an individual, corporation, or association of any type, etc.) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, called an insurance 'policy'. Generally, an insurance contract includes, at a minimum, the following elements: the parties (the insurer, the insured, the beneficiaries), the premium, the period of coverage, the particular loss event covered, the amount of coverage (., the amount to be paid to the insured or beneficiary in the event of a loss), and exclusions (events not covered). An insured is thus said to be "indemnified" against the loss events covered in the insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the covered amount of loss as specified by the policy. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses (., reserves), the remaining margin is an insurer's profit.[edit] Insurer’s business modelProfit = earned premium + investment income - incurred loss - underwriting make money in two ways: (1) through underwriting, the process by which insurers select the risks to insure and decide how much in premiums to charge for accepting those risks and (2) by investing the premiums they collect from most difficult aspect of the insurance business is the underwriting of policies. Using a wide assortment of data, insurers predict the likelihood that a claim will be made against their policies and price products accordingly. To this end, insurers use actuarial science to quantify the risks they are willing to assume and the premium they will charge to assume them. Data is analyzed to fairly accurately project the rate of future claims based on a given risk. Actuarial science uses statistics and probability to analyze the risks associated with the range of perils covered, and these scientific principles are used to determine an insurer's overall exposure. Upon termination of a given policy, the amount of premium collected and the investment gains thereon minus the amount paid out in claims is the insurer's underwriting profit on that policy. Of course, from the insurer's perspective, some policies are winners (., the insurer pays out less in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income) and some are losers (., the insurer pays out more in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income).An insurer's underwriting performance is measured in its combined ratio. The loss ratio (incurred losses and loss-adjustment expenses divided by net earned premium) is added to the expense ratio (underwriting expenses divided by net premium written) to determine the company's combined ratio. The combined ratio is a reflection of the company's overall underwriting profitability. A combined ratio of less than 100 percent indicates underwriting profitability, while anything over 100 indicates an underwriting companies also earn investment profits on “float”. “Float” or available reserve is the amount of money, at hand at any given moment, that an insurer has collected in insurance premiums but has not been paid out in claims. Insurers start investing insurance premiums as soon as they are collected and continue to earn interest on them until claims are paid the United States, the underwriting loss of property and casualty insurance companies was $ billion in the five years ending 2003. But overall profit for the same period was $ billion, as the result of float. Some insurance industry insiders, most notably Hank Greenberg, do not believe that it is forever possible to sustain a profit from float without an underwriting profit as well, but this opinion is not universally held. Naturally, the “float” method is difficult to carry out in an economically depressed period. Bear markets do cause insurers to shift away from investments and to toughen up their underwriting standards. So a poor economy generally means high insurance premiums. This tendency to swing between profitable and unprofitable periods over time is commonly known as the "underwriting" or insurance cycle. [6]Property and casualty insurers currently make the most money from their auto insurance line of business. Generally better statistics are available on auto losses and underwriting on this line of business has benefited greatly from advances in computing. Additionally, property losses in the US, due to natural catastrophes, have exacerbated this , claims and loss handling is the materialized utility of insurance. In managing the claims-handling function, insurers seek to balance the elements of customer satisfaction, administrative handling expenses, and claims overpayment leakages. As part of this balancing act, fraudulent insurance practices are a major business risk that must be managed and of insuranceAny risk that can be quantified can potentially be insured. Specific kinds of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". An insurance policy will set out in detail which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Below are (non-exhaustive) lists of the many different types of insurance that exist. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the categories set forth below. For example, auto insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the . typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's insurance can be any kind of insurance that protects businesses against risks. Some principal subtypes of business insurance are (a) the various kinds of professional liability insurance, also called professional indemnity insurance, which are discussed below under that name; and (b) the business owners policy (BOP), which bundles into one policy many of the kinds of coverage that a business owner needs, in a way analogous to how homeowners insurance bundles the coverages that a homeowner needs.[7]HealthHealth insurance policies will often cover the cost of private medical treatments if the National Health Service in the United Kingdom (NHS) or other publicly-funded health programs do not pay for them. It will often result in quicker health care where better facilities are available. Dental insurance, like medical insurance, is coverage for individuals to protect them against dental costs. In the ., dental insurance is often part of an employer's benefits package, along with health insurance. Most countries rely on public funding to ensure that all citizens have universal access to health care.[edit] DisabilityDisability insurance policies provide financial support in the event the policyholder is unable to work because of disabling illness or injury. It provides monthly support to help pay such obligations as mortgages and credit cards. Total permanent disability insurance insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance. Disability overhead insurance allows business owners to cover the overhead expenses of their business while they are unable to work. Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred because of a job-related injury. CasualtyCasualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific insurance is a form of casualty insurance that covers the policyholder against losses arising from the criminal acts of third parties. For example, a company can obtain crime insurance to cover losses arising from theft or embezzlement. Political risk insurance is a form of casualty insurance that can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss. [edit] Life insuranceMain article: Life insuranceLife insurance provides a monetary benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for income to an insured person's family, burial, funeral and other final expenses. Life insurance policies often allow the option of having the proceeds paid to the beneficiary either in a lump sum cash payment or an provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance and require the same kinds of actuarial and investment management expertise that life insurance requires. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance and, from an underwriting perspective, are the mirror image of life life insurance contracts accumulate cash values, which may be taken by the insured if the policy is surrendered or which may be borrowed against. Some policies, such as annuities and endowment policies, are financial instruments to accumulate or liquidate wealth when it is many countries, such as the . and the UK, the tax law provides that the interest on this cash value is not taxable under certain circumstances. This leads to widespread use of life insurance as a tax-efficient method of saving as well as protection in the event of early ., the tax on interest income on life insurance policies and annuities is generally deferred. However, in some cases the benefit derived from tax deferral may be offset by a low return. This depends upon the insuring company, the type of policy and other variables (mortality, market return, etc.). Moreover, other income tax saving vehicles (., IRAs, 401(k) plans, Roth IRAs) may be better alternatives for value accumulation. A combination of low-cost term life insurance and a higher-return tax-efficient retirement account may achieve better investment insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance.字数超限了。。。

中国保险产业经过20多年的恢复性发展，目前已基本完成了产业奠基阶段，形成了一个相对完整独立的产业系统。下文是我为大家搜集整理的有关保险的毕业论文发表的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!有关保险的毕业论文发表篇1 浅析新华保险营销策略 一、引言 中国经济处于不断发展过程中，现今保险行业已经成为金融业的三大支柱之一，保险业的发展对金融业发展有着举足轻重的地位。各大保险公司也随之不断涌现出来，保险行业的竞争也越来越激烈，以下通过对新华保险营销现有策略进行分析，提高大家的保险意识。 二、简介 (一)商业保险定义 商业保险(BusinessInsurance)是指通过订立保险合同运营，以营利为目的的保险形式。 (二)新华保险简介 新华保险成立于1996年9月，总部位于北京市，专门的大型寿险企业，有多家子公司。2011年，上市，2014年首次入围福布斯世界500强企业。2015年，入围百万精英俱乐部260人，较2014年提升210%，MDRT入围人数年增长超七成。 (三)新华保险特点 1、坚持“以人为本”的产品开发理念，“唯德才兼备者为用”的用人理念，坚持“为客户创造价值”的原则。 2、多元化的销售渠道和理赔渠道。 3、为全球的客户提供多种电子化服务手段，拥有“横向到边，纵向到底”的全面风险管控体系。 二、新华人寿保险公司现有的营销策略分析 (四)P理论下的新华保险营销分析 根据麦肯锡的4P理论，新华保险公司制定出了一系列的保险营销策略： 1、保险产品策略。虽然在品牌效应上不及其他公司，但在产品上胜于其他公司。其中的分红类寿险，按保额分红的方式深受大众喜爱。新华产品营销种类丰富，主要采用的是产品组合策略和产品开发策略来为客户计划保险和开发新产品。 个人险中，就新华保险的“美满人生”、“祥和万家”来讲期限都为一年，每年的保费都是100元，年龄16-65，能正常生活工作的人，均可购买。“健康无忧“A、B、C三款产品保障全面，能保60种重大疾病，15种轻症，价格实惠，期限灵活。这三款产品主要是利用产品开发策略，根据现今主要存在的健康问题制定的险种。 现今最受欢迎的企业险是旅游险，为被保险人在旅游期间提供保障，出现事故保险公司按照保险合同的约定向被保险人或受益人支付一定数量保险金。 2、保险定价策略。新华保险产品价格定位主要有规定价格策略和新型的自主定价策略，就“健康无忧”其中两款产品来讲： A款，以25岁女性来看： 保障期间基本保额交费期间年交保费 30年40万元10年4640元 交费期短，保障时间长，价格合理，非常值得购买。 B款，30岁男性来看： 产品简称保障期间基本保额交费期间年交保费 健康无忧B款两全 附加健康无忧B款30年20万元20年 2440元 2260元 年交保费合计4700元 “健康无忧”两款产品，根据客户实际，坚持固定价格策略和产品组合策略来为客户计划保费，对客户提供保障。 3、保险销售渠道策略。新华保险建立了覆盖全国的多元销售渠道，实行了直接和间接的销售渠道策略。如与银行合作推出了“惠福宝”首款自主定价固定收益保险产品。就眉山来看，在新华保险眉山支中下面乡镇还设立了多个点为客户服务，放电影、开学发传单、网站销售、续收团队进行及时有效管理。 4、保险促销策略。使用网络促销策略，同时还有现场搞活动签单送礼、广告促销、人员现场推销、公共关系、营业推广、赞助等形式。在新春节前，开展“回家路?爱相随”活动，特别推出“i相随”活动。长期与4S店合作，买保险送保修，买车送保险。团购优惠购保险活动。 (二)新华保险营销SWOT分析 1、新华保险营销优势分析：(1)保险公司高层管理人员高度重视公司发展实施战略转型。(2)保费快速增长。(3)新华保险公司实力不断增强，入围福布斯百强。(4)客户群庞大，到2015年6月，约有2660万个人寿险客户和约6万企业客户。(5)制定实施一系列五年发展计划。(6)销售人员长期都要以《学习的革命》这本书为指导不断提升自己。(7)分销网络渠道多，许多大中小城市及乡镇都设有机构，与多家银行合作。(8)设专门的续期收取团队，更好的维持了与客户的长期有效关系。(9)拥有一直强有力的管理团队。(10)理赔速度快，与国际SOS实施全面战略合作。2015年11月13日在法国巴黎发生的系列恐怖袭击事件，新华保险实施紧急援助服务，将伤痛和危害程度降到最低。(11)对销售人员实行佣金制、晋升制、旅游奖等，提高了销售人员的积极性。 2、新华保险营销劣势分析：(1)公司业务、转型、文化都还存在许多不足之处。(2)市场占有率相对较低。(3)品牌知名度不高，时间短大家对其认识不够。(4)销售人员相对较少。(5)总资产排名方面新华保险也低于中国人寿和平安保险。 3、新华保险营销机会分析：(1)保监会的大力支持，举办保险公众宣传日活动。(2)人民生活水平提高，对于保险的需求也不断提高。(3)国家和政府对保险行业的重视。“十一五”时期提出了保险事业的发展思路，2015年《保险法》修订草案，青岛市政府与新华保险签订战略协议。(4)天灾人祸不断发生也为保险事业带来机会。(5)保险公司对保险事业的高度重视，TOP2000培训，世界华人保险高峰会。 4、新华保险营销威胁分析：(1)金融危机影响较深，市场信心有所下降，因此公司利润也随之减少。(2)保险事业发展越强，市场竞争越激烈各方面都会面临严峻挑战。(3)监管危机、退保危机存在。 5、基于SWOT分析的营销战略选择。在对新华人寿保险公司所做的内外部环境分析基础上，建立新的SWOT营销战略选择矩阵，如下表： 表2新华保险营销战略选择矩阵 机会(Opportunities)威胁(Threats) 优势(Strengths)SO战略ST战略 劣势(Weaknesses)WO战略WT战略 SO战略：充分利用好公司现有自身优势，把握好外在环境所带来的机遇，利用政府和国家的支持，树立新华保险的品牌形象，快速扩大市场份额，增强市场竞争力。 ST战略：降低外部环境所存在的威胁，充分利用新华保险公司现有的优势，降低各种危机所带来的风险，扩大资金、产品、服务、各方面的提入，不断创新，增强市场竞争力，大力发展保险事业。 WO：运用好政府和国家所提供的相关政策，利用好保监会和各大保险公司对现今保险行业的支持，提高品牌知名度，大力发展保险从业人员，扩大市场占有率。 WT：退避市场竞争。 综上所述，新华保险人寿保险公司应该主要采取SO和ST战略为主，发挥好自身优势，把握好有利的机遇，降低风险和威胁。 三、新华保险营销策略存在的问题及解决对策 (一)存在的问题 1、业务发展结构单一。新华人寿保险业务发展方面一直坚持传统的“以客户为中心”的经营模式，由于信息时代、互联网时代、电商时代、数据时代的到来，传统的营销模式以不能够适应时代的发展，不能在同行业竞争。 2、营销渠道不够完善。营销渠道是打开市场，提升市场竞争力的有效保障，很多企业都已经充分利用互联网和大数据对现有信息进行分析，从中得出更多有利的信息，新华保险没有最大限度的利用互联网和大数据。 3、企业内部管理不够完善。保险行业属于服务行业，是以满足客户需求为主要，内部管理不够完善，出现问题不及时处理，销售人员素质和销售能力技巧有待提高。 4、品牌知名度不够。品牌知名度是形成品牌形象的先决条件，新华保险因其发展时间较短，在大家心中的印象不怎么深刻，品牌知名度上就远远落后于中国人寿和平安保险。 5、产品体系和服务质量不够完善。现今事故发生率在不断提高，原有制定的投保计划就无法为客户解决问题，应该及时调整。作为服务行业的新华保险主要讲求的便是服务质量，对于客户而言最能体现服务质量的便是出险后保险公司对该项保费的理赔，客户长期不能得到理赔款项，大大降低了公司信誉度。 6、保险意识不够。人们对保险的意识还是不够强，对这些保险的了解还不够深刻，特别是对于商业保险而言，还有许多人存在一种疑问“保险公司垮了怎么办，买商业保险到底有没有用”。 (二)解决对策 1、经营模式。坚持传统模式与新模式的结合，加强队伍建设、资源使用效率，努力解决客户问题。通过移动互联网商业模式掌握海量客户，同时以最低成本完成交易。不仅要进一步完善财务体系和风控体系，还重点建设六大平台。 2、销售渠道。使营销渠道向多元化发展，优化传统营销渠道的同时建立新型的电子营销渠道，为客户建立专门的档案。实行网络投保、理赔和售后。通过不同的渠道，了解竞争对手和客户需求，挖掘新的商机。现今银行存款已经实行存款无息政策，顺势加强与银行的合作，同时还与中国电信股份有限公司合作，开发新华销售新渠道。 3、完善企业内部管理。管理者应该不断完善和充实自己，不断学习先进的管理知识，具备解决各种问题的能力，及时了解企业现状，为客户解决问题，制定最完美的发展计划。销售人员不断培养职业道德和能力，提高自己的专业素质和营销技巧。 4、加深在消费者心目中的印象。新华保险需要加大促销力度，优化促销策略，变换广告方式，不断提升品牌形象和知名度。 5、加强竞争力。(1)开发新产品，完善产品体系，增强险种的组合性、多样性、实用性、适用性。(2)实施差异化的机构战略，具体落实和推动以客户为中心的经营战略，提高服务质量、开发新技术，实现产品多样化、差异化和组合匹配，增强客户获取的重要推动力。(3)完善信息化服务手段，加强网络服务。(4)实现一对一的服务，建立续期客户服务专员，建立客户关系管理。 6、增强保险意识。政府、保险公司加强对保险的宣传力度，开保险座谈;销售人员要多去为大家讲解商业保险的相关内容，做到最全面的有问就必答。 四、结论 通过利用SWOT和4P理论对新华保险营销策略进行分析让我们了解到，在利用各种优势和机会不断飞跃发展，问题和威胁也在不断被解决，虽然与其他公司还存在一定差距，但差距就意味着潜力，挑战就意味着机遇。相信新华保险会抓住机遇、迎接挑战，全面发展自己，提高公司综合竞争力。 有关保险的毕业论文发表篇2 浅论社会保险欺诈行为法律责任 一、社会保险欺诈及其法律责任 近年来，由于社会保险运行环节较多，社会保险事务关系复杂，社会保险服务提供者与受益人易于形成利益结盟，加之我国现行社会保险基金监管制度不完善、监管手段缺乏、监管经验不足，导致骗取养老、医疗等社会保险金或者其他社会保险待遇的情况时有发生。这类现象不仅给原本就入不敷出的保险基金造成巨大的支付压力，严重侵害了国家和公民的利益，而且长此以往必将影响社会保险制度的安全运行，甚至从根本上腐蚀社会的公平和正义。 社会保险欺诈行为，指行政机关、法人、公民或其他主体在参加社会保险、监管社会保险、领取社会保险过程中，故意捏造虚假情况，或歪曲、掩盖真实情况的行为。社会保险欺诈法律责任，是指社会保险欺诈行为人因其实施的社会保险欺诈行为所应承担的法律上的不利后果。社会保险欺诈行为由以下要件组成： (一)主体是具备社会保险欺诈法律责任能力的主体 社会保险欺诈主体是指，违反了社会保险法定义务或者契约义务，抑或不行使社会保险法定权利，故意捏造虚假情况，或歪曲、掩盖真实情况，致使社会保险秩序遭受破坏的行为人。主要包括，社会保险投保人及受益人、社会保险经办机构及其工作人员，以及其他协助实施诈骗行为的主体。 (二)社会保险欺诈人实施社会保险欺诈行为存在主观故意 社会保险欺诈行为强调行为主体必须存在主观故意，即希望通过向社会保险基金管理机构隐瞒、捏造事实，使社会保险机构陷入错误认识而给付社会保险费用。但若只是工作人员疏忽，社会保险投保人理解错误等过失行为导致的社会保险基金损失不属于社会保险欺诈。 (三)社会保险欺诈行为人已经实施了社会保险欺诈行为 从客观上来说，社会保险欺诈行为人已经实施了社会保险欺诈行为，比如持伪造身份信息骗领社会保险，医疗保险服务机构与投保人串通伪造资料等。 二、社会保险欺诈实证分析 骗取社会保险待遇的表现形式是纷繁复杂的，有经办机构及其管理人员职权侵害社会保险基金，涉及社会基金的挪用，有社会保险供方和需方各种的违规行为等等。在此笔者没办法一一罗列，只能通过分析一些主体的主要欺诈行为以及典型案例，与读者共同探讨学习。 案例一：2011年天津市社保中心在对永胜太大药房进行医保结算监控时发现，该药店对药品申报结算的数量远超实际药品销售量。药店还存在以药品换取其他物品，录入系统的药品与参保人购买药品不符的情况。社保局依据《医疗保险条例》第六十七条和双方签订的《市社会医疗保险定点药店服务协议》的内容作出了处罚，责令退回全部违规金额，停止该药房医保联网结算和医保定点资格一年。 案例二：2007年2月16日至4月10日，被告人唐术兵利用伪造的肖丕志、肖丕洪等8人的居民身份证，海宁市亭溪包装有限公司离职证明、授权委托书及盗窃所得的有关职工社会养老保险手册，先后5次从海宁市社会保障管理中心冒领上述8人的养老保险金共计元。法院审理后认为，被告人唐术兵以非法占有为目的，采用虚构事实、隐瞒真相的方法，骗取公私财物，数额较大，其行为已构成诈骗罪。浙江省海宁市人民法院据此，法院作出一审判决，以诈骗罪判处被告人唐术兵有期徒刑十个月，并处罚金7000元。 十二届全国人大会第八次会议，对现行刑法和刑事诉讼法的部分问题作出解释。其中，引起热议的一个解释草案就是，以欺诈、伪造证明材料或者其他手段骗取养老、医疗、工伤、失业、生育等社会保险金或者其他社会保险待遇的，属于刑法第266条规定的诈骗公司财物的行为。也就是说，骗取社会保险行为已不仅仅以罚金等行政处罚形式进行处罚，对于数额较大者，刑法已参与规制，可能处以监禁甚至无期徒刑的严厉刑事处罚。 三、增设社会保险基金诈骗罪并无必要 虽然将此种欺诈行为专门入刑的做法呼声很高，也有学者支持《刑法》增设社会保险基金诈骗罪，但笔者认为基于刑法的谦抑性，此举没有必要，因为对于目前已有的刑法体例以及社会法相关法律法规，已经可以加以规制。 (一)增设社会保险基金诈骗罪不符合刑法的最后性和补充性 刑罚制裁的严厉性不言而喻，正是这也决定了刑法在维护社会秩序上的补充性和最后性。平野龙一认为，“即使犯罪侵害或威胁了他人的生活利益，也不是必须直接动用刑法。可能的话，采用其他社会统制手段不充分，或者其他社会统制手段过于强烈、有代之以刑罚的必要时，动用刑法。”我们应当注意部门法之间的运用。 民法、行政法等第一防线的法律能发挥重要作用时，就没有必要动用刑法。第一防线的法律不像刑法那样，采用刑罚方式压制某种行为的发生，而只是以财产处罚、短时间限制人身自由等方式评价某种行为，主要采用鼓励和轻微制裁两种方式。当然，现在的第一防线法律还有很大的完善空间，但是用鼓励和制止双管齐下的方式，规定更加严厉的赔偿责任，不失为一种合理的做法。 (二)针对法律责任竞合，现有《刑法》亦能规制社会保险欺诈行为 很多学者认为应当增设社会保险基金诈骗罪的原因是目前的《刑法》和其他法律法规体系无法规制出现的日益复杂的法律竞合问题。但笔者认为，就目前的司法实践和《刑法》理论来说，对于出现的法律责任竞合的情况，也是可以分情况处理的。在此，笔者也就几类情况加以说明： (1)个人提供虚假证明，如伪造的特殊工种证明办理提前退休，该负什么法律责任?《刑法》第二百六十六条规定：“诈骗公私财物，数额较大的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制，并处或者单处罚金;数额巨大或者有其他严重情节的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金;数额特别巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，并处罚金或者没收财产。本法另有规定的，依照规定。”因此，对于通过提供虚假证明文件等虚构事实、隐瞒真相的方式，骗取社保基金的，应按诈骗罪追究刑事责任。另外，按照最高人民法院《关于审理诈骗案件具体应用法律的若干问题的解释》，个人诈骗公私财物2000元以上的，属于“数额较大”;个人诈骗公私财物3万元以上的，属于“数额巨大”;个人诈骗公私财物20万元以上的，属于诈骗“数额特别巨大”。 (2)为骗保者伪造印章的，该负什么法律责任?《治安管理处罚法》第五十二条：“有下列行为之一的，处十日以上十五日以下拘留，可以并处一千元以下罚款;情节较轻的，处五日以上十日以下拘留，可以并处五百元以下罚款：伪造、变造或者买卖国家机关、人民团体、企业、事业单位或者其他组织的公文、证件、证明文件、印章的。”《刑法》第二百八十条：“伪造、变造、买卖或者盗窃、抢夺、毁灭国家机关的公文、证件、印章的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利;情节严重的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。伪造公司、企业、事业单位、人民团体的印章的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利。”因此，对于为骗保者伪造印章的，应按伪造对象，按照伪造国家机关印章罪或伪造公司印章罪追究刑事责任;尚不构成犯罪的，按照《治安管理处罚法》有关规定处理。另外，与骗保者事先通谋，为其伪造相关印章，供诈骗之用，应当以诈骗共犯处理。 (3)企业工作人员收受个人钱财，为个人骗保提供方便者，该负什么法律责任?《刑法》第一百六十三条规定：“公司、企业或者其他单位的工作人员利用职务上的便利，索取他人财物或者非法收受他人财物，为他人谋取利益，数额较大的，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役;数额巨大的，处五年以上有期徒刑，可以并处没收财产。公司、企业或者其他单位的工作人员在经济往来中，利用职务上的便利，违反国家规定，收受各种名义的回扣、手续费，归个人所有的，依照前款的规定处罚。国有公司、企业或者其他国有单位中从事公务的人员和国有公司、企业或者其他国有单位委派到非国有公司、企业以及其他单位从事公务的人员有前两款行为的，依照本法第三百八十五条、第三百八十六条的规定定罪处罚。”因此，对于公司、企业或者其他单位的工作人员收受个人钱财，为骗保者提供方便的，应按非国家工作人员受贿罪追究刑事责任。如果是国有公司、企业或者其他国有单位中从事公务的人员和国有公司、企业或者其他国有单位委派到非国有公司、企业以及其他单位从事公务的人员收受个人钱财，为骗保者提供方便的，则要按受贿罪追究刑事责任。 (4)社保机构工作人员，利用职务之便，与个人内外勾结骗取社保基金，该如何追究刑事责任?《刑法》第三百八十二条规定：“国家工作人员利用职务上的便利，侵吞、窃取、骗取或者以其他手段非法占有公共财物的，是贪污罪。受国家机关、国有公司、企业、事业单位、人民团体委托管理、经营国有财产的人员，利用职务上的便利，侵吞、窃取、骗取或者以其他手段非法占有国有财物的，以贪污论。与前两款所列人员勾结，伙同贪污的，以共犯论处。”因此，如果社保机构工作人员利用职务之便，与非社保机构工作人员内外勾结骗取社保基金的，应按贪污罪追究刑事责任。 四、总结 社会保险诈骗行为应当得到进一步的规制，无疑是所有人的共识，《社会保险法》对于此类案件的法律责任认定后果规制较轻，社会保险监管薄弱，社会反欺诈力度不够等问题也一直为社会所诟病。事实证明，在任何国家，单靠经济、行政等其他法律手段并不能有效解决骗领社会保险金等福利的问题，必须把刑罚手段与其他法律手段相结合，进行综合治理。立法机关在现有法律框架下，既不创设新的法律制度，也不对现行法律修改，仅通过出台法律解释的形式，是最为实用的做法。 同时，也应完善对于防止骗取社会保险待遇的执法对策。例如，建立社会保险反欺诈行政协调机制，这个协调机制不仅包括社会保险相关主体之间的监管协调，还应包括社会保险系统与商业保险之间的监管协调机制，其核心是信息共享平台和机制的建立;建立专门的社会保险基金管理制度，为了不断提高预防和打击社会保险欺诈的能力和效果，除了继续完善信息披露、外部审计、财会规则等现行社会保险基金监管制度外，还应建立和完善社会保险基金基础信息管理制度、社会保险业务档案管理制度等。 猜你喜欢： 1. 关于保险的毕业论文 2. 保险毕业论文参考 3. 关于保险论文范文 4. 保险毕业论文范文参考 5. 保险毕业论文范文 6. 有关保险的论文范本

Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of potential financial loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a potential loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium and duty of care. there are a few principles of insurance, which are considered as the uncertain losses, the predictable rate and distribution of losses,the sinificant of loss and the loss must be catastrophic. A property or liability insurance policy is a "personal contract," a "conditional contract," a "unilateral contract," a "contract of adhesion," a "contract of indemnity," and a contract which requires that the person insured have an insurable interest at the time of the insured-against contingency. Further: An Insurance Contract is one of Uberrima fides. This is a Latin phrase meaning "utmost good faith" (or translated literally, "most abundant faith"). It is the name of a legal doctrine which governs insurance contracts. This means that all parties to an insurance contract must deal in good faith, making a full declaration of all material facts in the insurance proposal. This contrasts with the legal doctrine of caveat emptor (let the buyer beware). An entity seeking to transfer risk (an individual, corporation, or association of any type) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, defined as an insurance 'policy'. This legal contract sets out terms and conditions specifying the amount of coverage (compensation) to be rendered to the insured, by the insurer upon assumption of risk, in the event of a loss, and all the specific perils covered against (indemnified), for the term of the contract. When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the amount of loss as specified by the policy contract. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many clients are used to fund accounts set aside for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses, the remaining margin becomes their profit. Insurers make money in two ways. Through underwriting, the process through which insurers select what risks to insure and decide how much premium to charge for accepting those risks and by investing the premiums they have collected from insureds Some people consider insurance a type of wager (particularly as associated with moral hazard) that executes over the policy period. The insurance company bets that you or your property will not suffer a loss while you put money on the opposite outcome. The difference in the fees paid to the insurance company versus the amount for which they can be held liable if an accident happens is roughly analogous to the odds one might expect when betting on a racehorse (for example, 10 to 1). For this reason, a number of religious groups, including the Amish and some Muslim groups, avoid insurance and instead depend on support provided by their communities when disasters strike. This can be thought of as "social insurance," as the risk of any given person is assumed collectively by the community who will all bear the cost of rebuilding. In closed, supportive communities where others can be trusted to step in to rebuild lost property, this arrangement can work. Any risk that can be quantified probably has a type of insurance to protect it. Among the different types of insurance are: Automobile insurance, also known as auto insurance, car insurance and in the UK as motor insurance, is probably the most common form of insurance and may cover both legal liability claims against the driver and loss of or damage to the vehicle itself. Over most of the United States purchasing an auto insurance policy is required to legally operate a motor vehicle on public roads. Recommendations for which policy limits should be used are specified in a number of books. In some jurisdictions, bodily injury compensation for automobile accident victims has been changed to No Fault systems, which reduce or eliminate the ability to sue for compensation but provide automatic eligibility for benefits. Boiler insurance (also known as Boiler and Machinery insurance or Equipment Breakdown Insurance) Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property. Credit insurance pays some or all of a loan back when certain things happen to the borrower such as unemployment, disability, or death. Financial loss insurance protects individuals and companies against various financial risks. For example, a business might purchase cover to protect it from loss of sales if a fire in a factory prevented it from carrying out its business for a time. Insurance might also cover failure of a creditor to pay money it owes to the insured. Fidelity bonds and surety bonds are included in this category. Health insurance covers medical bills incurred because of sickness or accidents. Liability insurance covers legal claims against the insured. For example, a homeowner's insurance policy provides the insured with protection in the event of a claim brought by someone who slips and falls on the property, and brings a lawsuit for her injuries. Similarly, a doctor may purchase liability insurance to cover any legal claims against him if his negligence (carelessness) in treating a patient caused the patient injury and/or monetary harm. The protection offered by a liability insurance policy is two-fold: a legal defense in the event of a lawsuit commenced against the policyholder, plus indemnification (payment on behalf of the insured) with respect to a settlement or court verdict. Life insurance provides a cash benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for burial, funeral and other final expenses. Annuities provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance. Total permanent disability insurance insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance. Locked Funds Insurance is a little known hybrid insurance policy jointly issued by governments and banks. It is used to protect public funds from tamper by unauthorised parties. In special cases, a government may authorise its use in protecting semi-private funds which are liable to tamper. Terms of this type of insurance are usually very strict. As such it is only used in extreme cases where maximum security of funds is required. Marine Insurance covers the loss or damage of goods at sea. Marine insurance typically compensates the owner of merchandise for losses sustained from fire, shipwreck, etc., but excludes losses that can be recovered from the carrier. Nuclear incident insurance — damages resulting from an incident involving radioactivive materials is generally arranged at the national level. (For the United States, see Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act.) Environmental Liability Insurance protects the insured from bodily injury, property damage and cleanup costs as a result of the dispersal, release or escape of a pollutant. Political risk insurance can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss. Professional Indemnity Insurance is normally a mandatory requirement for professional practitioners such as Architects, Lawyers, Doctors and Accountants to provide insurance cover against potential negligence claims. Non licensed professionals may also purchase malpractice insurance, it is commonly called Errors and Omissions Insurance and covers a service provider for claims made against them that arise out of the performance of specified professional services. For instance, a web site designer can obtain E&O insurance to cover them for certain claims made by third parties that arise out of negligent performance of web site development services. Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance. Terrorism insurance Title insurance provides a guarantee that title to real property is vested in the purchaser and/or mortgagee, free and clear of liens or encumbrances. It is usually issued in conjunction with a search of the public records done at the time of a real estate transaction. Travel insurance is an insurance cover taken by those who travel abroad, which covers certain losses such as medical expenses, lost of personal belongings, travel delay, personal liabilities.. etc. Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred due to a job-related injury. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the above categories. For example, car insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from say, causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the . typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's property. Potential sources of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". Examples of perils might be fire, theft, earthquake, hurricane and many other potential risks. An insurance policy will set out in details which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Insurance companies may be classified as Life insurance companies, who sell life insurance, annuities and pensions products. Non-life or general insurance companies, who sell other types of insurance. In most countries, life and non-life insurers are subject to different regulations, tax and accounting rules. The main reason for the distinction between the two types of company is that life business is very long term in nature — coverage for life assurance or a pension can cover risks over many decades. By contrast, non-life insurance cover usually covers a shorter period, such as one year.