土木工程论文英文文献

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直译是民用工程，它是建造各种工程的统称。它既指建设的对象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设计施工，保养，维修等专业技术。土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展，至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科，它已经出许多分支，如：建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，特种工程结构，给水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。土木工程共有六个专业：建筑学，城市规划，土木工程，建筑环境与设备工程，给水排水工程和道路桥梁工程。土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科，有其重要的属性：综合性，社会性，实践性，统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物质技术基础，对众多产业的振兴发挥了促进作用，工程建设是形成固定资产的基本生产过程，因此，建筑业和房地产成为许多国家和地区的经济支柱之一。.古代的土木工程有很长的时间跨度，大致从公元前500年新石器时代出现原始的土木工程活动到16世纪末意大利的文艺复兴，导致土木工程走上迅速发展的道路为止，前后经历了两千多年。在这段时间内，由于科学理论发展及其缓慢，土木工程也没有突破习惯的发展。从17世纪中页开始到20 世纪40年代第二次世界大战结束为止的300年间，国外的建筑取得了长足的进步。土木工程进入了定量分析阶段。一些理论的发展，新材料的出现，新工具的发明，都使土木工程科学日渐完善和成熟。到了近代，二战结束之后，许多国家经济起飞，现代科学日益进步，从而为进一步发展提供了强大的动力和物质基础。人们生活水平的不断提高，必然要求越来越舒适的居住环境，在这种情况下，建筑的发展直接推动了土木工程的发展。总的来说土木工程是一门古老的学科，它已经取得了巨大的成就，未来的土木工程将在人们的生活中占据更重要的地位。地球环境的日益恶化，人口的不断增加，人们为了争取生存，为了争取更舒适的生存环境，必将更加重视土木工程。在不久的将来，一些重大项目将会陆续兴建，插入云霄的摩天大楼，横跨大样的桥梁，更加方便的交通将不是梦想。科技的发展，以及地球不断恶化的环境必将促使土木工程向太空和海洋发展，为人类提供更广阔的生存空间。近年来，工程材料主要是钢筋，混凝土，木材和砖材，在未来，传统材料将得到改观，一些全新的更加适合建筑的材料将问世，尤其是化学合成材料将推动建筑走向更高点。同时，设计方法的精确化，设计工作的自动化，信息和智能话技术的全面引入，将会是人们有一个更加舒适的居住环境。一句话，理论的发展，新材料的出现，计算机的应用，高新技术的引入等都将使土木工程有一个新的飞跃.English is the Civil Engineering Civil Engineering, civil engineering is literally, it is the construction of the project collectively. It means building objects that the construction on the ground, underground, water works facilities, equipment and materials to use in surveying, design construction, maintenance, repair and other professional skills. Civil Engineering with the progress of the human society, has been transformed into large integrated disciplines, it has a number of branches, such as : construction, rail projects, road projects, bridge projects, special project structure, water drainage works, the port project, water, environmental engineering disciplines. A total of six professional Civil Engineering : architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, construction and environmental engineering equipment, water drainage works and road bridge Engineering as an important foundation subjects, its important attribute : an integrated, social, practicality, uniformity. Civil Engineering for the development of the national economy and improve the living standards of the people provided important material and technological foundation for the revitalization of many industries played a catalytic role in the construction of fixed assets is a basic production process, the construction and real estate in many countries and regions become a pillar of the economyAncient Civil Engineering has a long time span, roughly 500 years before Christ from the original date in civil engineering activities to the 16 century Italian Renaissance, resulting in the rapid development of the Civil Engineering on the road today, and has experienced more than 2,000 years. During this period, due to the development of scientific theories and slow, there is no breakthrough in civil engineering from 17 pages to 40 years in the 20th century end of the Second World War 300 years, foreign construction made great strides. Civil Engineering has entered a phase of quantitative analysis. Some theoretical development, the emergence of new materials, new tools of invention, the Civil Engineering Science is perfection and maturity. In modern times, after the end of World War II, many countries economic takeoff, the increasing advances of modern science, so as to provide a powerful impetus to further development and material basis. People's living conditions continue to improve, more and more comfortable living environment for the inevitable in the circumstances, the construction of development directly to the Civil Engineering development.

（ ） Strength criteria for isotropic rock material（）Types of strength criterionA peak strength criterion is a relation between stress components which will permit the peak strengths developed under various stress combinations to be predicted. Similarly, a residual strength criterion may be used to predict residual strengths under varying stress conditions. In the same way, a yield criterion is a relation between stress components which is satisfied at the onset of permanent deformation. Given that effective stresses control the stress-strain behaviour of rocks, strength and yield criteria are best written in effective stress form. However, around most mining excavations, the pore-water will be low, if not zero, and so .For this reason it is common in mining rock mechanics to use total stresses in the majority of cases and to use effective stress criteria only in special circumstance. The data presented in the preceding sections indicate that the general form of the peak strength criterion should be （）This is sometimes written in terms of the shear, and normal stresses, on a particular plane in the specimen:（）Because the available data indicate that the intermediate principal stress, has less influence on peak strength than the minor principal stress, all of the criteria used in practice are reduced to the form () Coulomb’s shear strength criterionIn one of the classic paper of rock and of engineering science, Coulomb(1977) postulated that the shear strengths of rock and of soil are made up of two part – a constant cohesion and a normal stress-dependent frictional component. (Actually, Coulomb presented his ideas and calculations in terms of forces; the differential concept of stress that we use today was not introduced until the 1820s.) Thus, the shear strength that can be developed on a plane such as ab in figure is（）Where c=cohesion and Ф= angle of internal the stress transformation equation to the case shown in figure givesAnd Substitution for and s = τ in equation and rearranging gives the limiting stress condition on any plane defined by β as（） There will be a critical plane on which the available shear strength will be first reaches as б1 is increased. The Mohr circle construction of Figure 4023a given the orientation of this critical plane as （）This result may also be obtained by putting d(s-τ)/dβ = 0 For the critical plane, sin2β = cosФ, cos2β = -sinФ, and equation reduces to （）This linear relation between and the peak value of is shown in Figure . Note that the slope of this envelope is related to Ф by the equation（）And that the uniaxial compressive strength is related to c and Ф by （） If the Coulomb shown in Figure is extrapolated to = 0, it will intersect the axis at an apparent value of uniaxial strength of the material given by （）The measurement of the uniaxial tensile strength of rock is fraught with difficulty. However, when it is satisfactorily measured, it takes values that are generally lower than those predicted value of uniaxial tensile stress, =0. Although it is widely used, Coulomb’s criterion is not a particularly satisfactory peak strength criterion for rock material. The reasons for this are:(a) It implies that a major shear fracture exist at peak strength. Observations such as those made by Wawersik and Fairhurst(1970) show that is not always the case.(b) It implies a direction of shear failure which does not always agree with experimental observations.(c) Experimental peak strength envelopes are generally non-linear. They can be considered linear only over limited ranges of or . For these reasons, other peak strength criteria are preferred for intact rock. However, the Coulomb criterion can provide a good representation of residual strength conditions, and more particularly, of the shear strength of discontinuities in rock (section ). Griffith crack theoryIn another of the classic papers of engineering science, Griffith (1921) postulated that fracture of brittle materials, such as steel and glass, is initial at tensile stress concentrations at the tips of minute, thin cracks (now referred to as Griffith based his determination of the conditions under which a crack would extend on his energy instability concept: A crack will extend only when the total potential energy of the system of applied forces and material decreases or remains constant with an increase in crack STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY For the case in which the potential energy of the applied forces is taken to be constant throughout, the criterion for crack extension may be written ()Where c is a crack length parameter, We is the elastic energy stored around the crack and Wd is the surface energy of the crack surfaces. Griffith (1921) applied this theory to the extension of an elliptical crack of initial length 2c that is perpendicular to the direction of loading of a plate of unit thickness subjected to a uniaxial tensile stress, б. He found that the crack will extend when （）Where α is the surface energy per unit area of the crack surfaces (associated with the rupturing of atomic bonds when the crack is formed), and E is the Young’s modulus of the uncracked material. It is important to note that it is the surface energy, α, which is the fundamental material property involved here. Experimental studies show that, for rock, a preexisting crack does not extend as a single pair of crack surface, but a fracture zone containing large numbers of very small cracks develops ahead of the propagating crack 9FIGURE ). In this case, it is preferable to treat α as an apparent surface energy to distinguish it from the surface energy which may have a significantly smaller value. It is difficult, if not impossible, to correlate the results of different types of direct and indirect tensile test on rock using the average tensile stress in the fracture zone as the basic material property. For this reason, measurement of the ‘tensile strength’ of rock has not been discussed in this chapter. However, Hardy(1973) was to obtain good correlation between the results of a rang of tests involving tensile fracture when the apparent surface energy was used as the unifying material property. Griffith (1924) extended his theory to the case of applied compressive stresses. Neglecting the influence of friction on the cracks which will close under compression, and assuming the elliptical crack will propagate from the points of maximum tensile stress concentration (P IN Figure ), Griffith obtained the following criterion for crack extension in plane compression:（）Where is the uniaxial tensile strength of the uncracked material (a positive number). This criterion can also be expressed in terms of the shear stress, τ , and the normal stress, acting on the plane containing the major axis of the crack:（） The envelopes given by equations . and are shown in Figure . Note that this theory predicts that the uniaxial compressive compressive stress at crack extension will always be eight times the uniaxial tensile strength.

土木工程的key哀，速度，

有一篇施工监控的论文，你查收一下吧，希望对你有用！

问题一：论文的外文参考文献从哪里找呢 在中国期刊网ki/里找，有那种英文的文献，之后翻译过来。万方、维普都可以。或者直接到外人数据库找。 APS美国物理学会电子出版物 AIP美国物理研究所电子出版物 ASME美国机械工程师学会电子期刊 ASCE美国土木工程协会电子期刊 ACS美国化学学会数据库 IOP英国皇家物理学会户刊 RSC英国皇家化学学会期刊 AIAA美国航空航天学会 John Wiley电子期刊 Kluwer电子期刊 Springer LINK 电子期刊 EBSCO学术、商业信息数据库 Elsevier Science IEEE/IEE Electronic Library ACM Digital Library 但估计你们学校没有数据库。 如果找不到干脆找个中文的自己翻译过来算了。 问题二：外文参考文献怎么找 在中国期刊网ki/里找，有那种英文的文献，之后翻译过来。万方、维普都可以。或者直接到外人数据库找。 APS美国物理学会电子出版物 AIP美国物理研究所电子出版物 ASME美国机械工程师学会电子期刊 ASCE美国土木工程协会电子期刊 ACS美国化学学会数据库 IOP英国皇家物理学会期刊 RSC英国皇家化学学会期刊 AIAA美国航空航天学会 John Wiley电子期刊 Kluwer电子期刊 Springer LINK 电子期刊 EBSCO学术、商业信息数据库 Elsevier Science IEEE/IEE Electronic Library ACM Digital Library 但估计你们学校没有数据库。 如果找不到干脆找个中文的自己翻译过来算了。 问题三：写论文怎么找外文文献 中国知网――ki你可以访问国家图书馆，找到学士论文那一项，再往下分类。或者高级搜索外文文献。 斯普林格（Splinger）――外国网站，如果你们学校买了的话就可以看，很多检索需要验证IP的。 到最近的大学办个图书证，花钱办的，还要带身份证或者学生证。都有外文图书室的。 别的就要看您什么专业，有专业用的检索网站等等。 通过看相关的中文文献，找到他们用的参考书，再把那本书弄到手看看有没有用。（我常用）这个不会出错，而且经常有翻译版。 问题四：查找下载学术论文和外文文献都有哪些途径和方法？具体一点 最常见的是知网。对于外文文献主要还有以下一些网站。楼主要采纳哦！ 问题五：毕业论文的外文文献去哪里能找到比较好的？ 1、手工查找图书馆外文期刊常2、检索图书馆外文数据库 推荐两个外文数据库，分别是EBSCOhost（）和WSN（）。 3、利用搜索引擎检索 利用Google、GoogleScholar（谷歌学术）或SCIRUS（scirus）等外文搜索引擎。 问题六：毕业论文的外文文献怎么找 有的 很多,是个人原创。 你好，帮你就是的，一份完整的 问题七：毕业论文的外文文献怎么找 有的 很多,是个人原创。 你好，帮你就是的，一份完整的 问题八：毕业论文外文文献在哪里找啊 15分 谷歌学术里可以找 不过你这个题目我估计是找不到外文文献的 问题九：一般在哪里下载英文论文文献 在淘宝里搜英文文献下载，就可以。也可以按店名来搜 “木虫屋” 就行，好像还可以代查，感觉挺方便的。 问题十：去哪找论文的外文文献？ science鸡irect/在这个网站,就可以找对外文文献的.在all fiedls,输入关键词,