论文翻译中翻译策略研究现状

语言是文化的重要组成部分,它既是文化的一种表现形式,又是一种社会文化现象。语言既像一面镜子反映着民族的全面文化,又像一个窗口提示着该文化的一切内容,而文化又是语言赖以生存的基础,是语言新陈代谢的生命源泉。基于语言的复杂内涵,在英汉翻译的实践中,就不能只着眼于语言转换,而要透过语言表层,了解其深层内涵和文化涵义。翻译者必须深入探明翻译内容所涉及到的原语和目标语的文化特征及其差异,运用各种翻译技巧方法,译出既保持异国情调,又为读者所接受的最自然的最接近原义的译文。翻译难,难就难在两种不同的理解与翻译。有些东西在一种文化体系里是不言而喻的,而在另一种文化体系里却是很难理解的;同一个词或成语在不同的国家文化中含义却往往不同。翻译决不是只着眼于语言转换,而是透过语言表层,了解其深层内涵和文化涵义。因此,译者必须深入探明翻译

看看行吗？如果不行再找我，我也在线等~~~~浅议英汉文化差异与翻译策略作者：佚名 资料来源：不详 点击数：230 更新时间：2009-3-27 22:28:00-摘 要：翻译作为跨文化交际的最主要手段之一，是和文化紧密结合在一起 的。翻译活动体现了不同文化之间的交流，同时也揭示了文化差异存在可译性。英汉文化差 异主要表现在宗教文化背景、价值取向、风俗习惯等方面，当文化差异现象在翻译中需要保 留或无法求同时，可以采用直译、意译、阐释、信息的增删等翻译策略。关键词：文化差异；翻译；可译性Abstract:As one major means of cross�cultural communication, translation is tig htly related to culture. Translation activities reveal the communication between different cultures and show the translatability in cultural differences. The di fferences between English and Chinese cultures are reflected mainly in religious cultural background, value orientation and customs and habits. Translation tech niques such as literal translation, liberal translation, explanation, addition a nd deduction can be applied when the cultural differences need reserving or cann ot be identified in words:cultural differences; translation; translatability翻译作为跨文化交际的重要手段之一，是和文化紧密结合在一起的。而语言 又是与文化相互交叉，相互渗透的——语言作为文化信息的载体，可以突破时空限制，承载 文化信息的多方面内涵〔1〕。因此，在语际转换中，翻译是译者将一种语言文字所 蕴涵的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动，是一种忠实于原文的再创作，而不是简 单地将词和句进行转移〔2〕27。从这一点看，翻译是一种具有科学性、创造性的艺 术。但由于各个民族在政治制度、地理环境、风俗习惯、宗教信仰以及文学艺术等方面都存 在文化差异，在翻译过程中如何对待和处理这些文化差异，无论在理论上还是实践上都具有 一定的现实意义。一、英汉文化差异的主要表现文化是一种历史现象，每一个社会都有与其相适应的文化。语言是文化 的组成部分，是文化的载体。使用不同语言的民族之间必然存在文化差异，这种文化差异会 造成翻译的困难。英语和汉语在文化内涵上的差异主要表现在以下几个方面：1.宗教文化背景的差异欧美人多信基督教，认为世界是上帝创造的，世上的一切都按上帝的旨意安排。“上帝”这 个概念就具有浓重的基督色彩，如果我们不了解这些宗教背景，在翻译时一味地追求文化的 等值，有时就会造成文化的亏损。因此，不同的宗教信仰引起的文化差异在翻译中不容忽视 。中国文化博大精深，源远流长。儒、道、佛是中国的三大宗教，在我国的传统文化中，有道 教的“玉帝”、佛教的“阎王”、还有神话中的“龙王”。其中以佛教对我国的文化影响最 大，不少成语就和佛教相关。例如：苦中作乐、五体投地、现身说法、天花乱坠等。如果译 者不了解宗教文化背景，势必会给翻译带来困难。2.思维方式和价值取向的差异英美文化中最重要的价值观念是个人自由，它是一种以个人为基本单元，强调“人人生而平 等”的文化。英美文化又被称为“我文化”、“个人价值至上文化”。在这种注重个人尊严 的文化里，权力的重心更多地倾向个体。而中国传统文化里最重要的价值观念是“忠”和“ 孝”，人际交往很注意自我与谈话对象的关系。中国文化又被称为“我们文化”、“集体主 义文化”。例如，中国人常说“四海之内皆兄弟”、“在家靠父母，出门靠朋友”、“仁义 值千金”、“大树底下好乘凉”等，这都说明中国人常把自己和所谓自家人视为一体并希望 能够在自身以外找到安全之所；而英语谚语中却说“God helps those that help t hemselves”（天助自助者）,“ self is our centre”（自我是我们的核心）,“life is a battle”（生活就是战斗），这些英语谚语都在告诫人们：只有靠自己奋斗，才能 获得成功和安全感。思维方式的差异本质上是文化差异的表现，长久生活在不同区域的人具有不同的文化特征， 因而也形成了不同的思维方式。如东方人偏重人文，注重伦理道德，西方人偏重自然，注重 科学技术；东方人重悟性、直觉、求同、求稳、重和谐，西方人则重理性、逻辑、求异、求 变、重竞争等。不同的思维方式决定了各个民族按照各自不同的方式创造不同的文化，而这 种不同必然要通过文化的载体——语言得以表达。这种思维方式的差异常导致翻译中一些词 语的引申义不同，因此，我们要谨防翻译陷阱。例如：汉语中的“拖后腿” ，如直译成英语“pull one's leg”，其意思就变成了“哄取笑某人，愚弄某人 ”。再比如，中国人常用“黄色”表示低级趣味、庸俗、猥亵等，但 我们不能看到“yellow boy”，就译成“下流男孩”，因为这 个短语在英语中指的是“金币”。3.历史、地域、风俗习惯的差异因为文化具有鲜明的地域性，所以区别于对方的“异质”客观存在，而这种“异质”必然要 通过语言表达出来。如英语中不乏歌颂“西风”的诗篇，而汉语中却常有赞美“东风”的诗 句；英诗多抒写“夏日”之丽，汉诗多描绘“春天”之美。这些都与文化的地域性不无联系 。西方人起源于游牧，与奔马感情深厚，因此，在英语中有大量带“马”的习语，如 “a will horse”（工作认真的人）, “a dead horse”（徒 劳无益的事）,“ ride on the high horse”（盛气凌人）等等。而 中国自古以来 是一个农业大国，成语中很大一部分是农谚，如“众人拾柴火焰高”、“拔苗助长”、“顺 藤摸瓜”等。英汉民族不同的生活经验和风俗习惯势必造成观察、认识问题的角度、方式和方法的不同。 就话题的选择来看，英美人交谈忌讳涉及年龄、收入、婚姻、信仰等有关个人的话题，而中 国人见面就会问“你多大了、结婚了吗、收入怎么样”等问题。再比如，英国人对狗一般都 有好感，常用来比喻人的生活。例如：“top dog”（重要人物）,“ lucky dog”（幸运儿）,“love me, love my dog”（爱屋及乌）等 等。而中国民间虽然有养狗的习惯，但一般在心理上都厌恶鄙视它，常常用它来比喻坏人坏 事，如：狗腿子、狗急跳墙、狗仗人势等。二、文化差异下的翻译策略翻译不单纯是两种语言在形式上的转换，还包含两种文化在交流中的 相互渗透和相互兼容。刘宓庆先生〔2〕20也认为：文化的可译性是由认识的同一性 及语义系统的同构原理和人类思维形式的同一性原理决定的。但同构的相对性及语言的模糊 性决定了文化的可译性是相对的。为此，译者就要采取必要的翻译策略，最大限度地传递文 化信息。1.直译直译是指按原来的意义和结构直接把原语的词句转译成译语的词句，即如何在保持原语形式 的同时不让其意义失真〔3〕。这种方法既可保留原语的民族色彩，又让译语读者能 够接触大量的异族文化，从而丰富目的语的表达方式。如：“条条大路通罗马”，“以眼还眼，以牙还牙”等，都是从英语直译过来并被大家所接受的习 语。再比如：将“挥金如土”译为“spending money like dirty” ，要比选用现成的英语成语“spending money like water”好，这样 既不影响正确地理解原文含义，又保留了汉语的特点。总之，直译重在忠实原文，从内容到 形式追求最大限度的“信”，但决不等于提倡在翻译中搞形式至上的机械转换。直译可以保 持原文形象生动的比喻，巧妙的手法和独特的民族风格，尤其适用于那些只为某民族所特有 ，具有独特文化内涵的词。 2.意译如直译无法尽显原作风姿或造成目的语读者理解困难，则有必要借助意译。意译是指将别的 民族语言中的无等值物词按照汉语的构词方法和构词成分进行仿照。如将“hold a wolf by ears”译成“骑虎难下”；把“as thick as thieves”译成 “亲密无间”；“put the cart before the horse”译成“ 本末倒置”。反过来，把汉语的“糟糠之妻”译成“the wife who shared her husband's hardships”；“八仙过海，各显其能”译成“ each of us shows his true abilities”等等，都是采用的意译手法。和直译相比 ，意译更注重意义，忽略细节，要求译文自然流畅。换而言之，直译和意译的关系实际上就 是“形合”和“意合”的关系〔3〕。3.音译音译适用于专有名词（人名、地名等）和一些特殊的文化现象。音译中，汉字已经不表意， 只表音。如：“Beatles”是一支60～70年代在英国影响很大的吉他乐队，音译成汉语为“ 披头士”，由这个词我们中国人便可联想到此乐队乐手的形象、风貌。再如：“cool”音译 成汉语“酷”。一个“酷”字把时下年轻人追求新潮、前卫、崇尚与众不同、寻求个性发展 的言行与心态表现的活灵活现。4.阐释越是民族色彩浓重的词语和事物、越是作家个性鲜明突出的地方，翻译越是离不开“释”。 通过下面两段文字的处理，我们可以看到阐释对文化差异的有效弥补。①His wife held the purse string.(他的妻子掌管经济大权。)purse st ring是钱袋子,握着钱袋子即掌握着经济大权。②Since The Book of Poem begins with a poem on wedded love. I thought I w ould begin this book by speaking of my marital relations and then let other matt ers follow.(因思关雎冠三百篇之首，故列夫妇于首卷；余以次递及焉。)译者为使 原 文涵义明朗化，直接解释说明了“关雎”与“三百篇”的关系及其内容，点出了作品的文化 渊源。5.信息的增删由于英语和汉语存在差异，在双语转换中，有时为了求得源语与译入语的表达在概念上的一 致，译者常常需要在语言形式上作适当的变通。这既利于突出译文中语言的合理性和规范性 ，也便于读者认同和接受源语文化。在翻译过程中，这种“变通”具体可体现为信息的增补 与删减。例如：①It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief，it was the ep och of incredulity.(这是一个隆盛之世，但也是一个衰微之世；这是一个智慧的时代，但 也是一个愚蠢的时代；这是一个有信仰的新纪元，但也是一个充满怀疑的新纪元。) 译文中添加了3个“但也是”，成功地反映了原文所描述的种种对比和矛盾，如不做这样的 增补，则无法连接上下文，亦无从再现源语风格。②It was Friday and soon they would go out and get drunk.(星期五发薪日到 了，他们马上就会出去喝得酩酊大醉。)译文中如不增加“发薪日”，读者往往会产 生迷惑。在英国星期五是发薪日，这里的增补，使得“星期五”具体化，也让文化信息一目 了然。③In the street below a peddler was crying his wares.(房子下面有个小贩在 沿 街叫卖。)译文中略去“他的货物”几个字，不但无损原文的语义，而且更生动的再 现了源语中的情形。④ …because he used to lend money to people in distress, and would neve r take any interest for the money he lent…(因为他常常借钱给那些有急难的人，从来 不要利钱。)译文中将原句末尾处的介词短语连同其中的定语从句通通略去，仅用一 个“利钱”与之对应，简练地传达了源语的语义和风格。由此可见，要做好传译，译者必须时时牢记信息增删的目的，并以之为准绳，认真对照两种 语言，发挥主观能动性，该增则增，该减则减。同时，还要协调好信息增补与删减之间的关 系，掌握好“度”的问题，决不能无中生有或随意舍弃。三、结语综上所述，汉英两种语言产生于不同的文化背景，承载不同的文化，这就必然导致两种语言 在表达方式上存在诸多相异之处。要处理好翻译中的文化差异问题，译者除了要具备对两种 文化的领悟、感应能力以及对两种语言的实际运用能力外，还要不断提高自身文化修养，努 力使自己具备原作者所具有的理想、感情和意境。作为构筑文化交流桥梁的译者，要根据不 同的情况，采取灵活的翻译策略，克服中西方文化差异造成的障碍，做到既尊重别国文化， 也尊重本国文化，使译文尽可能达意、传神，从而达到跨文化交际的目的。参考文献：〔1〕李源.英汉文化差异与语言翻译初探〔J〕.云南师范大学学报:哲学社 会科学版，1998(2):78-82.〔2〕刘宓庆.当代翻译理论〔M〕.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1999.〔3〕孙晶.直译、意译翻译与归化、异化〔J〕.齐齐哈尔医学院学报，2007（3）:3 36-337.

Second, status quo The trademark name for people like commodities as important. For commodities, trade mark is not only a title, but also a symbol of quality, enterprises, trademarks do not have to open more of a salesman. Trademarks competition as a special language symbols, have their differences, and the protection of advertising, we in the process of translation needs more stringent carefully and seriously weighed. In recent years, many scholars from a variety of different angles on the translation of the word in English and Chinese trademark conducted an in-depth study and research, and put forward some of the theoretical basis for the translation of strategy. Cultural perspective In international trade, a well-known brand names faithful translation of the language allows a potential entry point for consumers from knowing the product. "Literal translation" of the trademark is the original meaning of the surface of the converter. However, the special case of trademarks, and sometimes literal not a good expression of the cultural trademarks of the original flavor, but also because of cultural differences may be unable to target markets and customer acceptance of its products. Dai-rong (2004) from the start with cultural factors, on the trademark translation notable commercial purposes in the Western culture and the great differences in the translation, the traditional "true" and "equivalent" translation standards have been unable to adapt trademark translation flexibility not without losing the "letter" or "letter." I should be the desired goal at the top of translation. Trademark Translation is a cross-language, cross-cultural communication, and made in the translation of Chinese and Western cultures should focus on the exchange of information (Yuan Zhifa, 2007). Wang 1 (2007) in its "trademark trademark translation and cultural translation of the" trademarks in the text of a translation should be allowed to trademark product information disclosed; trademark advertising language translation must be consistent with the cultural identity; trademark translation market with the goal of social and political concern to close problems associated. An aesthetic point of view There are also many scholars believe that attention should be paid to trademark translation trademark aesthetic values. Trademarks to trigger a potential users better Lenovo. "Translation" is based on such purposes is in the majority. Mei Li (2007) from an aesthetic point of view, in its "aesthetic perspective from the translation of brand names in an article entitled" on the sale of trademarks in products plays an important role in advertising, the name of the goods it is necessary to use a translation, easily overwhelming majority consumers understand the ordinary people but also the aesthetic needs and aesthetic capacities, and for them to accept and appreciate, but also in line with the national, political, economic, cultural and religious beliefs and customs. Trademarks can be aesthetic features of the sound from the United States, form the United States, the United States intended to explore three areas, the translator should have the courage to innovation, with the sound translated the United States, Italy and the United States market effect of translation. (Cuijinqi, 2006) Function on the angles The same information, use two different languages, different recipients, but it has to have the same effect, which is equivalent translation of the main principles (Liu Chang-e, 2007). Li Ying (2003), Xiao Hui (2000), and other people think that the trademark should not rigidly adhere to the original translation, but should be flexible. The trademark translation and text to produce the same or similar functions. Li Ying in its "equivalent English translation of the word trademark" trademark in the translation should be avoided because of cultural differences in the use of a different understanding of the term as far as possible Baoyi or neutral color word, as brief as possible accessibility, innovative and good mind Word. And the lack of regret China's trademark translation After several decades of development and through the diligence of many research scholars have made notable achievements. But research in the field there are still some deficiencies and shortcomings. Translation Studies trademark line with the actual use. Traditional methods of translation, linguistics approach because too much emphasis on "faithful" and ignored cultural factors, resulting in the one-sidedness and on the actual operation of blindness. For example, the trademark is intended to arouse customers better purchasing desire to mark commercial function. Translation sector more than talking about is a trademark translation Alto, shape, the name of the right and so on, and ignored the trademark been accepted by the target market of consumers. Therefore, in the process of translation trademarks often be asked trademarks and translated language culture does not conform with trademark violation in the target language: the customary usage, and so on. 阿拉伯文到英语朝鲜语到英语德语到法语德语到英语俄语到英语法语到德语法语到英语荷兰语到英语葡萄牙语到英语日语到英语西班牙语到英语希腊语到英语意大利语到英语英语到阿拉伯文英语到朝鲜语英语到德语英语到俄语英语到法语英语到荷兰语英语到葡萄牙语英语到日语英语到西班牙语英语到希腊语英语到意大利语英语到中文(繁体)英语到中文(简体)中文到英语中文(繁体到简体)中文(简体到繁体)

Second, status quo The trademark name for people like commodities as important. For commodities, trade mark is not only a title, but also a symbol of quality, enterprises, trademarks do not have to open more of a salesman. Trademarks competition as a special language symbols, have their differences, and the protection of advertising, we in the process of translation needs more stringent carefully and seriously weighed. In recent years, many scholars from a variety of different angles on the translation of the word in English and Chinese trademark conducted an in-depth study and research, and put forward some of the theoretical basis for the translation of strategy. Cultural perspective In international trade, a well-known brand names faithful translation of the language allows a potential entry point for consumers from knowing the product. "Literal translation" of the trademark is the original meaning of the surface of the converter. However, the special case of trademarks, and sometimes literal not a good expression of the cultural trademarks of the original flavor, but also because of cultural differences may be unable to target markets and customer acceptance of its products. Dai-rong (2004) from the start with cultural factors, on the trademark translation notable commercial purposes in the Western culture and the great differences in the translation, the traditional "true" and "equivalent" translation standards have been unable to adapt trademark translation flexibility not without losing the "letter" or "letter." I should be the desired goal at the top of translation. Trademark Translation is a cross-language, cross-cultural communication, and made in the translation of Chinese and Western cultures should focus on the exchange of information (Yuan Zhifa, 2007). Wang 1 (2007) in its "trademark trademark translation and cultural translation of the" trademarks in the text of a translation should be allowed to trademark product information disclosed; trademark advertising language translation must be consistent with the cultural identity; trademark translation market with the goal of social and political concern to close problems associated. An aesthetic point of view There are also many scholars believe that attention should be paid to trademark translation trademark aesthetic values. Trademarks to trigger a potential users better Lenovo. "Translation" is based on such purposes is in the majority. Mei Li (2007) from an aesthetic point of view, in its "aesthetic perspective from the translation of brand names in an article entitled" on the sale of trademarks in products plays an important role in advertising, the name of the goods it is necessary to use a translation, easily overwhelming majority consumers understand the ordinary people but also the aesthetic needs and aesthetic capacities, and for them to accept and appreciate, but also in line with the national, political, economic, cultural and religious beliefs and customs. Trademarks can be aesthetic features of the sound from the United States, form the United States, the United States intended to explore three areas, the translator should have the courage to innovation, with the sound translated the United States, Italy and the United States market effect of translation. (Cuijinqi, 2006) Function on the angles The same information, use two different languages, different recipients, but it has to have the same effect, which is equivalent translation of the main principles (Liu Chang-e, 2007). Li Ying (2003), Xiao Hui (2000), and other people think that the trademark should not rigidly adhere to the original translation, but should be flexible. The trademark translation and text to produce the same or similar functions. Li Ying in its "equivalent English translation of the word trademark" trademark in the translation should be avoided because of cultural differences in the use of a different understanding of the term as far as possible Baoyi or neutral color word, as brief as possible accessibility, innovative and good mind Word. And the lack of regret China's trademark translation After several decades of development and through the diligence of many research scholars have made notable achievements. But research in the field there are still some deficiencies and shortcomings. Translation Studies trademark line with the actual use. Traditional methods of translation, linguistics approach because too much emphasis on "faithful" and ignored cultural factors, resulting in the one-sidedness and on the actual operation of blindness. For example, the trademark is intended to arouse customers better purchasing desire to mark commercial function. Translation sector more than talking about is a trademark translation Alto, shape, the name of the right and so on, and ignored the trademark been accepted by the target market of consumers. Therefore, in the process of translation trademarks often be asked trademarks and translated language culture does not conform with trademark violation in the target language: the customary usage, and so on.