不明白啊==!
英汉日常俗语比较
英汉日常俗语比较,中国的汉语有着悠久的历史,在相同的意思的情况下可以用很多种不同的汉字来描述,但是相比较英语就比较单一,因此中国的一些俗语翻译起来就比较麻烦,以下是英汉日常俗语比较的分享。
最相似的一类,其表达方式与内容几乎完全相同,看起来就好像是直接的翻译.比如:
Tostrikewhiletheironishot。
趁热打铁.
Goodluckwouldnevercomeinpairs。
福不双至.
Fireprovesgold,adversityprovesmen。
烈火显真金,逆境识英雄.
Longhairandshortwit。
头发长,见识短.
Bloodisthickerthanwater。
血浓于水.
Ifyouwouldnotbeknowntodoanything,neverdoit。
若要人不知,除非己莫为.
Inunityhereisstrength。
团结就是力量.
Hewhosebellyisfullbelievesnothimwhoisfasting。
饱汉不知饿汉饥.
Easiersaidthandone。
说时容易做时难.
Idlenessistherootofallevil。
懒惰是万恶之源.
Wallhasears。
隔墙有耳.
这类对应谚语,从形式上几乎看不出任何文化差异.在谚语的起源上,有些甚至可能是相互的.借鉴或翻译.东西方文化交流的比较研究,或许会提供一些证据.但不同文化中能有如此相通的谚语流传,也说明人类社会的文化积累过程有很多基本的共同进程.
还有一类谚语,所表达的含义完全相同,但所隐喻于的事物略有文化上的差异.比如:
Betterbetheheadofadogthanthetailofalion。
宁做鸡头,不做凤尾.
Theforemostdogcatchesthehare。
早起的鸟儿有虫吃.
Everypotterpraiseshisownpot。
老王卖瓜,自卖自夸.
Thefoxpreysfarthestfromhome。
兔子不吃窝边草.
Theproofofthepuddingisintheeating。
要知道梨子的滋味,最好是亲口尝一尝.
Oneswallowdoesnotmakeasummer。
一花独放不是春.
Onedropofpoisoninfectsthewholetunofwine。
一颗老鼠屎坏了一锅粥.
Setafoxtokeepone‘’‘’sgeese。
引狼入室.
Whatdoyouexpectfromapigbutagrunt?
狗嘴里吐不出象牙
Hethatcomesofahenmustscrape。
老鼠的儿子会打洞.
Whenthecat‘’‘’saway,themicewillplay。
山中无老虎,猴子称大王.
谚语也是表达的内容相同,但语言表达方式有异:
Sinkorswim。
不进则退.
Hethathadnocrossdeservesnocrown。
不吃苦中苦,难得人上人.
Jackofalltrades,masterofnone。
博而不专.
Opportunityseldomknockstwice。
机不可失
Amissisasgoodasamile。
失之毫厘,谬以千里.
Bettertobesurethansorry。
宁可信其有,不可信其无.
Enoughisasgoodasafeast
知足者常乐
Whospitsagainstheaven,itfallsinhisface。
自作自受
Anunfortunatemanwouldbedrownedinatea-cup。
人倒霉喝凉水都塞牙
Romewasnotbuiltinaday。
冰冻三尺非一日之寒
Ittakestwotomakeaquarrel。
一个巴掌拍不响
Failuresarethepillarsofsuccess。
失败是成功之母
Truthneedsnotmanywords。
有理不在声高
Topayhimbackinhisowncoin。
即以其人之道,还治其人之身这类谚语本质上和第二类相同,但不是借用具体事物,而是用特定的语言来表达某种经验,思想。
I am grateful to several people for their generous help in my study for the master抯 degree and work on proverbs, either recently or in the past: in particular, my supervisor, Prof. Zhou Fangzhu, whose gracious encouragement and help must be acknowledged in the first place. And he has led me into the field of translation and offered me valuable advice for my thesis research, without which, the completion of the thesis would have been impossible. I cannot wait to express my heart-felt thanks to Prof. Zhou in whom I find an admirable combination of intellectual profundity and personal indebtedness is due especially to Prof. Chen Zhengfa and Prof. Tian Debei, whose great attainments in the field of translation have granted me inspiration in writing the , I would also extend my heartfelt gratitude to Prof. Hong Zengliu and Prof. Zhu Yue whose lectures have nourished me in different fields of English but not the least, a word of thanks to the faculty of School of Foreign Studies of Anhui University as well as to my colleagues. Their kindness and help in the course of my study will forever be (English version)Abstract (Chinese version)Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………1Chapter 2 A Comparative Study of Chinese and English Proverbs…………… Similarities………………………………………………………… Similar Origin……………………………………… Similar Features………………………………………… Similar Practical Values…………………………… Differences……………………………………………………… Different Numbers…………………………………… Different Images and Meanings………………………… Different Cultural Tint………………………………… The Correspondence between Chinese and English Proverbs… Correspondence……………………………………… Approximate Correspondence……………………… Non-correspondence……………………………………40Chapter 3 Translation Principles and Approaches………………………… for Translation Approaches……………………… Translation Approaches…………………………………………… Synonymous Replacement ………………………………… Literal Translation………………………………… Liberal Translation…………………………………… Compensation Approaches…………………………… Some Points Worth Enough Attention in Translation………53Chapter 4 Conclusion………………………………………………………………60Notes…………………………………………………………………………………62Bibliography………………………………………………………………………64Chapter OneIntroductionWhat is a proverb? The definition by Longman Modern English Dictionary is 揳 brief familiar maxim of folk wisdom, usually compressed in form, often involving a bold image and frequently a jingle that catches the memory.?The definition given by 辞海 is: 撌煊锏囊恢郑�餍杏诿窦涞募蛄吠ㄋ锥�挥幸庖宓挠锞洹4蠖喾从橙嗣裆�詈投氛�木�椤H纭�硕嗔ζ胪粕降梗�谌耸安窕鹧娓摺�取Q栌镆彩敲窦湮难У囊恢中问健� An English patron named Robert South defined proverb in his book Sermons like this: What a proverb, but the experience and observation of several ages, gathered and summed up in one Wang Qin, in his book谚语.歇后语概论, defines proverb in this way, 撗栌锸侨嗣袢褐谏�疃氛�木�樽芙? 是具有传授经验和教训劝戒功能, 流传于人民群众口头中的现成语.2From these definitions, we may find out the common grounds shared by different definers. That is, a proverb, which succinctly sums up human experience and observation of the world, states a general truth and gives advice or warning. A proverb, often involving a bold image, musical rhythm and compressed form, can bring reality and vividness to the readers and so they are very easy to are many proverbs about proverbs themselves. Some of them are about the values of proverbs such as A proverb has contents of gold; Proverbs are the wisdom of the ages3; 名花添春色,谚语增智慧;十句谚语十句真.4 From them we may see that proverbs have something in them and they can give people valuable advice or warning. Some proverbs are about their effect on language such as Proverbs are the lamps to words; A proverb is an ornament to language; 泉水最清,谚语最精;美丽的季节是春天,美丽的语言是谚语. These proverbs reveal that proverbs can make language more colorful and beautiful. Still, some others are about the origin of proverbs as Proverbs are the daughter of daily life; Proverbs are the children of experience; 丰收在劳动中获得,谚语在实践中获得;蓓蕾在枝叶上孕成,谚语在生活中提炼.Because proverbs are the summing up of folk wisdom and they are usually very pithy, they have universal appeal. People love to pick up proverbs when they try to reason things out and the proper use of proverbs can make their views more convincing. Proverbs are the cream of a language and they are 搕he wisdom of the streets and the alley? Lord John Rushell, who was the Premier Minister of England during the period of 1846-1852, once said, 揂 proverb is one man抯 wit and all men抯 wisdom.?The great writer Francis Bacon also spoke highly of proverbs, 揋enius wit and spirit of a nation are discovered by their proverbs.?And proverbs also won the enthusiastic approval of William Shakespeare, the great writer: A proverb never stale in thrifty English people comment their proverbs like this: What flowers are to gardens, spices to food, gems to a garment and stars to heaven, such are proverbs interwoven in the are the crystal of the national wisdom and experience. They are an important part of a national language and they appropriately reflect the relation between culture and language. They have been connected closely with the national characteristics ever since their coming into being and in their later development. Proverbs reflect many aspects of the nation such as the historical stories, natural styles and features, cultural traditions, native conventions and the religious belief, etc. As a folk literature form, they carry a vivid color of a national culture and are beneficial to study a nation comprehensively such as the national history, folk-customs and language. In this chapter, the relationship between culture and language will be discussed in order to penetrate some insights into and culture are highly integrated with each other. It is generally acknowledged that language and culture are inseparable and mutually influenced so that one cannot understand or appreciate the one without knowledge of the other. Brown (1980: 124) describes the two like this: ?a language is a part of culture and a culture is a part of a language; the two are intricately interwoven so that one can not separate the two without losing the significance of either language or culture.?/P>Language is a part of culture and plays a very important role in it. Some social scientists consider it the keystone of culture. Without language, they maintain, culture would not be possible. In the broadest sense, language is the symbolic representation of people and it comprises their historical and cultural backgrounds as well as their approaches to life and their ways of living and thinking. Therefore, language can help people express their understanding of the world and attitudes toward the world. Language can record the development of a nation and a society. People can learn culture left behind by their ancestors through the acquisition of language, so language becomes the embodiment of culture. Language is a part of culture, perhaps best defined as the totality of beliefs and practices of a society. This makes language the distinctive feature of human society, something indispensable for the functioning of a culture and for handing it down to succeeding the other hand, culture has an important influence on language. Language is influenced and shaped by culture. It is the carrier and a part of culture and reflects short, language and culture are tightly interacted with each other in the sense that 1) culture includes language; language is a member of the family of culture; 2) that language is the carrier of culture, it records all the material and spiritual achievements of human beings in , as a part of language, are also a kind of social phenomenon and are closely integrated with the society and culture. They not only represent a kind of cultural phenomenon, but also record culture and its development. They cannot exist out of culture. Their coming into being, growth and death are more or less caused by cultural influences. Proverbs can provide interesting clues to a people抯 geography, history, social organization, social views and attitudes and they have great cultural values. For this reason, proverbs are is generally acknowledged that different peoples have great differences in their cultures. But since different peoples live on the same earth with roughly similar needs and some of them have even experienced similar social development stages, their experiences, emotional reflection and observation of the world are in many aspects similar. This shows that different peoples may have cultural generality besides cultural differences. Chinese and English peoples are with no exception. Their cultural differences and generality, on the other hand, unavoidably leave their traces in their , as the cream of a language, inevitably carry the imprint of cultural differences and generality. The differences and generality respectively lead to the dissimilarities and similarities between Chinese and English proverbs and make a comparative study of the proverbs possible.
语言是思维的表达方式,不同的语言特征往往反映着不同地域、民族的思维习惯差异。下文是我为大家整理的关于英汉语言对比方面论文的 范文 ,欢迎大家阅读参考!关于英汉语言对比方面论文篇1 浅探英汉委婉语对比 摘 要: 本文应用范畴和构造手段对英汉委婉语进行了对比,通过对比英汉两种语言中的委婉语可以了解委婉语不仅是一种语言现象,更是一种社会 文化 现象。研究英汉委婉语的异同,有助于我们了解英语国家的社会风俗与文化。 关键词: 英汉委婉语 应用范畴 构造手段 一、引言 委婉语euphemism源自希腊语,由词头“eu”(good)和词干“phemism”(speech)构成,意为吉利之语(words of good omen)或优雅的说法(good speech)。委婉语是人类语言使用过程中的一种普遍现象。 通过对比英汉两种语言中的委婉语,我们可以了解委婉语不仅是一种语言现象,更是社会文化现象。委婉语的产生和发展是不同社会心理和语言因素共同作用的结果。委婉语反映了不同社会的发展、价值观、道德观和社会文化。 二、英汉委婉语应用范畴的对比 1.关于疾病的委婉语 生病是人们忌讳说的,因而东西方人常常用委婉语表达。在现代英语中,多用trouble婉指病,如heart trouble,lung trouble等。cancer的委婉语为“the Big C”或“long illness”,“terminally ill”。性病在英语里被称为“social disease”,“the French disease”,“certain disease”,“communicable disease”。汉语里人们把这种病称为“花柳病”、“富贵病”、“那种病”。汉语中,我们把“生病”称作“身体不好”、“身体欠安”,说“癌症”为“不治之症”。 而在身体缺陷方面,英语中婉称crippled(残疾)为physically handicapped(有生理缺陷的)或者用disabled,the inconvenienced表示crippled(瘸子),用imperfect hearing(听觉不完美)代替the deaf(聋子),用visually retarded(视力有障碍的)代替the blind(瞎子、盲人)。在汉语中,四肢残疾称“手脚不灵便、走路不便”,偏瘫称“半身不遂”等,秃顶婉称“谢顶”,耳朵聋称“耳背、耳朵不灵”。其他的还有“挨了一下子”、“划了个口子”等代称“受伤”。 2.关于性的委婉语 从古至今,各民族对性爱及与其相关的一些说法均持谨慎态度。随着人类的进步,也出现了一些开放性的说法,但其主流仍然采用回避、模糊、委婉的说法。英语中谈及性行为的委婉语有make love,to have sex with,to go to bed with etc.汉民族历来对性行为持封闭态度,谈及性行为时总是遮遮掩掩,含混模糊。汉语中表达性爱的委婉语有:同房、夫妻生活、房事、云雨之事、那种事等。在谈到性行为不检点时,英语中有free love,trial marriage,love companion,mixed singles等模糊与中性化的委婉语。汉语中则采用较严厉的贬义词抨击不检点的性行为。如男盗女娼、三者插足、寻花问柳、水性杨花等。对于妓女这一令人鄙弃的角色,西方社会给予了许多雅号,如,street walker,street girl,a woman of the town,pavement princess。谈到怀孕时,英汉两种语言均用委婉语,如英语很少直接说pregnancy(怀孕),而说be in the family way,in an interesting condition,in a delicate condition,knitting little bootees etc.汉语则说,有喜了、要当妈妈了、身怀六甲等。 3.关于死亡的委婉语 古今中外,无论东西方,“死亡”都是一个避讳莫深的话题。人们在语言交际中尽量回避“死亡”二字而尽可能用委婉语代替。虽然英汉语中都有很多表示“死亡”的委婉语,但其中的差异具体表现在: (1)英汉表达死的委婉语在体现社会地位上大相径庭。中国经历了几千年的封建社会,封建制度对中国文化影响颇深。天子死称“崩”,诸侯死称“薨”,大夫死曰“卒”,士死曰“不禄”。西方人笃信__,认为人都是上帝创造的,故生来人人平等。英语中有一条古老的格言:Popes,Kings,beggars,and thieves alike must die.头衔和地位并不能免人一死。在死神面前,卑贱者和高贵者一律平等。 (2)由不同的宗教文化带来的表达差异。英语中die的很多委婉语来自《圣经》,如to go to a better place/world(到一个更美好的地方、世界),to go to Heaven/Paradise(进入天国)。汉语中,入佛门的则说“迁化、圆寂、舍生”等;对信仰道教的则说“蝉脱、羽化、别驾、遁化”等。 (3)因价值观念的不同,英汉委婉语也不同。汉语中表“死亡”的委婉语还有褒贬之分,如壮烈牺牲、慷慨就义、为国捐躯等。英语国家的民族英雄常常受人敬仰,在英语里找到一些表示为国家或事业而捐躯的委婉词语,如bite the dust/the ground,fire one’s last shot,give one’s life,kiss the dust lay down one’s life。 4.有关“低微职业”的委婉语 在英汉这两种语言里,职业也是一个敏感的话题,因为它直接反映了一个人的社会和经济地位。为提高某些职业的社会地位,人们往往使用委婉语加以美化。这种现象在现代英语中俯拾皆是:把maid(女仆)或housekeeper(女管家)称为domestic help(家务助手)、day-help(白天帮工)或live-in help(住家帮手);一般服务员也升级为service manager(服务管理人员);butcher(屠夫)也改称为meat technologist(肉类技术专家);garbage collector(垃圾收集工)也称sanitation engineer(环境卫生工程师)。 现代汉语也有类似的职业委婉语,“理发师“成了“发型设计师”,理发店也随之改成了发型设计中心,“佣人”成了“家政人员”,“厨子”婉称为“大厨”、“大师傅”,用“服务员”代替“跟班、听差、跑堂”,“司机”代替“车夫”等。这些职业委婉语的使用一方面反映出人们文明程度的提高和追求高雅的心理趋势,另一方面体现出现代人的尊重意识和平等观念。 5.关于年龄上的委婉语 英语中有关老的委婉语很多,这与其文化密切相关。美国文化以个人主义为中心,讲究独立与隐私,子女成人后即与父母分居,老人生活孤单寂寞,于是老成了生活中的一大忌。因此,英语中有许多关于老的委婉语。如:senior citizen,advantage in the age,the mature,seasoned man等。 同时人们把晚年称为golden years(黄金年华),养老院并非理想去处,也被婉称为a home for adults(成人之家)、a rest home(休养所)等。然而在中国,情况却正好相反,因为中国历来有尊老敬老的传统观念和价值观。在中国,“老”字带敬意,是资历和地位的象征。人们有时还倚老卖老,以老为荣。 如什么“老板、老大、老总、老师、老师傅”等。汉语中类似“年老”的委婉语也很多,如:古稀之年、高龄、高寿、桑榆、夕阳红等。同时,中国人还常把老字放在姓氏的前面或者后面,来称呼那些德高望重的老年人,以表尊重,如:老赵、王老。这体现了中国重视老人的价值观,而这些在英美文化中是不可思议的。可见,在不同的文化背景中,人们对同一事物的态度可能截然相反。 三、英汉委婉语构造手段的对比 由于英汉民族的语言不同,两种语言在文化、语言形式和 思维方式 等方面存在较大的差异。英汉委婉语的差别正是由于两种语言的语言特点差异所造成的,主要体现在英汉委婉语各自的词汇形态特点、语义特点和语法特点等方面。英语是一种拼音文字,通过语音及语法手段构成委婉语,或拼写形式的变异,达到委婉的目的,汉语却侧重于词汇手段。 英语委婉语的构成方式: (1)缩略(Abbreviation):ladies代替ladies’ room,婉指女厕所。 (2)尾脱落(Apocopation):lav代替lavatory(厕所)。 (3)首字母缩略(Initiating):.代替body odor(狐臭)。 (4)逆生(Backforming):ecnop 代替ponce,婉指“拉皮条的人”。 (5)音节或字母重复(Reduplication)pee-pee=piss(小便)。 (6)音节扭曲(Phonetic Distortion)Cripes=Christ(基督)、God(上帝)。 (7)混合词(Blend word):gezunda=This object“goes under”the bed.(那东西放在床底下,即“夜壶”)。 (8)小词(Diminutive):heinie=hind end(后端,即“臀部”)。 汉语委婉语独特的构成方式: (1)拆字法。如:张俊氏道:“胡子老官,这事你作法便了,做成了,少不得言身寸。”(“谢”拆开后即“言”、“身”、“寸”)。(《儒林外史》第32回) (2) 歇后语 法。人们在做一些消极评论时,常会借助一些歇后语来缓冲过于直白的语气,以达到委婉的目的。比如骂人时说:茶壶里的水(滚开)。 (3)换字法。例如,北方话口语中常说“扯蛋”,书面语转写时,换成“扯淡”。 (4)符号替换法。例如:“×你妈!你怎么不说话,哑巴吗?” (5)反义法。所谓反义就是指与禁忌语的意义相反。如广州人把“气死我”说成“激生我”;把“笑死我”说成“笑生我”。显然,生与死是 反义词 ,这里用“生”避开了“死”。 三、结语 笔者对英语和汉语中的委婉语从应用范畴与构造手段两方面进行了比较,试图找到两种语言中的差异和相似之处。委婉语不仅仅是修辞现象、语言学现象,更蕴含浓厚文化内涵、民族特征。在各个国家的日常交往及工作中,委婉语的运用极为广泛,它可以润滑和协调人际关系,使交际活动顺利进行。充分认识其构造手段、形式特点、发展规律将有助于我们了解英语国家的社会风俗与文化,从而增强跨文化交际的能力。 参考文献: [1]邓志昌,刘润清.语言与文化[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1989. [2]束定芳,徐金元.委婉语研究:回顾与前瞻[J].外国语,1995(5). [3]王希杰.汉语修辞学[M].北京:商务印书馆,2004. [4]刘瑞琴.英汉委婉语对比与翻译[M].银川:宁夏人民出版社,2010. 关于英汉语言对比方面论文篇2 浅谈英汉词缀对比研究 【摘 要】英语和汉语是两种不同的语言,两者在构词法上有着巨大的差别。分析了这两种语言的词缀,通过前缀和后缀的词缀对比,会给英语教学以及英汉互译提供一些启发。 【关键词】词缀;前缀;后缀;对比 1 词缀的定义 词缀法是把词缀附加在词根上构造新词的 方法 (陈,1991),也叫做派生法。总的来说,前缀起着语义功能,而后缀有语法功能。在英语中,它是一种重要的构词法,自从第二次世界大战以来,它在新的 英语单词 中占。在汉语中,由词缀法构成的词非常少,然而词缀化是汉语本身发展的自然趋势(吴,2001)。 2 英汉前缀对比 英汉前缀的不同反映在英语比汉语有更多的前缀。英语前缀是构词主要的成分,仅次于词根。整体来说,英语派生过程比汉语更复杂、更多样化。 英语前缀的分类 英语前缀大多只是改变词义而不改变词性,所以英语单词是在意义的基础上分类的,英语前缀可以分为九类,列举如下: 汉语前缀的分类 汉语的前缀表示语法意义,其首要功能是改变词性,这种功能相当于英语的后缀,这是两种语言最大的区别。汉语的前缀可以分为两类,一类只是为了构词,如“老”,老婆、老大、老虎;“阿”,阿爹、阿婆。另外一类不全是语法的性质,可能会改变词性,汉语前缀根据意义可以划分为以下类型。 汉语前缀和其相对应的英语形式: 1)否定前缀 不人道 inhuman 非正式 informal 不科学 unscientific 非导体 nonconductor 无形 invisible 无条件 unconditional 2)态度前缀 反建议 counterproposal 亲美 pro-American 反常 abnormal 伪政府 pseudo-government 反社会 anti-social 3)程度或大小前缀 超自然 supernatural 泛非 pan-African 超音速 hypersonic 次大陆 subcontinent 准学者 quasi-scholar 4)数字前缀 半封建 semi-feudal 单边 unilateral 半人半神 demigod 单晶体 monocrystal 双音节 disyllabic 多中心 polycentric 双语 bilingual 多级 multipolar 英汉前缀的对比分析 通过上面的分析,可以推测出两种语言的大多数前缀都有对应关系。总体来说,英语前缀在不改变词性的基础上,对词根起着语义功能,而汉语前缀具有语法的功能,更倾向于语义分类。 然而,在两种语言中,由相对应的前缀构成的派生词并不是一一对应的关系。也就是说,一种语言中的派生词在另一种语言中有着相同意义也可能不是派生词。例如,“不毛”在汉语中是个派生词,由前缀“不”和名次“毛”组成。在英语中相对应的词是“barren”,是个单词素的词。同样,英语中派生名词“non-smoker”是由一个前缀“non-”和一个名词“smoker”组合起来的,在汉语中是个名词词组“不吸烟的人”。 许多前缀具有多种意义,这种现象是非常普遍的,即一种语言的前缀在另一种语言中具有几种意义,反之亦然。英语前缀“a-”有三种意思:a. 强调原来的意思,如await; b. 改变词性和意思,如awash; c. 非、不, atypical。在汉语中,前缀“不”可以用英语中不同的前缀来表示,如un-, il-, ir-, a-等。 3 英汉后缀对比 与英语相比,汉语中表示人的后缀比指示状态和动作等的后缀多。两种语言的后缀都是加在词根之后。 英语后缀的四种范畴 英语后缀是对原来的词的一种修饰,它改变了词原有的词性。英语后缀有四种类型:名词后缀、形容词后缀、副词后缀和动词后缀。当词根加上这些后缀后,分别形成名词、形容词、副词和动词。 汉语后缀的分类 与英语后缀不同,汉语后缀主要构成名词。加上后缀的词根几乎限于名词、动词和形容词,尤其是名词。下文选择了若干汉语后缀和所对应的英语后缀。 1)名词后缀 ①表示代理人和职业的后缀 专家 specialist 教员 teacher 银行家 banker 打字员 typist 发明家 inventor 技术员 technician 读者 reader 讲师 lecturer 逃亡者 escapee 工程师 engineer 马克思主义者 Marxist 魔术 师 magician 助手 assistant 积极分子 activist ②表示属性、状态和学说意义的后缀 灵活性 flexibility 创造性 creativity 正确性 correctness 湿度 humidity 长度 length 唯心论 idealism 相对论 relativity 社会主义 socialism 达尔文主义 Darwinism 电子学 electronics ③表示亲昵或轻蔑意味的后缀 胖子 fatty 酒鬼 drunkard 赌棍 gamester 电影迷 filmnik 2)动词后缀 人格化 personify 简化 simplify 深化 deepen 现代化 modernize 革命化 revolutionize 3)形容词后缀 男孩子气 manly 孩子气 childish 阔气 luxurious 傲气 cocky 井然 orderly 默然 speechless 4)副词后缀 油然 spontaneously 惨然 miserably 特地 specially 继而 afterwards 率尔 rashly 英汉后缀对比分析 如上所述,汉语在构成名词方面有丰富的后缀,尤其是指示人的名词。据估计汉语表示人的后缀在词缀中达到32%,在英语中只有13%。两种语言的后缀很明显的不同在于汉语后缀大多带有些许感情色彩,尤其是轻蔑意义;而英语后缀很少带有这种贬义的感情色彩。 汉语中一定量的后缀在英语中没有相对应的后缀,因此,在英语中由自由词来表达这些后缀的意思,例如桌子(desk)、杯子(cup)、石头(stone)、尾巴(tail)、泥巴(mud)。同样,当表示女性的后缀附加于对应的动词之上,整个词就代表了女性。然而,在汉语中单个词就代表了相同的意义,比如女演员(actor-actress) and母老虎 (tiger-tigress)。 后缀中有一种有趣的现象,加上后缀的英语派生词与加上前缀的汉语派生词相对应,比如,“lawless” 和 “fearless”分别译成“非法”和“无畏”。英语中带有指小意义名词后缀在汉语中经常译成前面加“小”的名词,如小鸭(duckling)、小猫(kitten)。有时,同时使用前缀“小”和后缀“儿”,如小罐儿(cannikin)。 4 结语 总之,科技全球化给英语和汉语提供了更多的接触机会,在此过程中相互学习、相互比较。英汉词缀既有相似处也有不同点,将两者相比不仅有益于 英语学习 者深刻认识两种语言,而且有益于他们丰富英汉词汇。 【参考文献】 [1]陈治安.英汉词缀法构词比较[J].四川外语学院学报,1991(1). [2]韩汉雄.英汉词缀比较及 其它 [J].杭州师范学院学报,1994(7). [3]胡壮麟.语言学教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006. [4]吴东英. 再论英语借词对现代汉语词法的影响[J].当代语言学,2001 (3). [5]萧立明.英汉比较研究与翻译[M].上海:上海外语 教育 出版社,2010. [6]张晗.英汉构词法对比[J].厦门大学外文学院,2010(3).
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