数控的英文论文题目

Machinery or NC

机械的资料华文版本 is the branch of physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effect of the bodies on their discipline has its roots in several ancient civilizations. During the early modern period, scientists such as Galileo, Kepler, and especially Newton, laid the foundation for what is now known as Classical is the original discipline of physics, dealing with the macroscopic world that humans perceive. It is therefore a huge body of knowledge about the natural world. Mechanics encompasses the movement of all matter in the universe under the four fundamental interactions (or forces): gravity, the strong and weak interactions, and the electromagnetic also constitutes a central part of technology, the application of physical knowledge for humanly defined purposes. In this connection, the discipline is often known as engineering or applied mechanics. In this sense, mechanics is used to design and analyze the behavior of structures, mechanisms, and machines. Important aspects of the fields of mechanical engineering, aerospace engineering, civil engineering, structural engineering, materials engineering, biomedical engineering and biomechanics were spawned from the study of versus quantumThe major division of the mechanics discipline separates classical mechanics from quantum , classical mechanics came first, while quantum mechanics is a comparatively recent invention. Classical mechanics originated with Isaac Newton's Laws of motion in Principia Mathematica, while quantum mechanics didn't appear until 1900. Both are commonly held to constitute the most certain knowledge that exists about physical nature. Classical mechanics has especially often been viewed as a model for other so-called exact sciences. Essential in this respect is the relentless use of mathematics in theories, as well as the decisive role played by experiment in generating and testing mechanics is of a wider scope, as it encompasses classical mechanics as a sub-discipline which applies under certain restricted circumstances. According to the correspondence principle, there is no contradiction or conflict between the two subjects, each simply pertains to specific situations. Quantum mechanics has superseded classical mechanics at foundational level and is indispensable for the explanation and prediction of processes at molecular and (sub)atomic level. However, for macroscopical processes classical mechanics is able to solve problems which are unmanageably difficult in quantum mechanics and hence remains useful and well versus NewtonianAnalogous to the quantum versus classical reformation, Einstein's general and special theories of relativity have expanded the scope of mechanics beyond the mechanics of Newton and Galileo, and made small corrections to them. Relativistic corrections were also needed for quantum mechanics, although relativity is categorized as a classical are no contradictions or conflicts between the two, so long as the specific circumstances are carefully kept in mind. Just as one could, in the loosest possible sense, characterize classical mechanics as dealing with "large" bodies (such as engine parts), and quantum mechanics with "small" ones (such as particles), it could be said that relativistic mechanics deals with "fast" bodies, and non-relativistic mechanics with "slow" ones. However, "fast" and "slow" are subjective concepts, depending on the state of motion of the observer. This means that all mechanics, whether classical or quantum, potentially needs to be described relativistically. On the other hand, as an observer, one may frequently arrange the situation in such a way that this is not really of mechanical bodiesThus the often-used term body needs to stand for a wide assortment of objects, including particles, projectiles, spacecraft, stars, parts of machinery, parts of solids, parts of fluids (gases and liquids), distinctions between the various sub-disciplines of mechanics, concern the nature of the bodies being described. Particles are bodies with little (known) internal structure, treated as mathematical points in classical mechanics. Rigid bodies have size and shape, but retain a simplicity close to that of the particle, adding just a few so-called degrees of freedom, such as orientation in , bodies may be semi-rigid, . elastic, or non-rigid, . fluid. These subjects have both classical and quantum divisions of instance: The motion of a spacecraft, regarding its orbit and attitude (rotation), is described by the relativistic theory of classical mechanics. While analogous motions of an atomic nucleus are described by quantum in mechanicsThe following are two lists of various subjects that are studied in that there is also the "theory of fields" which constitutes a separate discipline in physics, formally treated as distinct from mechanics, whether classical fields or quantum fields. But in actual practice, subjects belonging to mechanics and fields are closely interwoven. Thus, for instance, forces that act on particles are frequently derived from fields (electromagnetic or gravitational), and particles generate fields by acting as sources. In fact, in quantum mechanics, particles themselves are fields, as described theoretically by the wave mechanicsThe following are described as forming Classical mechanics:Newtonian mechanics, the original theory of motion (kinematics) and forces (dynamics) Lagrangian mechanics, a theoretical formalism Hamiltonian mechanics, another theoretical formalism Celestial mechanics, the motion of stars, galaxies, etc. Astrodynamics, spacecraft navigation, etc. Solid mechanics, elasticity, the properties of (semi-)rigid bodies Acoustics, sound in solids, fluids, etc. Statics, semi-rigid bodies in mechanical equilibrium Fluid mechanics, the motion of fluids Soil mechanics, mechanical behavior of soils Continuum mechanics, mechanics of continua (both solid and fluid) Hydraulics, fluids in equilibrium Applied / Engineering mechanics Biomechanics, solids, fluids, etc. in biology Statistical mechanics, large assemblies of particles Relativistic or Einsteinian mechanics, universal gravitation Quantum mechanicsThe following are categorized as being part of Quantum mechanics:Particle physics, the motion, structure, and reactions of particles Nuclear physics, the motion, structure, and reactions of nuclei Condensed matter physics, quantum gases, solids, liquids, etc. Quantum statistical mechanics, large assemblies of particles Professional organizationsApplied Mechanics Division, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Fluid Dynamics Division, American Physical Society

第二届全国数控技能大赛命题专家、实操竞赛现场裁判长 北京航空航天大学机械学院 宋放之紧张激烈的第二届全国数控技能大赛已经结束了。真可谓“硝烟散尽，偃旗息鼓”，各个奖项各归其主。当大家都在兴高采烈，津津乐道地谈论自己的成绩，盘点自己的名次时，我作为理论试卷的主要命题人之一，实操竞赛现场的裁判长，感觉到这次竞赛值得我们认真地总结和回味。本届理论竞赛试题的命题组是由多位教授、高级工程师、高级技师、高级讲师等专家组成。他们既是数控大赛的命题人，又是劳动和社会保障部远程教育数控工艺员考试的命题人。这些专家根据数控工艺员的命题经验，从第一届全国数控技能大赛结束后就开始酝酿本次的试题。通过总结归纳数控工艺员考试命题经验和首届数控技能大赛理论考试命题的经验，结合新颁布的数控操作工的国家职业标准，经过二年来的反复讨论最终形成终稿并获得大赛组委会的批准。这次理论竞赛试题的命题原则是：遵照职业标准规定的原则；理论联系实际的原则；侧重数控加工专业基础知识的原则；弥补实操考试的不足点的原则。一、遵照职业标准的原则在理论试题中我们严格按照职业标准所要求的知识范围和要求命题。学生组遵照高级工要求，职工和教师组是按照技师要求。命题范围是构成试卷的基础。也是所有选手如何进行理论学习的依据。如果考题超出职业标准的要求。那么命题就会失败，考出来的成绩也没有任何意义。因此今后各个职业院校应该认真地学习职业标准，在数控教学实践中贯彻和执行职业标准的要求。二、理论联系实际的原则在本届理论竞赛试题中最大的特点就是理论联系实际。很多题目都是来自生产实际。这些题目内容本身具有很强的理论性，但是却以生产加工中所表现出来的现象提出问题，并让选手做出选择或是做出回答。例如下面的竞赛题目：金属切削加工时，切屑的颜色可反映切削过程中的温度，它可以帮助判断切削参数是否选择合理。当加工碳钢时，切屑的颜色呈暗褐色，这表明( )。A. 切削速度适当B. 切削速度偏高C. 切削温度太高，应降低切削速度D. 切削速度偏低答案：A这道题目直接来自实际加工。很多有经验的操作工凭借观察切屑的颜色就能判断当时的切削用量的选择是否合适。切削用量是一个理论问题，但是题目中并没让选手计算切削用量，而是让选手去观察。通过这种题目的考核，让选手知道平时经验的积累是多么的重要。在平时的生产加工中要学会动脑筋，做一个有心人，才能成为一名出色的技术工人。当代的很多劳动模范不就是通过平时的观察和经验积累做出重要的技术革新从而走向成功之路的吗？例如下面的竞赛题目：有时按下松开机床主轴刀柄按键后，刀柄仍然不能从主轴上取下。这种现象产生的原因可能是( )A . 拉钉稍短或拉紧弹簧压合过紧B . 刀柄与主轴产生冷焊C. 松刀油缸位置靠后D. 以上原因都有可能答案：D这个题目在机床操作中经常会遇到。如果当这种现象产生时能够多问几个为什么，多去翻阅几本资料，那么对于机床的结构知识就一定能够掌握得非常牢固。上述两道试题在书本上是不能够直接找到的。只有通过理论的深入学习，再通过生产实践，才能准确回答题目。类似这样的题目在本届理论试题当中占了相当大的比例。这样的试题提出来以后职业院校中搞理论教学的教师们就会面临着新的挑战，也带来了新发展方向，那就是我们的理论教师必须具有丰富的生产加工经验，必须是“双师”型的人才，既是教师，又是技师，才能够培养好学生。劳动和社会保障部在2005年和2006年针对职业院校的教师举办了两届数控技师班，就是要使更多的教师具有技师的水平和资格。三、侧重数控加工专业基础知识的原则在《数控车工》、《数控铣工》、《加工中心操作工》的国家职业标准中，专业基础知识占了很大的比重。那么根据这种要求，我们选择了与数控加工最有关系的内容进行命题，使考题更具有数控的特点。例如下面的竞赛题目：假如，在加工时，数控系统出现了“CHECK LUBURACATION” 的英文信息，下面应该做的事情是( )。A. 调整液压系统的液压B. 调整压缩空气的气压C. 添加冷却液D. 添加导轨润滑油答案：D这道题目既有专业英语的内容，又有数控机床维护的内容。表面上是英语词汇，但实际上是机床维护知识。我们不要求每个操作工都能长篇大论地阅读外文资料，但是要求操作工能够基本了解数控系统中经常出现的外文词汇，甚至哪怕是把这些词汇当作一种符号来看待都可以，最终目的是要求每一个操作工熟悉自己所用的机床，从而更好地掌握它和维护它。例如下面的竞赛题目：在开环控制伺服系统中，步进电动机采用一对齿轮与丝杠相连接。步进电机的通电方式是三相六拍方式，电机转子的齿数为40个。已知脉冲当量为，滚珠丝杠基本导程为6mm，则这对齿轮的传动比为( )。A. 5/3 B. 3/5 C. 2/5 D. 5/2答案：C这道题目是把几方面与数控机床有关的基础知识综合体现出来。它包括步进电机的知识、脉冲当量的知识、数控机床滚珠丝杠的知识和机械零件中齿轮传动比的知识。虽然只是一道简单的选择题，但是如果仔细的琢磨其中的含义我们可以学会很多的知识。作为命题作者真希望选手能够真正地掌握本题中的知识点，而不是简单地选择一下。例如下面的竞赛题目：当FANUC系统或者西门子系统执行了如下程序中的N30语句后，刀具实际移动的距离是( )(西门子） （FANUC）… …N10 G54 G90 G00 X0 Y0； N10 G54 G90 G00 X0 Y0； N20 ROT RPL=30； N20 G68 X0 Y0 ；N30 G1 G91 F500； N30 G1 G91 F500；… …A. X移动 ，Y移动. X移动 ，Y移动. X移动 ，Y移动. X移动 ，Y移动答案：D这道题目表面上是一道数控编程题目，但它还包括有简单的三角函数计算。选手首先要知道N20语句中坐标旋转的指令含义，然后要看N30语句的坐标位置，最后利用特殊角的三角函数计算移动距离。在本次大赛的理论题之中，多数题目都如同本题一样具有多重含义。命题作者就是想利用有限的篇幅，传达出更多的信息，考核出更多的知识点。以上题目都是数控专业基础知识所要求的最基本的内容。选手们通过比赛或者通过学习这些题目后应该建立这样的一个概念，即：(1)竞赛题目绝大部分都是源于基础知识，这些基础知识范围很宽，但是并不很深奥。选手们如果想在竞赛前突击学习，那是绝对学不好的。即便是死记硬背地应付竞赛，那也只是临时性的。竞赛过后就会很快忘掉。所以选手特别应该注重平时的学习和知识的积累。(2)竞赛题目绝不是直来直去地问你一个知识点，而是综合地问你多方面的知识。四、弥补实操考试的原则由于受场地、设备、资金所限，任何数控技能大赛都不可能把所有的知识点全部考核到。本届命题组为了使我们的大赛内容更加丰富，考点更加全面，提出了理论考试应该弥补实操考试的原则。命题专家认为理论考试应该是实操考试的延伸，应该是实操考试的升华。一部文艺作品的宗旨是“源于生活，高于生活”。那么我们的理论竞赛试题，就应像文艺作品一样，应该是来源于生产实际，而又不同于生产实际。它应该是实操竞赛的补充，应该把实际操作中的要点、窍门、精华用适合于考试的形式体现出来。这次理论竞赛试题包括了如下内容：(1)高速加工的概念(2)四轴、五轴的加工概念(3)零件的测量(4)夹具误差的计算(5)含有第四轴指令的编程(6)论文撰写的方法这些内容无法在本届的实操考试中进行。那么就在理论考试中实现。可喜的是这次理论试题表现得非常成功。它与软件考试和实操考试相互呼应，相互弥补，使本届的竞赛试题体现得更加完整和全面。例如图-1所示：数控铣和加工中心试题中计算各工序尺寸的定位误差。如图-2所示在数控车工理论竞赛试题中计算锥度尺寸的方法。这些题目都是来源于生产实际，同时在本届大赛中又无法考核到的，最关键的是这些题目在生产加工中是经常用到的基本技术和知识点。竞赛已经结束了，再次翻看第二届数控技能大赛的理论竞赛题目后总结出它所具有的特点是：(1)知识全面，重点突出试题涵盖了国家职业标准中数控操作工相应等级的大部分内容。同时又着重突出了数控操作的特点。做到多而不乱，精辟概括。(2)联系实际，题目灵活试题出自生产实际，不照搬书本。有些内容在书本中根本就没有。只有真正掌握实操的方法才能正确回答问题。另外试题具有很大的灵活性。例如有些试题选手可以利用宏程序编程，也可以用子程序编程。数控铣和加工中心的论文题目是有关螺纹加工的方法。选手可以就此题目论述丝锥攻丝的方法，也可以论述铣削螺纹的方法。(3)彩色印刷，题意明确虽然彩色印刷成本比单色印刷成本高出许多倍，但是组委会仍然坚持采用彩色印刷。这不仅仅使理论试卷漂亮美观，体现国家级一类竞赛的风范，而更重要的是彩色图片使题目的意思表达得更加清晰准确。过去不能出的题目(4)难易结合，各取所会本届大赛的理论试题中有相当一部分题目是非常简单的基础题。但是也有一部分题目是比较难的。就是在比较难做的题目中也有相当简单的得分点。竞赛中选手可以根据自己掌握知识的范围和程度回答试题。命题思路是每一道题目都可以有得分的希望和得分点，但是想比较完整地做对题目还是需要有很高的理论水平。这样做既不挫伤选手的积极性，又不会让选手轻易拿分而导致不重视。通过本届大赛，命题专家认为选手较上届大赛水平有明显的提高。他们所掌握的知识点更加准确。但是专家们也发现了很多值得选手们和从事数控教学工作的教师们认真思考的问题。选手们存在的问题如下：(1)基本知识不全面；(2)教师选手、学生选手对新技术、新装备了解得少；(3)缺乏多轴加工的实操技术；(4)普遍计算能力薄弱；(5)灵活运用编程指令的能力不够；(6)语言表述能力不够；(7)职工和教师选手缺乏撰写技术论文或总结的经验；(8)考试技巧掌握不好。这些问题由于本文的篇幅所限不能详细剖析，希望在今后的试题点评书中或是在大赛的论坛中与选手们详细地讨论。第二届全国数控技能大赛虽然结束了，但是它的影响远远没有终止。它的影响力是深远的，在很长一段时间内它仍然将会发挥着它所具有的指导性的、引领性的作用。这种作用一直会延续到第三届大赛乃至数年。第三届数控技能大赛理论竞赛试题是什么风格现在讨论还为时过早。但可以肯定地说，专家们将在这两年的数控工艺员的考试中逐渐摸索和确立。通过大赛的推动作用，专家们发现目前我国涌现了一批优秀的数控操作技术能手。他们具有很高的技术和理论水平。这对我国数控操作技术的提升有着非常重要的、非常积极的意义。同时通过本次理论竞赛考试也为今后职业技术院校的数控操作理论教学树立了一个方向，那就是一定要理论联系实际。理论来自实践，经过提炼后再去指导实践。作为一名数控操作工而言，一定要有扎实的理论基础，这对于今后技术水平的提高具有非常重要的作用。最后希望参赛选手，数控专业的学生，以及从事数控操作的教师和职工们努力学习，不断进取，为我国的现代化建设而奋斗！为我国的数控事业做出我们应有的贡献！