天文学英文论文

【理科简介 The introduction】 理科(science departments)是指自然科学和应用科学，与文科相对立。 理科的主要学科有:数学、物理、化学、生物，还包括地质、地理、计算机软件部份。 大学理科专业： 一、数学类 0101 数学 0104 数理统计 0102 计算数学及其应用软件 0105 运筹学 0103 应用数学 0106 控制科学 二、物理学类 0201 物理学（专门方向：理论物理、半导体物理、固体物理、晶体物理、低温物理、光学、磁学、等离子体物理、电子物理） 0202 应用物理学 0203 原子核物理及核技术 三、化学类 0301 化学（专门方向：无机化学、有机化学、分析化学、物理化学、生物化学、高分子化学） 0302 应用化学 0305 放射化学 0303 材料化学 0306 食品化学 0304 环境化学 四、生物学类 0401 植物学 0406 遗传学 0402 动物学 0407 细胞生物学 0403 微生物学 0408 生物化学 0404 生理学 0409 生态学与环境生物学 0405 植物生理学 五、天文学类 0501 天文学 六、地质学类 0601 地质学 0605 水文地质学与工程地质学 0602 构造地质学 0606 岩矿地球化学 0603 地震地质学 0607 放射性矿产地质学 0604 古生物学及地层学 七、地理学类 0701 自然地理学 0704 经济地理学与城乡区域规划 0702 地貌学与第四纪地质学 0705 地理信息与地图学 0703 水资源与环境 八、地球物理学类 0801 地球物理学 0802 空间物理学 九、大气科学类 0901 天气动力学 0903 大气物理学与大气环境 0902 气候学 0904 大气探测学 十、海洋科学类 1001 物理海洋学 1004 海洋生物学 1002 海洋物理学 1005 海洋地质学 1003 海洋化学 十一、力学类 1101 力学 1102About The introduction of science 【】 Science (science departments) is the natural and applied sciences, humanities and opposed. The main science subjects: mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, including geology, geography, part of the computer software. University science professionals: First, mathematics category 0101 Mathematical Statistics 0104 0102 mathematics and computing applications Operations Research 0105 0103 Applied Mathematics 0106 scientific control Second, the physics category Physics 0201 (specifically directions: theoretical physics and semiconductor physics, solid state physics, crystal physics, low-temperature physics, optical, magnetic, plasma physics, electronics physics) 0202 Applied Physics 0203 Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Technology Third, chemical category 0301 Chemical (specifically directions: inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, chemistry, physics, chemistry, biochemistry, polymer chemistry) 0302 Applied Chemistry 0305 radiochemical 0303 Food Chemical Materials Chemistry 0306 0304 Environmental Chemistry Fourth, the biological category 0401 Botany genetics 0406 0402 zoology 0407 Cell Biology 0403 Biochemistry Microbiology 0408 0404 physiological ecology and environmental biology 0409 Plant Physiology 0405 Fifth, category Astronomy Astronomy 0501 Six types of geology 0601 Geology 0605 hydrogeology and engineering geology 0602 structural geology of rock and mineral geochemistry 0606 0603 earthquake geology, 0607 Mineral geology of radioactive 0604 Paleontology and Stratigraphy Seven types of geography 0701 Physical Geography 0704 regional economic geography and urban and rural planning 0702 geomorphology and Quaternary Geology, 0705 GIS and cartography 0703 Water Resources and the Environment Eight of the Earth Physics Class 0801 Geophysics Space Physics 0802 Nine, atmospheric sciences category 0901 weather and the physics of atmospheric dynamics 0903 atmospheric environment 0902 Climatology 0904 to detect atmospheric science 10, the type of Marine Science 1001 Physical Oceanography marine biology 1004 1002 Ocean Physics 1005 Marine Geology 1003 Ocean Chemistry 11, mechanical-type 1101 Mechanics 1102

粒子物理学：这场比赛打破标准模型

在世界经济全球化及中国加入WTO的形势下,社会需要大量能够用英语在国际上进行科技、经贸、法律和 文化 等方面交流的专业人才。下面是我带来的英语 文章 阅读带翻译，欢迎阅读!英语文章阅读带翻译篇一 In the public interest The Scandinavian countries are much admired all over the world for their enlightened social policies. Sweden has evolved an excellent system for protecting the individual citizen from high-handed or incompetent public officers. The system has worked so well, that it has been adopted in other countries like Denmark, Norway, Finland, and New Zealand. Even countries with large populations like Britain and the United States are seriously considering imitating the Swedes. The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the public. As long ago as 1809, the Swedish Parliament introduced a scheme to safeguard the interest of the individual. A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State. The official title of the person is 'Justiteombudsman', but the Swedes commonly refer to him as the '.' or 'Ombudsman'. The Ombudsman is not subject to political pressure. He investigates complaints large and small that come to him from all levels of society. As complaints must be made in writing, the Ombudsman receives an average of 1200 letters a year. He has eight lawyer assistants to help him and he examines every single letter in detail. There is nothing secretive about the Ombudsman's work, for his correspondence is open to public inspection. If a citizen's complaint is justified, the Ombudsman will act on his behalf. The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint. He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered. The following case is a typical example of the Ombudsman's work. A foreigner living in a Swedish village wrote to the Ombudsman complaining that he had been ill-treated by the police, simply because he was a foreigner. The Ombudsman immediately wrote to the Chief of Police in the district asking him to send a record of the case. There was nothing in the record to show that the foreigner's complaint was justified and the Chief of Police stoutly denied the accusation. It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, but when he received a similar complaint from another foreigner in the same village, he immediately sent one of his lawyers to investigate the matter. The lawyer ascertained that a policeman had indeed dealt roughly with foreigners on several occasions. The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in he official files. It was only possible for the Ombudsman to find this out by sending one of his representatives to check the facts. The policeman in question was severely reprimanded and was informed that if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be prosecuted. The Ombudsman's prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed. 斯堪的纳维亚半岛各国实行开明的社会政策，受到全世界的推崇。在瑞典，已逐渐形成了一种完善的制度以保护每个公民不受专横的和不称职的政府官员的欺压。由于这种制度行之有效，已被其他国家采纳。 是瑞典人首先认识到政府工作人员如文职人员、警官、卫生稽查员、税务人员等等也会犯错误或者自以为在为公众服务而把事情做过了头。早在1809年，瑞典论会就建立一个保护公民利益的制度。议会内有一个代表各政党利益的委员会，由它委派一位称职的人选专门调查个人对国家的意见。此人官衔为“司法特派员”，但瑞典人一般管他叫“.”，即“司法特派员”。司法特派员不受任何政治压力的制约。他听取社会各阶层的各种大小意见，并进行调查。由于意见均需用书面形式提出，司法特派员每年平均收到1,200封信。他有8位律师作他的助手协助工作，每封信都详细批阅。司法特派员的工作没有什么秘密可言，他的信件是公开的，供公众监督。如果公民的意见正确，司法特派员便为他伸张正义。司法特员采取的行动因意见的性质不同而有所不同。他可以善意地批评某位官员，也可以甚至向议会提议修改某项法律。下述事件是司法特派员工作的一个典型例子。 一个住在瑞典乡村的外国人写信给司法特派员，抱怨说他受到警察的虐待，原因就是因为他是个外国人。司法特派员立即写信给当地警察局长，请他寄送与此事有关的材料。材料中没有任何文字记载证明外国人所说的情况符合事实，警察局长矢口否认这一指控。司法特派员难以处理。但是，当他又收到住在同一村庄的另一个外国人写的一封内容类似的投诉信时，他立即派出一位律师前去调查。律师证实有个警察确实多次粗鲁地对待外国人。警察歧视外国人的事在官方档案中不可能加以记载，司法特派员只有派他的代表去核对事实才能了解真相。当事的警察受到严厉的斥责，并被告知，如果再有人投诉他，他将受到起诉。司法特派员及时采取的行动，迅速制止了这一起不愉快的事件，不然这件事可能因未得到人们注意而不了了之。 英语文章阅读带翻译篇二 Instinct or cleverness? We have been brought up to fear insects. We regard them as unnecessary creatures that do more harm than good. Man continually wages war on item, for they contaminate his food, carry diseases, or devour his crops. They sting or bite without provocation; they fly uninvited into our rooms on summer nights, or beat against our lighted windows. We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones like moths. Reading about them increases our understanding with out dispelling our fears. Knowing that the industrious ant lives in a highly organized society does nothing to prevent us from being filled with revulsion when we find hordes of them crawling over a carefully prepared picnic lunch. No matter how much we like honey, or how much we have read about the uncanny sense of direction which bees possess, we have a horror of being stung. Most of our fears are unreasonable, but they are impossible to erase. At the same time, however, insects are strangely fascinaing. We enjoy reading about them, especially when we find that, like the praying mantis, they lead perfectly horrible lives. We enjoy staring at them entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) of our presence. Who has not stood in awe at the sight of a spider pouncing on a fly, or a column of ants triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle ? Last summer I spent days in the garden watching thousands of ants crawling up the trunk of my prize peach tree. The tree has grown against a warm wall on a sheltered side of the house. I am especially proud of it, not only because it has survived several severe winters, but because it occasionally produces luscious peaches. During the summer, I noticed that the leaves of the tree were beginning to wither. Clusters of tiny insects called aphides were to be found on the underside of the leaves. They were visited by a laop colony of ants which obtained a sort of honey from them. I immediately embarked on an experiment which, even though it failed to get rid of the ants, kept me fascinated for twenty-four hours. I bound the base of the tree with sticky tape , making it impossible for the ants to reach the aphides. The tape was so sticky that they did not dare to cross it. For a long time, I watched them scurrying around the base of the tree in bewilderment. I even went out at midnight with a torch and noted with satisfaction (and surprise) that the ants were still swarming around the sticky tape without being able to do anything about it. I got up early next morning hoping to find that the ants had given up in despair. Instead, I saw that they had discovered a new route. They were climbing up the wall of the house and then on to the leaves of the tree. I realized sadly that I had been completely defeated by their ingenuity. The ants had been quick to find an answer to my thoroughly unscientific methods! 我们自幼就在对昆虫的惧怕中长大。我们把昆虫当作害多益少的无用东西。人类不断同昆虫斗争，因为昆虫弄脏我们的食物，传播疾病，吞噬庄稼。它们无缘无故地又叮又咬;夏天的晚上，它们未经邀请便飞到我们房间里，或者对着露出亮光的窗户乱扑乱撞。我们在日常生活中，不但憎恶如蜘蛛、黄蜂之类令人讨厌的昆虫，而且憎恶并无大害的飞蛾等。阅读有关昆虫的书能增加我们对它们的了解，却不能消除我们的恐惧的心理。即使知道勤奋的蚂蚁生活具有高度组织性的社会里，当看到大群蚂蚁在我们精心准备的午间野餐上爬行时，我们也无法抑制对它们的反感。不管我们多么爱吃蜂蜜，或读过多少关于蜜蜂具有神秘的识别方向的灵感的书，我们仍然十分害怕被蜂蜇。我们的恐惧大部分是没有道理的，但去无法消除。同时，不知为什么昆虫又是迷人的。我们喜欢看有关昆虫的书，尤其是当我们了解螳螂等过着一种令人生畏的生活时，就更加爱读有关昆虫的书了。我们喜欢入迷地看它们做事，它们不知道(但愿如此)我们就在它们身边。当看到蜘蛛扑向一只苍蝇时，一队蚂蚁抬着一只巨大的死甲虫凯旋归时，谁能不感到敬畏呢? 去年夏天，我花了好几天时间站在花园里观察成千只蚂蚁爬上我那棵心爱的桃树的树干。那棵树是靠着房子有遮挡的一面暖墙生长的。我为这棵树感到特别自豪，不仅因为它度过了几个寒冬终于活了下来，而且还因为它有时结出些甘甜的桃子来。到了夏天，我发现树叶开始枯萎，结果在树叶背面找到成串的叫作蚜虫小虫子。蚜虫遭到一窝蚂蚁的攻击，蚂蚁从它们身上可以获得一种蜜。我当即动手作了一项试验，这项试验尽管没有使我摆脱这些蚂蚁，却使我着迷了24小时。我用一条胶带把桃树底部包上，不让蚂蚁接近蚜虫。胶带极粘，蚂蚁不敢从上面爬过。在很长一段时间里，我看见蚂蚁围着大树底部来回转悠，不知所措。半夜，我还拿着电筒来到花园里，满意地(同时惊奇地)发现那些蚂蚁还围着胶带团团转。无能为力。第二天早上，我起床后希望看见蚂蚁已因无望而放弃了尝试，结果却发现它们又找到一条新的路径。它们正在顺着房子的外墙往上爬，然后爬上树叶。我懊丧地感到败在了足智多谋的蚂蚁的手下。蚂蚁已很快找到了相应的对策，来对付我那套完全不科学的办法! 英语文章阅读带翻译篇三 From the earth: greatings Radio astronomy has greatly increased our understanding of the universe. Radio telescopes have one big advantage over conventional telescopes in that they can operate in all weather conditions and can pick up signals coming from very distant stars. These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space. The most powerful signals that have been received have been emitted by what seem to be truly colossal stars which scientists have named 'quasars'. A better understanding of these phenomena may completely alter our conception of the nature of the universe. The radio telescope at Jodrell Bank in England was for many years the largest in the world. A new telescope, over twice the size, was recently built at Sugar Grove in West Virginia. Astronomers no longer regard as fanciful the idea that they may one day pick up signals which have been sent by intelligent beings on other worlds. This possibility gives rise to interesting speculations. Highly advanced civilizations may have existed on other planets long before intelligent forms of life evolved on the earth. Conversely, intelligent being which are just beginning to develop on remote worlds may be ready to pick up our signals in thousands of years' time, or when life on earth has become extinct. Such speculations no longer belong to the realm of science fiction, for astronomers are now exploring the chances of communicating with living creatures (if they exist) on distant planets. This undertaking which has been named Project Ozma was begun in 1960, but it may take a great many years before results are obtained. Aware of the fact that it would be impossible to wait thousands or millions of years to receive an answer from a distant planet, scientists engaged in Project Ozma are concentrating their attention on stars which are relatively close. One of the most likely stars is Tau Ceti which is eleven light years away. If signals from the earth were received by intelligent creatures on a planet circling this star, we would have to wait twenty-two years for an answer. The Green Bank telescope in West Virginia has been specially designed to distinguish between random signals and signals which might be in code. Even if contact were eventually established, astronomers would not be able to rely on language to communicate with other beings. They would use mathematics as this is the only truly universal language. Numbers have the same value anywhere. For this reason, intelligent creatures in any part of the universe would be able to understand a simple arithmetical sequence. They would be able to reply to our signals using similar methods. The next step would be to try to develop means for sending television pictures. A single picture would tell us more than thousands of words. In an age when anything seems to be possible, it would be narrow-minded in the extreme to ridicule these attempts to find out if there is life in other parts of the universe. 天文学方面最新发展使得我们能够在银河系和其他星系发现行星。这是一个重要的成就，因为相对来说，行星很小，而且也不发光。寻找行星证明相当困难，但是要在行星上发现生命会变得无比艰难。第一个需要解答的问题是一颗行星是否有能够维持生命的条件。举例来说，在我们的太阳系里，对于生命来说，金星的温度太高，而火星的温度则太低。只有地球提供理想的条件，而即使在这里，植物和动物的进化也用了40亿年的时间。 一颗行星是否能够维持生命取决于它的恒星——即它的“太阳”——的大小和亮度。设想一下，一颗恒星比我们的太阳还要大，还要亮，还要热20倍，那么一颗行星为了维持生命就要离开的它的恒星非常远。反之，如果恒星很小，维持生命的行星就要在离恒星很近的轨道上运行，而且要有极好的条件才能使生命得以发展，但是，我们如何才能找到这样一颗行星呢?现在，没有一台现存的望远镜可以发现生命的存在。而开发这样一台望远镜将会是21世纪天文学的一个重要的研究课题。 使用放置在地球上的望远镜是无法观察到其他行星的生命的。地球周围温暖的大气层和望远镜散出的热量使得我们根本不可能找到比行星更小的物体。即使是一台放置在围绕地球的轨道上的望远镜——如非常成功的哈勃望远镜——也因为太阳系中的尘埃微粒而无法胜任。望远镜要放置在木星那样遥远的行星上才有可能在外层空间搜寻生命。因为我们越是接近太阳系的边缘，尘埃就越稀薄。一旦我们找到这样一颗行星，我们就要想办法将它的恒星射过来的光线遮暗，这样我们就能彻底“看见”这颗行星，并分析它的大气层。首先我们要寻找植物，而不是那种“小绿人”。行星上最容易生存下来的是细菌。正是细菌生产出我们在地球上呼吸的氧气。在地球上发展的大部分进程中，细菌是地球上唯一的生命形式。作为地球上的居民，我们总存有这样的希望：小绿人来 拜访 我们，而我们可以和他们交流。但是，这种希望总是只在科幻小说中存在。如果我们能够在另一颗行星上找到诸如细菌的那种低等生命，那么这个发现将彻底改变我们对我们自己的看法。正如美国国家航空和宇宙航空局的丹尼尔.戈尔丁指出的“在其他地方发现生命会改变一切。任何人类的努力和想法都会发生变化。”

这是强大的，它是烦恼，这是注定。难以置信的成功的机器，数学物理学家称之为标准模型是一组方程，描述每一个已知形式的问题，从单个原子的最远的星系。它描述的三个四个基本部队的性质：强者，弱和电磁相互作用。它预测的结果之一另一个实验后以前所未有的精度。然而，作为强大的，因为它是标准模型是远远不够完善。其数学结构是任意的。这是充满了数值常数，似乎同样特设的。也许是最令人担忧的是，它一直抵制一切试图将过去的基本力：重力。 因此，物理学家一直在试图超越标准模型以往任何时候都因为它是把20世纪70年代。实际上，他们将打破该模型与实验数据，违背其近乎完美的方程。然后，从它的碎片，他们必须建立一个新的，更好的理论。大型强子对撞机（复合） ，一个巨大的粒子加速器在欧洲核子研究中心，欧洲粒子物理实验室附近，瑞士日内瓦，是最新试图打破标准模型-之一，许多人认为所有，但成功的保证。在庞大的能源产生将迫使粒子领域的标准模型无法贯彻。在比赛中超越现状“的复合体是迄今最喜欢的”说，弗兰克威尔茨克，一个理论家在麻省理工学院在剑桥谁赢得了2004年诺贝尔物理学奖，他的工作所依据的标准模式。 但是，复合不是唯一的。几十年来，物理学家曾试图超越标准模型的各种方法，有时加速器，有时用精密测量惊险罕见的事件，有时观察外层空间。在时间的复合体得到充分加速-它的第一批结果预计不会，至少到明年夏天（见'的阻挡对撞机' ） -一些实验组认为他们有一个战斗的机会抓住第一个奖。他们的任务将难以：标准模型是一项艰巨的一块工作，抵制一切方便和明显的攻击。打击它，实验将需要前所未有的灵敏度，众多的数据，超过一点点运气。这里破败的英雄谁觉得几年最多的任务。 Tevatron 虽然得到了复合质子加速，世界上其他重量级粒子加速器赛车打破标准模型首次。自2001年以来， Tevatron ，位于费米实验室在巴达维亚，伊利诺伊州，一直在加速质子和反质子在能源约1万亿电子伏特。 这是只有七分之一的最终能源的复合体，但总能量是不是一切在寻找新的物理学。碰撞会产生新的粒子以外的标准模型是极其罕见的，这意味着不再是一个加速器运行和更多的数据积累，更好的机会找到的东西。因此，一段时间，至少Tevatron将继续有一个数据，领先的复合体。即使是夏天到2009年， Tevatron将有几倍的数据总量超过其新的竞争对手。 已经这些数据显示出一些诱人的，如果暂时的，暗示的东西超出了标准模型。一个有偏差的测量粒子被称为奇怪的乙（布）介子。该旅馆是一个奇异夸克和反夸克底部，它是最重的所有介子。根据规则被称为电荷宇称对称性，标准模型预言的旅馆衰变以同样的方式作为其反粒子（提出的反奇怪底部和夸克） 。但是，测量两个暗示的差异及其衰变。据德米特里杰尼索夫，发言人的D -零实验在Tevatron ，这一差异可能是一个重要的线索在寻求发现。这可能预示着存在新的，充满异国情调的粒子，或的

我并无法帮你写论文，但是我能提供思路。

若是你写论文，那势必对天文学某一方面很擅长，就从你擅长的那一方面入手。

举个例子，我在黑洞方面知识储备比较多，就可以从黑洞入手。

如果从上面这些内容看来，我写的论文足够好几十页，甚至上百，你选择天文学，必定有你感兴趣的内容。

希望可以帮到你

你可以先翻译出有关文理科的资料、文理科资料、又有关文理科 等等句子 我只是举例 这些可以通过翻译软件一查就知道 然后再把这些句子放到GOOGLE里去查找 句子越简单越好 之所以这样 是因为Google是国际的 英语搜索比较专业这里只教你一个方法 留着慢慢用

你先在线翻译 那都挺准的