定格摄影毕业论文

俄国学者拉基米尔·普罗普 叙事结构中的七种“行动范畴”动画片大师沃尔特·迪斯尼制作了《欢笑卡通》、《红帽小骑士》、《爱丽丝梦游仙境》、《幸运兔子奥斯华》、米老鼠系列片、《三只小猪》、《木偶奇遇》、《白雪公主》、《花与树》等近百部卡通片,那些可爱、滑稽、幽默、风趣的米老鼠、唐老鸭等可爱的小精灵，给全世界的儿童带来了无限欢乐。到了20世纪末随着《狮子王》的全球热播，动画片已不仅仅是儿童的挚爱，成年人也为动画片中讲述的奇异故事所着迷。《海底总动员》甚至成为当季的票房亚军，《狮子王》、《玩具总动员》、《怪物史瑞克》系列、《冰河世纪》、《超人特工队》……等等这些动画片都获得了如潮的好评，再和计算机技术结合之后，影像更加逼真、自如的动画片俨然成为电影产业中的一个大类。 什么是动画片？英语称为cartoon（卡通），含义是活动漫画，是一图画表现人物形象、戏剧情节和作者构思的影片。它是美术电影中最基本的形式，它采用“逐格摄影”（又称定格摄影）的方法，将一系列相互之间只有细微变化的而动作连续的画面拍摄在胶片上，（电视动画片则摄录在磁带上），然后以一秒24个的速度放映出来，能够获得形象自如的艺术效果。①上述定义表明了构成了动画片的三大要素：叙事性、造型性和电影性。这里叙事性是最重要也最主要的要素，只有讲述了完整且新奇的故事，才能吸引受众的注意力。法国电影理论家、当代电影理论的奠基人克里斯蒂安·麦茨一个不无晦涩的表述，但相当准确的说明了叙事之于电影的重要意义：“并非由于电影是一种语言，它才讲述了如此美妙的故事；而是由于它讲述了如此美妙的故事，它才使自己成为一种语言。”所以电影“语言”是为了叙事的需要而创造出来的。而动画片的叙事性结构是由“行动范畴”（弗拉基米尔·普罗普语）来体现的。 本文欲分析的动画片如下：《玩具总动员》、《怪物史瑞克》系列、《冰河世纪》、《超人特工队》。这几部动画片都是极其重视电影语言的力作，叙事性、故事性极强，观众在100多分钟内思绪是紧紧跟随电影中人物的命运发展的。电影中的角色设计都很有特色，基本契合了俄国学者弗拉基米尔·普罗普提出的“七种行动范畴”（即角色特性）。②1、坏人 2、施惠者 3、帮手 4、公主，或要找和保护的人和物 5、派遣者或发出者 6、英雄或受害者 7、假英雄普罗普所谓的角色/行动范畴，并不完全等于故事中的人物，而是在故事中的不同段落、情节发展的不同时刻所具有的功能。故事中的一个人物可以在故事发展的不同段落、不同时刻中扮演不同的角色、置身于不同的“行动范畴”；同样，同一角色或“行动范畴”也可以由不同的人物来扮演，不同人物在同一情节段落中扮演同一角色，置身于同一“行动范畴”。诸如《冰河世纪》中老虎安哥在影片的前一部分，是凶狠的“坏人”，为了抢夺孩子（即公主，或要找和保护的人和物）而居心叵测的跟随在猛犸象曼迪身边；而在经过“火山熔岩爆发”这一情节段，当冰柱被火山浆熔化，安哥即将落入悬崖，猛犸象不顾一切地救下了他，令安哥心生感激之情；在影片的最后，安哥背叛了它的组织（欲蚕食猛犸象和抢夺孩子的虎群），挺身而出拦下了致命的一击，帮助猛犸象、树獭希德和孩子逃离危险，并最终得以将孩子送还给了他的父亲。在这一情节段中，老虎安哥从原本传统意义上的“坏人”成长为“英雄”，也契合了人类对“正义必定战胜邪恶”这一原始社会理想的寄托。 虽然“英雄”是影片中的绝对主角，但不能忽略“派遣者”和“施惠者”对“英雄”的影响，更不能忽略“假英雄”对“英雄”的衬托和显现。派遣者或发出者，一般是指故事中的某种带有权威的形象，通常是年长者或者是政治领袖。在经典故事中常常是由这一人物对英雄发出行动的指令。但在现在电影的叙述中，派遣者不再是一个必要的角色，主人公常常为了自己的目的、利益、或为了拯救自己、或是 心灵意志的觉醒而行动。《怪物史瑞克》（一）中的“国王”可算是派遣者，他命令史瑞克救出被火龙围困的公主，然后才能换回史瑞克原先居住的沼泽地。而在《怪物史瑞克》（二）中，派遣者的角色似乎是空缺的，史瑞克所做的一切为的是争取他和公主在一起生活的机会。又如在《超人特工队中》，超人鲍勃不是像在007系列中的邦德那样是听命于国家行政机关部门的，他甚至被国家行政机关部门要求隐姓埋名的过普通人的生活。超人鲍勃和他的超人妻子、超人孩子所谓的“拯救人类”的一切行动，最初的行动动机救助被坏人围困的家人，超人鲍勃被抓之后，超人妻子、超人的儿女们先后成长起来成为“英雄”。 同样需要说明的还有施惠者的角色。顾名思义，所谓施惠者尽管同样为主人公完成任务或实现其目标提供了帮助，但不同于一般意义上的帮手，施惠者在叙事的特殊时刻为主人公提供了某种特殊的帮助，诸如武侠小说中，主人公遇到了“山中高人”，因此而获得了某种特殊的法力、法器或武功。施惠者，也可能是某种人生导师式的角色，在他的指点下，主人公战胜了自身的弱点（内在的对手）而走向成功。如在《怪物史瑞克》（一）中扮演“坏人”角色的火龙，因为迷恋上了驴子，性情大变；在（二）中成为了史瑞克与邪恶的巫婆斗争中反败为胜的关键力量，扮演了“施惠者”的角色。 “帮手”这一角色或行动范畴，在普罗普的理论中没有给与太多的关注，但是在近期这几部动画片中可以发现，“帮手”这一行动范畴占据了极其重要的位置，可以说是“英雄”性格的补充和承托。“帮手”从严格意义上讲是属于“小人物”，但是真实的、可触可感的性格特点使他们成为观众印象最深刻的角色。例如《怪物史瑞克》和《冰河世纪》中的驴子和树獭，都是微小的，他们的性格中混杂着点胆怯、懦弱、狐假虎威，但不掩盖他们真诚、富有爱心的一面，《怪物史瑞克》中，史瑞克自卑得几乎放弃了他对公主的爱，是驴子执着的言语激起了他的勇气，勇敢地去追求真爱（true love）。《冰河世纪》中的猛犸象原先冷酷、特立独行、对人类遗失的小孩缺少温情，在树獭的坚持下只能妥协，而随后他性格中隐藏的善良、仁慈、温柔被激发出来，拼尽全力保护孩子Walt Disney animated film produced by the master "cartoon laugh," "Red Hat small knight," "Alice in Wonderland," "lucky rabbit Oswald," Mickey Mouse series, "Three Little Pigs," " Puppet Adventure, "" Snow White "," Flowers and Trees "and other cartoons nearly the Department, those cute, funny, humor, humorous Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck and other beloved Pac-Man, to bring the children of the world unlimited joy. To the end of the 20th century with the "Lion King" of the global hit, animated not only the love of children, adults as well as animation in the singular about the fascinating story. "Finding Nemo" or even as a runner-up at the box office season, "The Lion King," "Toy Story," "Shrek" series, "Ice Age", "Incredibles" ... ... and so these have been animated the critical acclaim, and then combined and computer technology, more realistic images, free animated movie industry has become one of the major categories. What is animation? English as the cartoon (cartoon), is the meaning of the activities of comic books, is a picture of the performance of characters, dramatic plot and author of the idea of the film. It is a basic art form of movies, it used "photography-by-cell" (also known as photo frame) method, among a series of minor changes only for the screen and the action taken in the film, the (TV animation while recording on tape), and then to a second screening of 24 out of the speed, ease access to the image of the artistic effect. ① above definition constitutes a cartoon shows three major elements: narrative, style and the film of. This narrative is the most important factor is also the most important, only about a complete story and novel, in order to attract the attention of the audience. French film theorist, the founder of contemporary film theory a non-Christian Metz obscure expressions, but fairly accurate description of the narrative of the importance of the film: "not because the film is a language, it is only about such a wonderful story; but because it's so wonderful about the story, it was to become a language. "So the film" language "is to the needs of narrative created. The animation of the narrative structure is the "action areas" (Vladimir Propp's words) to be embodied. For the analysis of this paper animation as follows: "Toy Story," "Shrek" series, "Ice Age", "Incredibles." These cartoons will be shown in the film are attached great importance to the language of work, narrative, strong narrative, the audience in more than 100 minutes in mind is to follow closely the fate of the characters in the film development. The role of the film is very distinctive design, the basic fit of the Russian scholar Vladimir Propp's "seven areas of action" (that is, the role of characteristics). ② 1, bad guys 2, 3 charity, to help 4, princess, or are looking for and protection of human and material 5, or send the issue of 6, 7, heroes or victims, false heroes Propp so-called role / action areas, the story is not entirely equivalent to the figures, but in different paragraphs of the story, plot development at all times have different functions. The story of a character in the story of the development of different sections, different times to play different roles, exposure to different types of "action areas"; the same, the same role or "action areas" can also come from different plays, different people paragraphs in the same circumstances to play the same role that exposure to the same "scope of action." Such as "Ice Age" in Luanda, the tiger of the first part in the film is brutal, "bad guys", in order to snatch the child (that is, the princess, or are looking for and protection of human and material) and the following is very much ill-around in the mammoth Mandi ; and after "the outbreak of lava," the circumstances above, when the ice was melting volcanic pulp, Angola will soon fall into the cliffs, desperate to save the mammoth under him, so that Angola grateful hearts; in the film the end of its betrayal of Angola Organization (For eroded mammoth and tiger to snatch the child's group), to come forward to stop the fatal blow to help the mammoth, Sid the tree Rex and children to flee the danger, and ultimately to return the child to his father. Paragraph in this case, the tiger was the traditional sense of Luanda from the "bad guys" grow into "heroes", but also fit the man's "justice must prevail over evil," the ideal of the primitive society sustenance. While "Hero" is the absolute protagonist of the film, but you can not ignore the "send" and "charity" in the "heroes" of the impact, but also can not ignore the "false heroes" of the "heroes" and show the background. Or send the issue of persons, generally refers to a story with the image of authority, usually the elderly or political leaders. In the classic story by the characters are often issued on the action hero's instructions. However, in the narrative of the film now, to send no longer is a necessary role, the main character is often for their own purposes, interests, or to save themselves, or the awakening of the soul and the will to action. "Shrek" (a) the "king" who can be dispatched, he ordered the siege of Shrek rescued by fire dragon princess, and then to live in exchange for the original Shrek swamp. In the "Shrek" (b), the dispatch of the role seems to be vacant, and Shrek has done for him and the Princess for the opportunity to live together. Another example is in the "Incredibles" and Bob is not like Superman in the 007 in the Bond series as it is taking orders from the state administrative organs department, he was the state administrative organs or departments have been requested anonymity in the lives of ordinary people. Superman Superman Bob and his wife, children superman so-called "save humanity" all actions, the initial motivation of action relief was besieged by bad family, Bob was arrested after Superman, Superman wives, sons and daughters of Superman grew up has become a "Hero." There should be explained the same patronizing role. As the name suggests, the so-called charity though the same task for the hero to achieve its objectives or provide help, but different from the general sense of the help the charity in the narrative to provide a special moment for the hero of some kind of special help, such as martial arts novels , the main character encountered "an expert mountain", there was some sort of special power, or instruments used in martial arts. Charity, and it may be a mentor-like role in life, in his guidance, the main character to overcome the weaknesses of their own (internal opponents) and to success. As in "Shrek" (a) play a "bad guy" role of the Fire Dragon, as obsessed with a donkey, temperament changes; in (b) become the Shrek and the struggle against the evil witch of the key forces behind played a "charity" in the role. "Helper" areas of the role or actions, in Propp's theory does not give too much attention, but in the near future these can be found in the Department of Animation, "helper," the scope of this action to occupy an important position, can be said to be "heroes" of the supplement and support the character. "Helper" from the strict sense is a "little", but real, tactile sense of character can turn them into the audience was most impressed by the role. Such as "Shrek" and "Ice Age" and the donkey tree Rex, are small, their mix of character points timid, cowardly, but does not hide them in good faith, caring side, " Shrek, "the inferiority Shrek almost abandoned his love of the princess is dedicated donkey speech stirred up his courage, courage to pursue love (true love). "Ice Age" of the mammoth in the original cool, independent of the lack of human warmth missing children, in the tree can only be the insistence of Rex compromise, and then hide his good character, kind, gentle and was inspired by, doing its best to protect children

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《浴缸中的劳丽》。这也是一张俯拍的中景。劳丽躺在浴缸中，裸露着身体，面对摄影师的镜头，劳丽没有露出惊恐，讨厌，害怕的神情。她只是略带惊奇地看着镜头，甚至是有点期望，仿佛就像一个平常的模特，一个正常的人。如果把这张照片和其他照片混在一起，人们很难相信这张照片的主人公是精神病患者这组作品在社会上产生了十分强烈的反响。这些作品在某种程度上改变了人们对精神病人的歧视和偏见，使人对失去理性时被扭曲的病人产生了更多的理解和同情。有的评论家甚至说：“现在我们不仅同情地看到摄影的主体，也深切地认识看到我们自。”④一位摄影师要想成功，要想在摄影师上留下一笔，要想为文化事业做出贡献，依靠的不仅仅是高超的摄影技术，不是只要有近乎完美的用光，十分古典的构图，模特摆弄的各种姿势就可以的。但是，无可厚非，这是成功的原因之一。可是如果只拥有这些技术的话，那也只能成为一位好的摄影师，而不是优秀的。一个优秀的摄影师绝不是仅凭技巧就能堆砌起来的。摄影师首先是一个人，他的思想，他的修养，他的眼光和他的人格常常会渗透到摄影作品之中⑤马克的成功很大一部分的原因在于她尊重被拍摄对象，那是一种从内心深处的尊重，她没有把他们看做是毫无自制能力的疯子，而是把他们看做是正在承受巨大痛苦的病人，她对他们的遭遇充满同情。她在81号病房的36天期间，摄下了这些患者精神崩溃后的疯狂，也将人类灵魂的脆弱与创伤定格在87帧黑白影像中。⑥马克不是为了满足世人的偷窥心理，而是向观众展示了事物最真实，甚至是鲜为人知的一面，为观众提供了另外的观察视角和思考空间。记录精神病院的照片无论是在过去，还是在现在都不多。马克的《81号病房》首先在题材是一个突破，精神病人的生活状态鲜为人知。世人总会觉得精神病人只是毫无自制能力的疯子，对于这样的群体，人们总是缺少关注。从这点我们就可以看出马克是一个很有创意的摄影师。她将镜头对准这个群体既是向世人展示他们最真实的状况，也在期望这个群体能得到更多的关注，更多的同情和理解。《81号病房》是一个催人泪下的作品，也是一个值得思考的作品。它带给我们的意义绝不是感动与同情这么简单，更多的是我们该如何去看待这个群体，甚至是生活在生存边缘的不同群体。和那个时代相比，我们这个时代相对是幸福的，但这些情况依然存在，我们应该要给他们更多的关注，更多的同情和理解，还有我们是否该去改变某些不该有的状况。

生态摄影与自然风光摄影的差异并不大，拍摄自然风光的作品理应被纳入生态摄影的领域中。但从学理上讲，生态摄影与自然风光摄影当有不同，它要求摄影师具有创作层面的生态审美自觉，要求观看者具有欣赏层面的生态审美自觉，还要求生态审美意识在作品的传播解读阶段进行介入和引导。为助推生态摄影的创作实践，不必给生态摄影限定过高的学术基调，以便融入更广泛的大众群体，塑造更深刻的生态审美自觉。生态摄影的三个生态审美自觉之维暂且悬搁作品内在固有的特征而转向与作品相关的外围因素，我们从创作、欣赏与传播的角度建构生态摄影的三个生态审美自觉维度，三者协同合作，交错出生态摄影的内涵之网。被自然风光环绕时，人们心中都会有感动与悸动，凡手中持有相机，必会贪婪地拍摄，定格美好的景致，用来回味和分享，让记忆看得见，让依恋摸得着。生态摄影属于这个特殊的世代，属于大众群体，也是艺术在当前社会历史规定性下诞生的特有产物。从实用价值上看，以艺术的手段对抗生态危机是徒劳的，但摄影对人心的感染力所构建的生态审美自觉，却是其它科技手段无法达成的。我们不必给生态摄影限定过高的学术基调，不如给它自由，放它融入大众，让生态保护、珍惜自然的意识化作拍摄自然风光的冲动。