ppp英文的学术论文

Exchange rateIn finance, the exchange rates (also known as the foreign-exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) between two currencies specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. For example an exchange rate of 102 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (USD, $) means that JPY 102 is worth the same as USD 1. The foreign exchange market is one of the largest markets in the world. By some estimates, about 2 trillion USD worth of currency changes hands every spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate. The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future exchange rate quotation is given by stating the number of units of "term currency" or "price currency" that can be bought in terms of 1 unit currency (also called base currency). For example, in a quotation that says the EURUSD exchange rate is ( USD per EUR), the term currency is USD and the base currency is is a market convention that determines which is the base currency and which is the term currency. In most parts of the world, the order is:EUR - GBP - AUD - USD - *** (where *** is any other currency).Thus if you are doing a conversion from EUR into AUD, EUR is the base currency, AUD is the term currency and the exchange rate tells you how many Australian dollars you would pay or receive for 1 euro. Cyprus and Malta which were quoted as the base to the USD and *** were recently removed from this list when they joined the euro. In some areas of Europe and in the non-professional market in the UK, EUR and GBP are reversed so that GBP is quoted as the base currency to the euro. In order to determine which is the base currency where both currencies are not listed (. both are ***), market convention is to use the base currency which gives an exchange rate greater than . This avoids rounding issues and exchange rates being quoted to more than 4 decimal places. There are some exceptions to this rule . the Japanese often quote their currency as the base to other using a country's home currency as the price currency (., EUR = $ in the US) are known as direct quotation or price quotation (from that country's perspective) ([1]) and are used by most using a country's home currency as the unit currency (., £ = $ in the US) are known as indirect quotation or quantity quotation and are used in British newspapers and are also common in Australia, New Zealand and the quotation: 1 foreign currency unit = x home currency units indirect quotation: 1 home currency unit = x foreign currency units Note that, using direct quotation, if the home currency is strengthening (., appreciating, or becoming more valuable) then the exchange rate number decreases. Conversely if the foreign currency is strengthening, the exchange rate number increases and the home currency is looking at a currency pair such as EURUSD, the first component (EUR in this case) will be called the base currency. The second is called the term currency. For example : EURUSD = , means EUR is the base and USD the term, so 1 EUR = pairs are often incorrectly quoted with a "/" (forward slash). In fact if the slash is inserted, the order of the currencies should be reversed. This gives the exchange rate. . if EUR1 is worth , euro is the base currency and dollar is the term currency so the exchange rate is stated EURUSD or USD/EUR. To get the exchange rate divide the USD amount by the euro amount . = convention from the early 1980s to 2006 was that most currency pairs were quoted to 4 decimal places for spot transactions and up to 6 decimal places for forward outrights or swaps. (The fourth decimal place is usually referred to as a "pip.") An exception to this was exchange rates with a value of less than which were usually quoted to 5 or 6 decimal places. Although there is no fixed rule, exchange rates with a value greater than around 20 were usually quoted to 3 decimal places and currencies with a value greater than 80 were quoted to 2 decimal places. Currencies over 5000 were usually quoted with no decimal places (. the former Turkish Lira). . (GBPOMR : - EURUSD : - GBPBEF : - EURJPY : ). In other words, quotes are given with 5 digits. Where rates are below 1, quotes frequently include 5 decimal 2006 Barclays Capital broke with convention by offering spot exchange rates with 5 or 6 decimal places. The contraction of spreads (the difference between the bid and offer rates) arguably necessitated finer pricing and gave the banks the ability to try and win transaction on multibank trading platforms where all banks may otherwise have been quoting the same price. A number of other banks have now followed or peggedMain article: Exchange rate regimeIf a currency is free-floating, its exchange rate is allowed to vary against that of other currencies and is determined by the market forces of supply and demand. Exchange rates for such currencies are likely to change almost constantly as quoted on financial markets, mainly by banks, around the world. A movable or adjustable peg system is a system of fixed exchange rates, but with a provision for the devaluation of a currency. For example, between 1994 and 2005, the Chinese yuan renminbi (RMB) was pegged to the United States dollar at RMB to $1. China was not the only country to do this; from the end of World War II until 1966, Western European countries all maintained fixed exchange rates with the US dollar based on the Bretton Woods system. [2]Nominal and real exchange ratesThe nominal exchange rate e is the price in domestic currency of one unit of a foreign currency. The real exchange rate (RER) is defined as , where P is the domestic price level and P * the foreign price level. P and P * must have the same arbitrary value in some chosen base year. Hence in the base year, RER = e. The RER is only a theoretical ideal. In practice, there are many foreign currencies and price level values to take into consideration. Correspondingly, the model calculations become increasingly more complex. Furthermore, the model is based on purchasing power parity (PPP), which implies a constant RER. The empirical determination of a constant RER value could never be realised, due to limitations on data collection. PPP would imply that the RER is the rate at which an organization can trade goods and services of one economy (. country) for those of another. For example, if the price of a good increases 10% in the UK, and the Japanese currency simultaneously appreciates 10% against the UK currency, then the price of the good remains constant for someone in Japan. The people in the UK, however, would still have to deal with the 10% increase in domestic prices. It is also worth mentioning that government-enacted tariffs can affect the actual rate of exchange, helping to reduce price pressures. PPP appears to hold only in the long term (3–5 years) when prices eventually correct towards recent approaches in modelling the RER employ a set of macroeconomic variables, such as relative productivity and the real interest rate vs effective exchange rateBilateral exchange rate involves a currency pair, while effective exchange rate is weighted average of a basket of foreign currencies, and it can be viewed as an overall measure of the country's external competitiveness. A nominal effective exchange rate (NEER) is weighted with trade weights. a real effective exchange rate (REER) adjust NEER by appropriate foreign price level and deflates by the home country price level. Compared to NEER, a GDP weighted effective exchange rate might be more appropriate considering the global investment interest rate paritySee also: Interest rate parity#Uncovered interest rate parity Uncovered interest rate parity (UIRP) states that an appreciation or depreciation of one currency against another currency might be neutralized by a change in the interest rate differential. If US interest rates exceed Japanese interest rates then the US dollar should depreciate against the Japanese yen by an amount that prevents arbitrage. The future exchange rate is reflected into the forward exchange rate stated today. In our example, the forward exchange rate of the dollar is said to be at a discount because it buys fewer Japanese yen in the forward rate than it does in the spot rate. The yen is said to be at a showed no proof of working after 1990s. Contrary to the theory, currencies with high interest rates characteristically appreciated rather than depreciated on the reward of the containment of inflation and a higher-yielding of payments modelThis model holds that a foreign exchange rate must be at its equilibrium level - the rate which produces a stable current account balance. A nation with a trade deficit will experience reduction in its foreign exchange reserves which ultimately lowers (depreciates) the value of its currency. The cheaper currency renders the nation's goods (exports) more affordable in the global market place while making imports more expensive. After an intermediate period, imports are forced down and exports rise, thus stabilizing the trade balance and the currency towards PPP, the balance of payments model focuses largely on tradable goods and services, ignoring the increasing role of global capital flows. In other words, money is not only chasing goods and services, but to a larger extent, financial assets such as stocks and bonds. Their flows go into the capital account item of the balance of payments, thus, balancing the deficit in the current account. The increase in capital flows has given rise to the asset market market modelSee also: Capital asset pricing model The explosion in trading of financial assets (stocks and bonds) has reshaped the way analysts and traders look at currencies. Economic variables such as economic growth, inflation and productivity are no longer the only drivers of currency movements. The proportion of foreign exchange transactions stemming from cross border-trading of financial assets has dwarfed the extent of currency transactions generated from trading in goods and asset market approach views currencies as asset prices traded in an efficient financial market. Consequently, currencies are increasingly demonstrating a strong correlation with other markets, particularly the stock exchange, money can be made or lost on the foreign exchange market by investors and speculators buying and selling at the right times. Currencies can be traded at spot and foreign exchange options markets. The spot market represents current exchange rates, whereas options are derivatives of exchange in exchange ratesA market based exchange rate will change whenever the values of either of the two component currencies change. A currency will tend to become more valuable whenever demand for it is greater than the available supply. It will become less valuable whenever demand is less than available supply (this does not mean people no longer want money, it just means they prefer holding their wealth in some other form, possibly another currency).Increased demand for a currency is due to either an increased transaction demand for money, or an increased speculative demand for money. The transaction demand for money is highly correlated to the country's level of business activity, gross domestic product (GDP), and employment levels. The more people there are unemployed, the less the public as a whole will spend on goods and services. Central banks typically have little difficulty adjusting the available money supply to accommodate changes in the demand for money due to business speculative demand for money is much harder for a central bank to accommodate but they try to do this by adjusting interest rates. An investor may choose to buy a currency if the return (that is the interest rate) is high enough. The higher a country's interest rates, the greater the demand for that currency. It has been argued that currency speculation can undermine real economic growth, in particular since large currency speculators may deliberately create downward pressure on a currency in order to force that central bank to sell their currency to keep it stable (once this happens, the speculator can buy the currency back from the bank at a lower price, close out their position, and thereby take a profit).In choosing what type of asset to is officially pegged, synthetic markets have emerged that can behave as if the yuan were floating).汇率在经济学上，汇率定义为两国货币之间兑换的比例。通常会将某一国的货币设为基准，以此换算金额价值他国几元的货币。在英文使用方面，有时简写为FX，此为外国货币Foreign Exchange的简写。通俗的说，是一国货币单位兑换他国货币单位的比率，也可以说是用一国货币表示的另一国货币的价格。汇率的特性在于它多半是浮动的比率。只要货币能够透过汇率自由交换，依交换量的多寡，就会影响隔天的汇率，因此，有人也以赚汇差营利，今日以较低的比率购进某一外币，隔日等到较高的比率出现时，再转手卖出。所以有时汇率也能看出一个国家的经济状况。了解外汇也能看出这个国家的出口贸易状况。交叉汇率所谓交叉汇率是指两种不同货币之间的价格关系，两个国家之间的货币汇兑是利用各自对美元的汇率套算得出。举例来看，若一美元可分别兑换欧元、日圆，则欧元兑日圆的交叉汇率为（= ）。

（第一篇）这篇简单介绍了TCP/IP协议。 可供参考。What is TCP/IP? TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or an extranet). When you are set up with direct access to the Internet, your computer is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP program just as every other computer that you may send messages to or get information from also has a copy of TCP/ is a two-layer program. The higher layer, Transmission Control Protocol, manages the assembling of a message or file into smaller packets that are transmitted over the Internet and received by a TCP layer that reassembles the packets into the original message. The lower layer, Internet Protocol, handles the address part of each packet so that it gets to the right destination. Each gateway computer on the network checks this address to see where to forward the message. Even though some packets from the same message are routed differently than others, they'll be reassembled at the uses the client/server model of communication in which a computer user (a client) requests and is provided a service (such as sending a Web page) by another computer (a server) in the network. TCP/IP communication is primarily point-to-point, meaning each communication is from one point (or host computer) in the network to another point or host computer. TCP/IP and the higher-level applications that use it are collectively said to be "stateless" because each client request is considered a new request unrelated to any previous one (unlike ordinary phone conversations that require a dedicated connection for the call duration). Being stateless frees network paths so that everyone can use them continuously. (Note that the TCP layer itself is not stateless as far as any one message is concerned. Its connection remains in place until all packets in a message have been received.)Many Internet users are familiar with the even higher layer application protocols that use TCP/IP to get to the Internet. These include the World Wide Web's Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Telnet (Telnet) which lets you logon to remote computers, and the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). These and other protocols are often packaged together with TCP/IP as a "suite."Personal computer users with an analog phone modem connection to the Internet usually get to the Internet through the Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) or the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). These protocols encapsulate the IP packets so that they can be sent over the dial-up phone connection to an access provider's related to TCP/IP include the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which is used instead of TCP for special purposes. Other protocols are used by network host computers for exchanging router information. These include the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP), and the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). （第二篇）这篇介绍了TCP/IP的发展。Development of TCP/IPThe original research was performed in the late 1960s and early 1970s by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), which is the research arm of the US Department of Defense (DOD). The DOD wanted to build a network to connect a number of military sites. The key requirements for the network were as follows: * It must continue to function during nuclear war (development took place during the 'cold war'). The 7/8th rule required that the network should continue to function even when 7/8th of the network was not operational * It must be completely decentralized with no key central installation that could be destroyed and bring down the whole network * It must be fully redundant and able to continue communication between A and B even though intermediate sites and links might stop functioning during the conversation * The architecture must be flexible as the envisaged range of applications for the network was wide (anything from file transfer to time-sensitive data such as voice)ARPA hired a firm called BBN to design the network. The prototype was a research network called ARPANET (first operational in 1972). This connected four university sites using a system described as a packet switching to this development, any two computers wanting to communicate had to open a direct channel (known as a circuit) and information was then sent. If this circuit were broken, the computers would stop communicating immediately, which the DOD specifically wanted to computer could forward information to another by using packet-switching, so it superseded circuit-switched networks. To ensure information reached the correct destination, each packet was addressed with a source and destination and the packet was then transferred using any available pathway to the destination was divided into small chunks or packets (originally 1008 bits). Sending large chunks of information has always presented problems, often because the full message fails to reach its destination at the first attempt, and the whole message then has to be resent. The facilities within the new protocol to divide large messages into numerous small packets meant that a single packet could be resent if it was lost or damaged during transmission, rather than the whole new network was decentralized with no one computer controlling its operation where the packet switching protocol controlled most of the network is a very robust protocol and can automatically recover from any communication link failures. It re-routes data packets if transmission lines are damaged or if a computer fails to respond, utilizing any available network path. The figure below shows an example of an Internet system. A packet being sent from Network A to Network F may be sent via Network D (the quickest route). If this route becomes unavailable, the packet is routed using an alternate route (for example, A B C E F).Once ARPANET was proven, the DOD built MILNET (Military Installation in US) and MINET (Military Installation in Europe). To encourage the wide adoption of TCP/IP, BBN and the University of California at Berkeley were funded by the US Government to implement the protocol in the Berkeley version of Unix. UNIX was given freely to US universities and colleges, allowing them to network their computers. Researchers at Berkeley developed a program interface to the network protocol called sockets and wrote many applications using this the early 1980s, the National Science Foundation (NSF) used Berkeley TCP/IP to create the Computer Science Network (CSNET) to link US universities. They saw the benefit of sharing information between universities and ARPANET provided the infrastructure. Meanwhile, in 1974 a successor to ARPANET was developed named NSFNET. This was based on a backbone of six supercomputers into which many regional networks were allowed to first stage in the commercial development of the Internet occurred in 1990 when a group of telecommunications and computer companies formed a non-profit making organization called Advanced Networks and Services (ANS). This organization took over NSFNET and allowed commercial organizations to connect to the system. The commercial Internet grew from these networks.上述两篇都可供参考。 一、TCP/IP协议簇简介TCP/IP（传输控制协议/网间协议）是一种网络通信协议，它规范了网络上的所有通信设备，尤其是一个主机与另一个主机之间的数据往来格式以及传送方式。TCP/IP是 INTERNET的基础协议，也是一种电脑数据打包和寻址的标准方法。在数据传送中，可以形象地理解为有两个信封，TCP和IP就像是信封，要传递的信息被划分成若干段，每一段塞入一个TCP信封，并在该信封面上记录有分段号的信息，再将TCP信封塞入IP大信封，发送上网。在接受端，一个TCP软件包收集信封，抽出数据，按发送前的顺序还原，并加以校验，若发现差错，TCP将会要求重发。因此，TCP/IP在INTERNET中几乎可以无差错地传送数据。在任何一个物理网络中,各站点都有一个机器可识别的地址,该地址叫做物理地址.物理地址有两个特点:（1）物理地址的长度,格式等是物理网络技术的一部分,物理网络不同,物理地址也不同.（2）同一类型不同网络上的站点可能拥有相同的物理地址.以上两点决定了,不能用物理网络进行网间网通讯.在网络术语中，协议中，协议是为了在两台计算机之间交换数据而预先规定的标准。TCP/IP并不是一个而是许多协议，这就是为什么你经常听到它代表一个协议集的原因，而TCP和IP只是其中两个基本协议而已。你装在计算机-的TCP/IP软件提供了一个包括TCP、IP以及TCP/IP协议集中其它协议的工具平台。特别是它包括一些高层次的应用程序和FTP(文件传输协议)，它允许用户在命令行上进行网络文件传输。TCP/IP 是美国政府资助的高级研究计划署(ARPA)在二十世纪七十年代的一个研究成果，用来使全球的研究网络联在一起形成一个虚拟网络，也就是国际互联网。原始的Internet通过将已有的网络如ARPAnet转换到TCP/IP上来而形成，而这个Internet最终成为如今的国际互联网的骨干网。如今TCP/IP如此重要的原因，在于它允许独立的网格加入到Internet或组织在一起形成私有的内部网（Intranet）。构成内部网的每个网络通过一种-做路由器或IP路由器的设备在物理上联接在一起。路由器是一台用来从一个网络到另一个网络传输数据包的计算机。在一个使用TCP/IP的内部网中，信息通过使用一种独立的叫做IP包（IPpacket）或IP数据报(IP datagrams)的数据单元进--传输。TCP/IP软件使得每台联到网络上的计算机同其它计算机“看”起来一模一样，事实上它隐藏了路由器和基本的网络体系结构并使其各方面看起来都像一个大网。如同联入以太网时需要确认一个48位的以太网地址一样，联入一个内部网也需要确认一个32位的IP地址。我们将它用带点的十进制数表示，如。给定一个远程计算机的IP地址，在某个内部网或Internet上的本地计算机就可以像处在同一个物理网络中的两台计算机那样向远程计算机发送数据。TCP/IP 提供了一个方案用来解决属于同一个内部网而分属不同物理网的两台计算机之间怎样交换数据的问题。这个方案包括许多部分，而TCP/IP协议集的每个成员则用来解决问题的某一部分。如TCP/IP协议集中最基本的协议-IP协议用来在内部网中交换数据并且执行一项重要的功能：路由选择－－选择数据报从A主机到B主机将要经过的路径以及利用合适的路由器完成不同网络之间的跨越（hop）。TCP 是一个更高层次的它允许运行在在不同主机上的应用程序相互交换数据流。TCP将数据流分成小段叫做TCP数据段（TCP segments），并利用IP协议进行传输。在大多数情况下，每个TCP数据段装在一个IP数据报中进行发送。但如需要的话，TCP将把数据段分成多个数据报，而IP数据报则与同一网络不同主机间传输位流和字节流的物理数据帧相容。由于IP并不能保证接收的数据报的顺序相一致，TCP会在收信端装配 TCP数据段并形成一个不间断的数据流。FTP和Telnet就是两个非常流行的依靠TCP的TCP/IP应用程序。另一个重要的TCP/IP协议集的成员是用户数据报协议(UDP)，它同TCP相似但比TCP原始许多。TCP是一个可靠的协议，因为它有错误检查和握手确认来保证数据完整的到达目的地。UDP是一个“不可靠”的协议，因为它不能保证数据报的接收顺序同发送顺序相同，甚至不能保证它们是否全部到达。如果有可靠性要求，则应用程序避免使用它。同许多TCP/IP工具同时提供的SNMP(简单网络管理协议)就是一个使用UDP协议的应用例子。其它TCP/IP协议在TCP/IP网络中工作在幕后，但同样也发挥着重要作用。例如地址转换协议(ARP)将IP地址转换为物理网络地址如以太网地址。而与其对应的反向地址转换协议(RARP)做相反的工作，即将物理网络地址转换为IP地址。网际控制报文协议(ICMP)则是一个支持性协议，它利用IP完成IP数据报在传输时的控制信息和错误信息的传输。例如，如果一个路由器不能向前发送一个IP数据报，它就会利用ICMP来告诉发送者这里出现了问题。 这个不是原版翻译，不过相差不多。 -0-。你先要的是英文版啊~ 囧~ 要不你再发个帖，找人翻译下。

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DBB 与 DB/EPC 工程建设模式下项目经理胜任特征差异性分析[J]. 土木工程学报, 2014, 47(2): 129-135. 高颖, 张水波, 冯卓. 不完全合约下 PPP 项目的运营期延长决策机制[J]. 管理科学学报, 2014, 17(2): 48-57. 张水波, 康飞. 工程项目经理胜任特征测量: 模型构建及效度检验[J]. 软科学, 2014, 28(3): 73-77. 张水波, 康飞, 李祥飞. 基于支持向量机的建设工程项目经理胜任力评价[J]. 中国软科学, 2013, (11): 83-90. 张水波, 郭富仙. 基于风险视角的国际 PPP 项目投标决策模型研究[J]. 工程管理学报, 2013, 27(5): 59-63. 张水波, 康飞, 高颖. 国际PPP项目合同网络及其承购合同的安排[J]. 国际经济合作, 2011, (2):47-51. 张水波, 高颖. 国际 BOT 项目合同框架分析以及风险防范[J]. 国际经济合作, 2010, (1): 74-77. 张水波, 杨正, 李豫红. 国际 EPC 交钥匙合同中业主方的义务[J]. 国际经济合作, 2009, (12): 74-77. 张水波, 杨秋波. 国际 EPC 交钥匙合同业主方的设计管理[J]. 中国港湾建设, 2008, (5): 63-66. 张水波, 潘婧. 英国土木工程学会建设合约的演进与启示[J]. 国际经济合作, 2008, (12): 54-58. 张水波, 杨秋波. 对外承包工程快速增长: 问题与对策[J]. 国际经济合作, 2007, (2): 69-72. 张水波, 杨秋波. 国际工程合同及其在管理中的作用[J]. 国际技术贸易, 2007, (1): 57-61. 张水波, 严栋, 何伯森. FIDIC 合同条件范本的最新发展[J]. 国际经济合作, 2006, (10): 29-31. 张水波, 汪辉辉, 何伯森. EPC 总承包工程项目的争端与索赔[J]. 国际经济合作, 2006, (2): 36-38. 张水波, 董家广, 仉乐. 新版 FIDIC 合同条件保险条款应用分析[J]. 国际经济合作, 2006, (5): 44-46. 张水波, 张蕾, 高原. 工程总承包模式下的综合评标指标体系研究[J]. 天津大学学报（社会科学版）, 2005, 7(2): 97-101. 张水波, 赵珊珊, 高原. 国际工程总承包商的选择原则与程序[J]. 中国港湾建设, 2004, (4): 58-61. 张水波, 何伯森. 工程建设 “设计—建造” 总承包模式的国际动态研究[J]. 土木工程学报, 2003, 36(3): 30-36. 张水波, 何伯森. 工程项目合同双方风险分担问题的探讨[J]. 天津大学学报（社会科学版）, 2003, 5(3): 257-261. 张水波, 何伯森. 管理承包—一种工程建设的新型承包模式[J]. 中国港湾建设, 2002, (5): 50-53. 张水波, 何伯森. FIDIC 1999 年新版合同条件的编制思想[J]. 水力发电, 2002, (4): 7-9. 张水波, 庞定惠. FIDIC 新版合同条件的特点与应用范围[J]. 中国港湾建设, 2001, (2): 50-52. 张水波, 王扬. EPC 交钥匙项目合同条件[J]. 国际经济合作, 2000, 8: 49-52. 张水波, 房维龙. 加强我国工程建设质量管理的途径[J]. 石油工程建设, 2000, 26(5): 1-4. 张水波, 孔德泉, 何伯森. BOT 项目风险管理的担保手段[J]. 中国软科学, 2000, 2: 73-76. 张水波, 何伯森. 国际工程中争端解决方式的演变与启示[J]. 水力发电, 2000, 7: 8-12. 张水波. 国际工程承包的一种合同模式-EPC合同[J]. 中国港湾建设,1999, (4):47-49. 张水波, 何伯森. 国际工程索赔中处理开脱性条款的原则与实践[J]. 天津大学学报（社会科学版）,1999,(3): 179-182. 张水波, 王辉. BOT模式项目融资的法律谈判[J]. 中国软科学, 1999, (12): 81-84. 张水波, 陈勇强. 国际工程保险以及应注意的问题[J]. 港工技术, 1999, (3): 40-42.

论文有什么难写的。三千字，先介绍什么是通货膨胀，举例说明，引发通胀的因素有哪些，举例说明，通胀的结果会是什么，再举例说明，如何宏观调控，还得举例。结论。保证超过三千字。