足球毕业论文外文文献

以下资料可供参考，详情文章已经发消息给你。共有记录12828条 上页 下页序号 文献标题 文献来源 年期 来源数据库1 足球、基金与信贷——基金投资策略对商业银行信贷流程的启示 安徽农村金融 2007/02 中国期刊全文数据库2 我在大连当“足球宝贝” 八小时以外 2007/08 中国期刊全文数据库3 世界足球先生卡纳瓦罗 初中生学习(英语阅读新概念) 2007/06 中国期刊全文数据库4 少儿足球、轮滑、中国武术、短式网球 探班训练场 父母必读 2007/05 中国期刊全文数据库5 全局视觉足球机器人的动态目标识别方法改进 福建信息技术教育 2007/03 中国期刊全文数据库6 图像处理在足球机器人系统中的应用 工程地质计算机应用 2006/03 中国期刊全文数据库7 基于consensus的人工势能场在足球机器人避障中的应用 高技术通讯 2007/07 中国期刊全文数据库8 江苏省男子足球后备人才培养模式现状调查 贵州体育科技 2006/01 中国期刊全文数据库9 浅谈足球裁判员的基本素质和技能的培养 贵州体育科技 2006/01 中国期刊全文数据库10 我院足球选项课教学的现状和对策 贵州体育科技 2006/02 中国期刊全文数据库共有记录12828条 上页 下页

足球论文参考文献范例

在各领域中，大家最不陌生的就是论文了吧，论文是学术界进行成果交流的工具。写论文的注意事项有许多，你确定会写吗？以下是我为大家整理的足球论文参考文献范例，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。

[1]袁静.论校园足球回归育人本原之思考[J].广州体育学院学报，2016，36(01):40-42+96.

[2]教育部，国家体育总局全国青少年校园足球活动实施方案[A].体群字[2009]54号

[3]陈珂琦.对加强校园足球课程教学体系建设的认识与建议[J].中国学校体育，2015(5):9

[4]颜中杰，何志林，玄刚.上海市校园足球活动的困境与出路[J].体育科研，2011(1):65-68

[5]李纪霞，董众鸣，颜中杰.我国青少年校园足球活动管理体制创新研究[J].山东体育学院学报，2012(3):85-89

[6]董众鸣，袭波，颜中杰.开展校园足球活动若干问题的探讨[J].上海体育学院学报，2011(2):78-82

[7]梁伟，刘新民.校园足球可持续发展的推进策略[J].体育文化导刊，2014(3):151-153

[8]肖佳川.构建校园足球文化促进足球运动的可持续发展[J].兰州教育学院报，2015(6):165-166

[9]王涛，崔世君.新型足球教学模式的构建与传统足球教学比较实验研究[J].广州体育学院学报，2015，35(5):108-101

[10]陈枭.校园足球时代背景下高校体育课程教学改革研[J].当代体育科技，2016，(34):146-148

[11]张云波，王晓茜.校园足球推广背景下高校校园足球可持续发展的研究[J].赤峰学院学报:自然科学版，2017，33(22):65-66

[12]王登峰.从"有"到"强":新时代青少年校园足球的战略定位与发展方向[J].体育科学，2018，38(4):3-7，21

[13]李卫东，何志林，董众鸣.青少年校园足球竞赛体系发展模式的构建[J].武汉体育学院学报，2013，47(2):87-9

[14]陈书玲.利用校园足球健全学生人格[J].求知导刊，2015(22):18.

[15]孙晓娟，吴澳.校园足球对青少年身心健康的影响[J].西部素质教育，2018，4(15):62-63.

[16]侯学华.全国青少年校园足球活动价值研究[J].北京体育大学学报，2012，35(12):77-83.

[17]黄文洁.学科核心素养下高中体育教师专业素养构建研究[D].江西师范大学，2018.

[18]于素梅.学生体育学科核心素养及其培育[J].中国学校体育，2016(07):29-33.

[19]孙宇.新形势下我国校园足球运动的运思与发展[J].电大理工，2017，(01):81-82.

[20]姚杰.足球进课堂背景下中小学足球教学的阶段性地位研究[J].青少年体育，2017，(03):36-37.

[21]周东升.浅析校园足球文化对校园文化的作用[J].青少年体育，2017，(03):32-33.

[22]宋辉.我国足球产业发展现状及前景分析[J].经济研究导刊，2017，(09):20-21.

[23]刘陵，张伟.青少年趣味足球的内涵解读及推进策略[J].当代体育科技，2017，(09):155-156+159.

[24]陈斌.开展校园足球活动的目标思考[J].当代体育科技，2017，(09):209-210.

[25]吴剑，桂蓉，曹电康.校园足球健康发展的路径选择[J].体育文化导刊，2017，(03):138-142+160.

[26]刘志敏.新疆少数民族青少年足球运动参与行为影响因素分析[J].体育文化导刊，2017，(03):156-160.

[27]张应龙.文化认同视域下欧洲职业足球文化特征及其启示研究[J].延安大学学报(自然科学版)，2017，(01):117-120.

[28]程万军.浅谈青少年足球运动员训练的'方法[J].民营科技，2017，(03):227.

[29]吴楠.足球运动员体能训练策略研究[J].运动，2017，(06):18+5.

[30]郑志强，李向前.中国职业足球联赛理事会构建的反思与重构[J].武汉体育学院学报，2017，(03):22-26+31.

[31]高治，郑原，王岗."足球改革"对中国体育发展的启示[J].武汉体育学院学报，2017，(03):86-93.

[32]姜南，侯学华.我国校园足球政策执行动力系统及优化路径分析--以协同学理论为视角[J].山东师范大学学报(自然科学版)，2017，(01):143-147.

[33]艾强.足球产业经济贡献与影响足球发展的经济因素[J].经济研究导刊，2017，(08):36-37.

[34]孙莹莹.分析青少年足球训练理念管理及其执教法[J].当代体育科技，2017，(08):67+69.

[35]沈雁平，牛曼兰，罗卫东.群众业余足球参与者的发展现状及对策研究--以合肥市的业余足球参与者为例[J].韶关学院学报，2017，(03):95-99.

[36]曹然.校园足球活动中伤害事故的预防和科学应对[J].长江大学学报(自科版)，2017，(05):71-74.

[37]郭风，谭继业.中小学校园足球发展现状的分析与研究--以合肥市为例[J].当代体育科技，2017，(07):81-82.

[38]余翔.成都市五人制足球俱乐部发展现状调查研究[J].当代体育科技，2017，(07):145-146.

[39]杨培岭.团队文化视野下解读中国足球运动员技能危机[J].当代体育科技，2017，(07):190-191.

[40]贺涛.荆门市足球裁判员队伍现状调查及对策研究[J].运动，2017，(05):44-45.

[41]王本鑫.浅析足球运动对现代人社会生活健康的影响[J].科技经济导刊，2017，(07):215.

[42]顾海亚.小学足球教学的几点思考[J].田径，2017，(03):48-49.

[43]王岚.足球运动员损伤现状及对策研究综述[J].安徽体育科技，2017，(01):73-75.

[44]陈爱国，陈丽萍，颜军.8周足球运动改善留守儿童执行功能的实验研究[J].山东体育学院学报，2017，(01):85-89.

[45]张文波.高校足球教学中存在的问题及对策探究[J].当代体育科技，2017，(06):162-163.

[46]吴军.浅析体育教育专科学生足球裁判能力培养[J].当代体育科技，2017，(06):107-108.

[47]何杰.长沙市校园足球试点高中足球活动的开展现状研究[D].延安大学，2016.

[48]李勇.葡萄牙足球历史演进及崛起因素研究[J].体育文化导刊，2017，(02):113-117.

[49]杨世东.南京市青少年业余足球培训市场调查[J].体育文化导刊，2017，(02):130-134.

[50]李水强.我国青少年校园足球开展瓶颈研究[J].体育文化导刊，2017，(02):154-156+200.

[51]陈浩.简论足球技术中场上意识的培养[J].运动，2017，(04):13-14.

[52]郝宗继.足球游戏在足球训练中的作用分析[J].运动，2017，(04):15-16.

[53]康喜来，李德武.新形势下校园足球的角色定位和发展[J].吉林体育学院学报，2017，(01):85-89.

[54]周丽芳，文佳黎.基于遗传算法的虚拟足球游戏设计[J].计算机应用与软件，2017，(02):209-213.

[55]曾广平.论小学校园足球文化的构建意义[J].读与写(教育教学刊)，2017，(02):206+243.

[56]宋娜梅，梁潇，林用彬，郑丽.中学校园足球文化结构及认知差异研究[J].北京体育大学学报，2017，(02):30-37.

[57]谢军，刘鸿优.比赛情境因素对中国足球超级联赛技战术表现的影响[J].北京体育大学学报，2017，(02):107-111+136.

[58]刘林星，田德宝.校园足球发展环境建设研究[J].四川体育科学，2017，(01):155-158.

[59]魏家鹏.足球运动员的体能训练与疲劳消除方法探究[J].当代体育科技，2017，(05):43+45.

[60]李忠.关于常见足球训练中的技术技巧解析[J].当代体育科技，2017，(05):56-57.

[61]程公.关于我国高校校园足球竞赛联盟机制的研究[J].科技风，2017，(03):217.

[62]酒华炜."校园足球热"背景下高校校园足球文化的内涵与构建研究[J].南京体育学院学报(自然科学版)，2017，(01):102-106.

[63]赵丽敏，刘鹏.中国企业并购欧洲足球俱乐部的动机与策略分析--基于中国大健康产业的视角[J].对外经贸实务，2017，(02):77-80.

[64]郑波.比较视域下的高校足球运动员个性心理特征研究[J].成都师范学院学报，2017，(01):31-39.

[65]刘圣泽.阿勒泰地区中学生足球训练方法调查与分析[J].武术研究，2017，(01):145-147.

[66]郭振，乔凤杰，李声民.日本大学足球发展历程及其启示[J].体育学刊，2017，(01):121-127.

[67]黄华.我国职业足球转会制度的法学透视[J].广州体育学院学报，2017，(01):15-19.

[68]徐金成，高璨，高颀，洪平，赵杰修.中国足球运动损伤研究现状及其国际比较[J].中国运动医学杂志，2017，(01):84-90.

[69]李旭天.校园足球背景下体育教育专业足球普修教学内容的选择与优化[J].青少年体育，2017，(01):109-111.

[70]周俊杰，应依岐.日本足球发展对我国的启示[J].青少年体育，2017，(01):42-43+46.

[71]徐龙兵，马加威.浅析小学校园足球开展的问题及策略[J].当代体育科技，2017，(03):13+27.

[72]杨大轩，唐士智.广东省校园足球裁判员队伍现状调查与对策研究[J].当代体育科技，2017，(03):69-72.

[73]孙奇.身体功能训练对足球运动员身体素质影响的相关研究[D].北京体育大学，2016.

[74]梁冰.从足球热思考制约我国校园足球发展的因素及对策[J].体育文化导刊，2017，(01):150-153.

[75]付海涛.日本校园足球竞赛体制分析及其启示[J].体育文化导刊，2017，(01):171-174.

[76]龚波，陶然成，董众鸣.当前我国校园足球若干重大问题探讨[J].上海体育学院学报，2017，(01):61-67.

[77]房鹏飞，陈盼.广西中小学校园足球县域发展探讨--以灵山县校园足球开展为例[J].钦州学院学报，2017，(01):80-84.

[78]朱广新，孟凯利，刘杰.核心训练对足球运动员身体平衡稳定性的研究[J].运动，2017，(02):15-16.

[79]王欣.简析高校足球训练中对运动员心理素质的培养[J].运动，2017，(02):17-18.

[80]姜南.我国校园足球政策执行的制约因素与路径选择--基于史密斯政策执行过程模型的视角[J].中国体育科技，2017，(01):3-8+26.

[81]柳鸣毅，丁煌.基于路线图方法的我国青少年校园足球治理体系研究[J].武汉体育学院学报，2017，(01):33-38+46.

[82]王永强.情绪效价与执法经验对足球竞赛中犯规判罚决策影响的实验研究[J].武汉体育学院学报，2017，(01):96-100.

[83]张志武，苏长来，刘占鲁.中国青少年足球运动员培养的目标人群定位及模式研究[J].首都体育学院学报，2017，(01):49-52.

[84]赵成浩.我国青少年校园足球开展现状及存在的问题分析[J].科教导刊(中旬刊)，2017，(01):191-192.

[85]艾强.足球发展与经济因素相互作用的若干研究[J].经济研究导刊，2017，(02):169-170.

[86]李蕾，洪长清.篮球和五人制足球运动员功能性动作筛查的研究分析[J].当代体育科技，2017，(02):234-236.

[87]郑波，刘迅.基于校园足球文化构建的研究[J].当代体育科技，2017，(02):148-149.

[88]高林.高校足球中足球意识的培养探究[J].当代体育科技，2017，(02):173-174.

[89]周俊，卢开智，普春旺.浅析现代职业足球运动的发展趋势[J].当代体育科技，2017，(02):201-202.

[90]马骏.重庆力帆足球俱乐部官方微博营销现状研究[J].新闻研究导刊，2017，(01):50-51.

[91]王冰.浅论提高小学足球教学质量[J].科教文汇(上旬刊)，2017，(01):133-134.

[92]王勤海，李帅.德国职业足球"50+1"政策探析及对我国的启示[J].河北体育学院学报，2017，(01):18-22.

[93]王泰峰.哈尔滨市小学校园足球运动开展现状研究[J].当代体育科技，2017，(01):71+73.

[94]程杰.校园足球的安全措施及预防[J].当代体育科技，2017，(01):16-17.

[95]付瑶.青少年足球团队意识的培养[J].当代体育科技，2017，(01):237+239.

[96]张建辉.足球运动中的物理原理[J].当代体育科技，2017，(01):244-245.

[97]颜京朋.结合儿童生理特点的足球技术训练研究[J].当代体育科技，2017，(01):32+34.

[98]赖健.我国青少年足球竞训体系与管理体制探索[J].运动，2017，(01):23-24.

[99]傅鸿浩.我国校园足球内涵式发展研究[D].北京体育大学，2016.

[100]杨铄，冷唐蒀，郑芳.职业足球联赛外援配额制度研究[J].体育科学，2016，(12):18-29.

[101]甄茂洋.北京市东城区小学生足球联赛对校园足球文化影响的现状与对策研究[D].首都体育学院，2016.

[102]郑秋晨.校园足球与体育产业的关系研究[D].吉林大学，2016.

[103]傅鸿浩，张廷安，水祎舟，郝霖霖.英文期刊中足球运动的研究领域及热点探析[J].北京体育大学学报，2016，(11):119-127.

[104]张兵，仇军.管办分离后中国职业足球改革的路径选择与机制依赖[J].体育科学，2016，(10):3-9.

[105]刘永宝.贵阳市中小学校园足球开展状况与发展对策研究[D].贵州师范大学，2016.

[106]殷海涛.足球进校园前提下的校园文化构建研究[D].苏州大学，2016.

[107]张磊，张廷安，夏辉，任定猛.中国足球生态系统的构建[J].北京体育大学学报，2016，(08):117-124.

[108]张琪，龚正伟.我国足球改革的未来效应及其影响[J].上海体育学院学报，2016，(04):65-72.

[109]刘飞，龚波.欧洲足球协会联盟财政公平法案对中国足球协会超级联赛的启示[J].体育科学，2016，(07):24-31.

[110]贺珷.校园足球师资培养与培训体系流程及组织结构优化和再造研究[D].北京体育大学，2016.

[111]郭尼.男子足球运动员脚背内侧踢球技术运动学特征分析[D].中北大学，2016.

[112]宁柠.中日青少年校园足球活动发展现状与对比研究[D].太原理工大学，2016.

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[5]梅汝莉.“多元智能”理论与中国基础教育改革[J].中小学管理.2002(12).

[7]白学军.智力心理学的研究进展[M].浙江人民出版社.1996.

[8]霍华德.加德纳著,沈致隆译.多元智能[M].北京:新华出版社.1999:18-27.

[9]欣心.霍华德.加德纳的“多元智能”理论[J].北京教育.2002.(5).

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有关英国文化The culture of the United Kingdom is rich and varied, and has been influential on culture on a worldwide scale. It is a European state, and has many cultural links with its former colonies, particularly those that use the English language (the Anglosphere). Considerable contributions to British culture have been made over the last half-century by immigrants from the Indian Subcontinent and the West Indies. The origins of the UK as a political union of formerly independent states has resulted in the preservation of distinctive cultures in each of the home nations. Language Main article: Languages in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom has no official language. English is the main language and the de facto official language, spoken monolingually by an estimated 95% of the UK population. However, some nations and regions of the UK have frameworks for the promotion of their autochthonous languages. In Wales, English and Welsh are both widely used by officialdom, and Irish and Ulster Scots enjoy limited use alongside English in Northern Ireland, mainly in publicly commissioned translations. Additionally, the Western Isles council area of Scotland has a policy to promote Scottish Gaelic. Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, which is not legally enforceable, the UK Government has committed itself to the promotion of certain linguistic traditions. Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Cornish are to be developed in Wales, Scotland and Cornwall respectively. Other native languages afforded such protection include Irish in Northern Ireland, Scots in Scotland and Northern Ireland, where it is known in official parlance as "Ulster Scots" or "Ullans" but in the speech of users simply as "Scotch", and British Sign Language. The Arts Literature Sherlock Holmes, played here by Jeremy Brett, was created by British author Arthur Conan article: British literature The earliest native literature of the territory of the modern United Kingdom was written in the Celtic languages of the isles. The Welsh literary tradition stretches from the 6th century. Irish poetry also represents a more or less unbroken tradition from the 6th century to the present day, with the Ulster Cycle being of particular relevance to Northern Ireland. Anglo-Saxon literature includes Beowulf, a national epic, but literature in Latin predominated among educated elites. After the Norman Conquest Anglo-Norman literature brought continental influences to the isles. English literature emerged as a recognisable entity in the late 14th century, with the rise and spread of the London dialect of Middle English. Geoffrey Chaucer is the first great identifiable individual in English literature: his Canterbury Tales remains a popular 14th-century work which readers still enjoy today. Following the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, the Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the fields of poetry and drama. From this period, poet and playwright William Shakespeare stands out as arguably the most famous writer in the world. The English novel became a popular form in the 18th century, with Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719), Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1745). After a period of decline, the poetry of Robert Burns revived interest in vernacular literature, the rhyming weavers of Ulster being especially influenced by literature in Scots from Scotland. The following two centuries continued a huge outpouring of literary production. In the early 19th century, the Romantic period showed a flowering of poetry comparable with the Renaissance two hundred years earlier, with such poets as William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats, and Lord Byron. The Victorian period was the golden age of the realistic English novel, represented by Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Anne), Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy. World War One gave rise to British war poets and writers such as Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, Robert Graves and Rupert Brooke who wrote (often paradoxically), of their expectations of war, and/or their experiences in the trench. The Celtic Revival stimulated new appreciation of traditional Irish literature, however, with the independence of the Irish Free State, Irish literature came to be seen as more clearly separate from the strains of British literature. The Scottish Renaissance of the early 20th century brought modernism to Scottish literature as well as an interest in new forms in the literatures of Scottish Gaelic and Scots. The English novel developed in the 20th century into much greater variety and was greatly enriched by immigrant writers. It remains today the dominant English literary form. Other well-known novelists include Arthur Conan Doyle, D. H. Lawrence, George Orwell, Salman Rushdie, Mary Shelley, Zadie Smith, J. R. R. Tolkien, Virginia Woolf and . Rowling. Important poets include Elizabeth Barrett Browning, T. S. Eliot, Ted Hughes, John Milton, Alfred Tennyson, Rudyard Kipling, Alexander Pope, and Dylan Thomas. Religion Main article: Religion in the United Kingdom Although today one of the most 'secularised' states in the world, the United Kingdom is traditionally a Christian country, with two of the Home nations having official faiths: Anglicanism, in the form of the Church of England, is the Established Church in England. The Queen is Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Presbyterianism (Church of Scotland) is the official faith in Scotland. The Anglican Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920. The Anglican Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1871. Other religions followed in the UK include Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism, and Buddhism. While 2001 census information [2] suggests that over 75 percent of UK citizens consider themselves to belong to a religion, Gallup International reports that only 10 percent of UK citizens regularly attend religious services, compared to 15 percent of French citizens and 57 percent of American citizens. A 2004 YouGov poll found that 44 percent of UK citizens believe in God, while 35 percent do not [3]. The disparity between the census data and the YouGov data has been put down to a phenomenon described as "cultural Christianity", whereby many who do not believe in God still identify with the religion they were bought up as, or the religion of their parents. [edit] Food Main article: British cuisine Although there is ample evidence of a rich and varied approach to cuisine during earlier historical periods (particularly so amongst wealthy citizens), during much of the 19th and 20th century Britain had a reputation for somewhat conservative cuisine. The stereotype of the native cuisine was of a diet progressing little beyond stodgy meals consisting of "meat and two veg". Even today, in more conservative areas of the country, "meat and two veg" cuisine is still the favoured choice at the dinner table. Traditional British fare usually includes dishes such as fish and chips, roast dishes of beef, lamb, chicken and pork, as well as regional dishes such as the Cornish pasty and Lancashire Hotpot. On 8 January 1940, four months after the outbreak of World War II, a system of food Rationing was introduced to conserve stocks and feed the nation during the critical war years. Rationing persisted until July 4, 1954 [4] when a fourteen year period of relative privation (which profoundly affected a generation of people attitude to 'a culture of food') finally came to an end. With the end of rationing, Britain's diet began to change, slowly at first during the 1950s and 1960s, but immeasurably by the closing decades of the 20th century. During the transitional period of the 1970s, a number of influential figures such as Delia Smith (perhaps Britain's most famous homegrown exponent of good food), began the drive to encourage greater experimentation with the new ingredients (. pasta) increasingly being offered by the supermarkets. The evolution of the British diet was further accelerated with the increasing tendency of the British to travel to continental Europe (and sometimes beyond) for their annual holidays, experiencing new and unfamiliar dishes as they travelled to countries such as France, Italy, and Spain. Towards the mid to late 1990s and onwards an explosion of talented new 'TV chefs' began to come to prominence, (with figures as diverse as Jamie Oliver, Ainsley Harriott, Ken Hom, Nigella Lawson, Madhur Jaffrey, Nigel Slater, and Keith Floyd) this brought about a noticeable acceleration in the diversity of cuisine the general public were prepared to try and their general confidence in preparing food that had would once have been considered pure staples of foreign cultures, particularly the Mediterranean European, South and East Asian diets. As a result, a new style of cooking called Modern British emerged. This process of increased variety and experimentation in food inevitably dovetailed with the very profound impact that the post-war influx of immigrants to the UK (many from Britain's former colonies in the Caribbean and Indian sub-continent) had on the national cuisine. The new communities propelled new and exciting dishes and ingredients onto restaurant tables and into the national consciousness. In many instances, British tastes fused with the new dishes to produce entirely new dishes such as the Balti, an English invention based on Indian cuisine that has since gained popularity across the world. Many of these new dishes have since become deeply embedded in the native culture, culminating in a speech in 2001 by Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, in which he described Chicken Tikka Masala as 'a true British national dish' [5]. With the rich diversity of its peoples and its (arguably) relatively successful attempts at creating a true multicultural society, married to a reputation as an experimental and forward thinking nation, the future of British cuisine looks positive. [edit] Education University College, Oxford was founded in the 13th centuryMain article: Education in the United Kingdom The education system in the United Kingdom varies in important respects between England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Education is devolved to the Scottish Parliament and the assemblies in Wales and Northern Ireland. Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of five and sixteen. Most children in the UK are educated in state funded schools financed through the tax system and so parents do not pay directly for the cost of education. Less than ten percent of the UK school age population attend independent fee-paying schools. Many prominent independent schools, often founded hundreds of years ago, are known as public schools of which Eton, Harrow and Rugby are three of the better known. Most primary and secondary schools in both the private and state sectors have compulsory school uniforms. This is a contentious point with generations of school children who would like to see them abolished, only to support their retention once they become parents, this is due to people wanting to have a 'uniform' appearance in schools and it reduces the brand logo culture from coming out in educational establishments. Due to the multicultural nature of England, some allowances have had to be made in the uniform regulations to accommodate the needs of some children's religious beliefs. [edit] England Main article Education in England Most schools came under state control in the Victorian era, a formal state school system was instituted after the Second World War. Initially schools were separated into infant schools (normally up to age 4 or 5), primary schools and secondary schools (split into more academic grammar schools and more vocational secondary modern schools). Under the Labour governments of the 1960s and 1970s most secondary modern and grammar schools were combined to become comprehensive schools. Although the Minister of Education is responsible to Parliament for education, the day to day administration and funding of state schools is the responsibility of Local Education Authorities. Northern Ireland Main article Education in Northern Ireland Scotland Main article Education in Scotland Wales Main article Education in Wales Higher education The United Kingdom includes many historic universities. These include the so-called Oxbridge universities (Oxford University and Cambridge University) which are amongst the world's oldest universities and are generally ranked at or near the top of all British universities. Other universities include the University of St Andrews, the oldest university in Scotland. Academic degrees are usually split into classes: first class (I), upper second class (II:1), lower second class (II:2) and third (III), and unclassified (below third class). [Sport Main article: Sport in the United Kingdom The national sport of the UK is football, and the UK has the oldest football clubs in the world. The home nations all have separate national teams and domestic competitions, most notably the Scottish Premier League, the FA Cup and the FA Premier League. The first ever international football match was between Scotland and England in 1872. The match ended goalless. Other famous British sporting events include the Wimbledon tennis championships, the Grand National, the London Marathon, the ashes series of cricket matches and the boat race between Oxford and Cambridge universities. A great number of major sports originated in the United Kingdom, including: Football (soccer), squash, golf, boxing, rugby (rugby union and rugby league), cricket, snooker, billiards, badminton and curling. National costume The kilt is a traditional Scottish garmentThere is no specifically British national costume. Even individually, England, Wales and Northern Ireland have only vestiges of a national costume; Scotland has the kilt and Tam o'shanter. In England certain military uniforms such as the Beefeater or the Queen's Guard are considered by tourists to be symbolic of Englishness, however they are not official national costumes. Morris dancers or the costumes for the traditional English may dance are cited by some as examples of traditional English costume. Naming convention The naming convention in most of the United Kingdom is for everyone to have a given name, usually (but not always) indicating the child's sex, followed by a parent's family name. This naming convention has remained much the same since the 15th century in England although patronymic naming remained in some of the further reaches of the other home nations until much later. Since the 19th century middle names have become very common and are often taken from the family name of an ancestor. Traditionally given names were largely taken from the Bible however in the Gothic Revival of the Victorian era Anglo Saxon and mythical names became commonplace. Since the middle of the 20th century however given names have been influenced by a much wider cultural base. 英国式足球（Wall game）的英文介绍Wall gameWally (pronounced Wall - ey ) is a groupe of games played predominantly in secondary schools in England. The games are generally played during breaks and require a wall and tennis ball or football. Numbers involved in games range from four to 30-ish; however, numbers become unmanageable beyond to playUsing a tennis ball The game is played against a stretch of wall with a smooth flat surface underneath. The wall should preferably be above two meters (although skilled players never use more than meter). The ball is 'served' by throwing the ball hard at the ground and making it bounce on to the wall; this is normally done from two to three meters away from the wall. Players then have to hit the ball in the cupped palm of their hand towards the wall ensuring that it bounces on the ground before it hits the wall. A player is out if they fail to hit the ball, fail to make the ball bounce before hitting the wall, or miss the wall. The winner is the last person left tennis raquet can be used instead of handsUsing a football The rules are the same although the ball is kicked rather than hit with the handDetailed RulesThe length of wall is changeable depending on the number of players but generally stays under eight meters. Players can call for a re-serve if they feel there was a bad serve; this can only be done before the ball is hit. The person who is nearest to the ball is the one that has to hit it. Failure to do so results in them being out. Players can step out of the way of the ball if there is someone behind them, thus making the person behind them responsible for hitting the ball. If two players begin to claim the other person was nearer to the ball then both players are out. The ball is sometimes aimed at other players because they are out if the ball hits them. If the ball hits the joining of the wall and floor (a '50/50') players can call for the round to start again. Playing StyleThe game is played differently to the way the rules would suggest. The playing style is fast and furious and when well-played the ball is hit very hard and low to the ground three or four meters away from the wall. Playing occasionally changes to the ball being hit very softy close to the wall requiring players to be very close to the wall; this is generally used tactically as players can then hit the ball hard so that it shoots off almost parallel to the wall catching out people who had not been playing close to the wall. This tactic generally only last a round or part of one as it is considered are a few variations of the game although they are played with less frequency than the main game. 'Stings' is played exactly the same as the normal game except at the end of a game the first person has to stand against the wall while the winner gets one shoot against them with the ball. '3D' wally is generally played in corridors or classrooms, in this variant of the game 2 or 3 walls are used as well as the roof.