麦田里的守望者文献论文出处

<麦田守望者>的细节评论(英文) 全文摘录自美国文学著作论坛 (一） Comments on the Details of novel “The Catcher In The Rye” The majority of the novel takes place in New York City during war of America. The journey begins just a week before Holden's Christmas break. A young man, Holden Caulfield, is in a mental institution where he is recovering from a recent mental breakdown. The entire novel is a flashback of the events that had led up to his emotional destruction. The flashback begins with Holden leaving the boarding school he had been attending because of lackluster grades. Holden had been sent to boarding school by his parents. The protagonist and narrator of the novel, Holden Caulfield, finds himself upset with the society in which he lives. Throughout the novel he goes on a journey to find himself. Holden is immature although he makes attempts to act as if he is mature. Holden can not accept those who value materialistic items and labels them "phonies." In all, Holden is hypocritical and it is perhaps this trait that causes him to self-destruct. At first, we should pay a little attention to the other people in this story. Holden's smart kid sister, Phoebe Caulfield, is the only person that Holden can relate to. Holden visits her while in Manhattan, and while with her he decides that he would like to save children like her from becoming phonies. She also later convinces Holden to return home. . Caulfield is Holden's brother who used to be a serious writer, but is now in Hollywood where he is writing for television programs. Holden views his brother as being a phony since he had "sold out" and given up his principles in return for money. Holden's younger brother named Allie Caulfield. Holden saw him as a symbol of innocence. Allie died of Leukemia. Jane Gallagher was Holden's great love and almost girlfriend. Holden did not view her as a phony, perhaps because he knew her when she was younger. He was very upset that she was to go out with Stradlater. He believed Stradlater would make her a phony too. Holden's history teacher at Pency Prep school called Mr. Spencer. Holden visited him just before he left for Manhattan. Holden meets two nuns at the train station where they are collecting money. Holden decides that they are only the only adults that have not become phony and therefore can retain their innocence. Mr. Antolini was Holden's teacher at Elkton Hills. Holden visited him while in Manhattan and stayed at his apartment. (There he made sexual advances on Holden.) The novel opens with the narrator, Holden Caulfield, a seventeen-year-old boy from New York City, telling the story of three days in his life. The whole narrative is a coming to terms with the past, since Holden tells it from a psychiatric institution. It is the adult world that has driven him insane. He just cannot relate to anyone except for his kid sister Phoebe. Everything and all other people seem "phony" to him. Holden is unable to accept life. Since Holden is becoming an adult himself, he is unhappy with what he will represent. He flunks out of three boarding schools in a row, the latest of them Pencey Prep, which is also where the first part of the story takes place.<麦田守望者>的细节评论(英文) 全文摘录自美国文学著作论坛(二 One Saturday night, after an unpleasant experience with his history teacher "Old Spencer," his roommate Stradlater and the boy next door, Robert Ackley, Holden decides to leave Pencey four days early for Christmas break. He knows that he cannot return to his parents because they are not aware that he has been expelled again. Holden spends the next three days wandering aimlessly around New York City. He stays at a cheap hotel for one night, goes to two night clubs, dances with older women, often talks and thinks about sex, even has a prostitute come up to his room. The next day, he talks with some nuns about literature and has a date with his former girlfriend Sally Woodruff. They go to the theater and also go ice-skating. When he asks her to run away with him, she gets mad and they part. He is "depressed," at this time Holden thinks and even talks to his deceased brother Allie. To Holden, Allie represented innocence. With nobody else around, Holden turns to the only person he can relate to, his sister Phoebe. He sneaks into his parent's apartment at night to talk to his sister. He tells her about his dream to be a "catcher in the rye," and that he wants to run away. He then leaves to meet his former teacher, Mr. Antolini. They have a good talk, but Holden leaves in a hurry when he thinks his host makes a sexual advance on him. He spends the night in a train station, then runs around town. Finally, he meets his sister, who tells him she wants to run away with him and that she will never go back to school. Holden sees himself in her, finally changes his mind and decides to go back to his parents. We are able to conclude that Holden then is sent to a mental hospital for treatment. The first major conflict encountered in The Catcher in the Rye is Holden . Holden has a hard time dealing with everyday life, and feels that everyone around him is a "phony". This is one of the reasons for his mental breakdown. His own mind working against himself caused him to have internal problems and turn against himself. His internal conflict also led to his seclusion from the outside world. He became introverted and could no longer cope with life. Another conflict we come across is Holden vs. society. Everyone is a "phony" to him and he never realizes the good in anyone. This is due to Holden's strong opposition to material wealth, which is a dominating characteristic of the society which he could not accept. He can't communicate with anyone and feels that the only person he can even relate to is his sister Phoebe. Holden cannot function as a normal part of society because of his hatred towards all "phonies", which he believes everyone to be. Holden did not want children to grow up because he felt that adults are corrupt. This is seen when Holden tries to erase naughty words from the walls of the elementary school, that his sister Phoebe attended. Holden believed that children were innocent because they viewed the world and society without any bias. This leads to Holden's dream to being the catcher in the rye, which relates to a poem where the catcher prevents small children from falling off a cliff.<麦田守望者>的细节评论(英文) 全文摘录自美国文学著作论坛(三） Holden throughout the whole novel, differs from society which results in his rebellious nature. Holden does not have any friends and cannot keep relationships. This is because he finds and exaggerates any negative aspect of all the people he knows or meets. This can be seen when Holden cannot keep his relationship with his girlfriend Sally. Holden also rebels because he feels that all adults are phonies. Holden believes that these phonies are people who try to be something that they are not. Usually the mark of a phony is the desire for material goods. This is because people usually want these possessions in order to impress others and become something they are not. This is why Holden can only connect with his younger sister Phoebe. On the other hand his older brother . is a prime example of a phony. This is because . was a writer, who became a playwright in order to gain more public recognition. Holden's instability has derived from various events and personality traits. Early in his life his brother Allie died. This had many negative effects on Holden. He also disliked his parents. He believes they are phonies and that they neglected him. This is because they send him to many different private schools and do not supply him with the love and affection he needs. Holden has either been expelled from or has run away from these schools. This is seen in Pencey where he cannot stand his roommate, Stradlater. His incapability of living in society has led to his admission into a mental institution. It is from this point that Holden narrates the story. The book begins as Holden is recovering from his nervous breakdown. He tries to save all children from growing up and losing their innocence, and when he realized that he can not, he goes insane and can't deal with it. Death is a major issue in this novel because of the death of his brother Allie. It is the death of his brother which fuels his desire to save children from growing up and becoming corrupt. Holden uses his brother as a model for innocence. Holden has a very hard time dealing with people that are not known to him. He feels that most people are phonies and finds it hard to open himself up to others. He is very insecure as well as being very immature. His immaturity is shown when he invites the prostitute, Sunny, up to his hotel room for sex. When she arrives he cannot go through with it. Holden also rarely had a girlfriend for an extended period of time because of his fear of commitment. Holden disliked his parents because they sent him away to a private school. He thinks that they feel he is useless and give up on him and send him away. He also wouldn't face his parents until the very end of the novel. Holden calls other's phonies but in actuality, Holden is the biggest phony in the novel. He despises those who value material things but he himself prides his possessions. We first note Salinger's vividness of description. The reader could care less about the street names or other various paraphernalia, but is given them any way. These more or less serve to promote the reality of Holden's thought while showing his attentiveness to detail.

《麦田里的守望者》（The Catcher in the Rye）为美国作家杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格于1951年发表的长篇小说。该书以主人公霍尔顿·考尔菲德（Holden Caulfield）第一人称口吻讲述自己被学校开除后在纽约城游荡将近两昼夜，企图逃出虚伪的成人世界去寻求纯洁与真理的经历与感受。

杰克·伦敦（Jack London，1876年1月12日－1916年11月22日），原名为约翰·格利菲斯·伦敦（John Griffith London），美国著名的现实主义作家，生于旧金山。在一个既无固定职业又无固定居所的家庭中长大。24岁开始写作，去世时年仅40岁。16年中他共写成长篇小说19部，短篇小说150多篇，还写了3个剧本以及相当多的随笔和论文。最著名的有《马丁·伊登》、《野性的呼唤》、《白牙》、《热爱生命》、《海狼》、《铁蹄》等小说。他是世界文学史上最早的商业作家之一，因此被誉为商业作家的先锋。

代表作品：

1900年出版了第一个小说集《狼子》（The Son of the Wolf），立即誉满全国。到1916年已出版了51部著作，是很高产的作家。

他的小说中最有名的有三个小说：《狼子》《热爱生命》（Love of Life ，1907）《丢脸》（Lost Face ，1910）; 长篇小说《燃烧的戴莱特》（Burning Daylight，1910）和《蹩脚·贝路》（The Abysmal Brute， 1913)）；此外有他别具一格的狗的小说《野性的呼唤》（The Call of the Wild, 1903）和《白牙》（White Fang，1906) 。

海洋小说包括了小说集《南海的故事》(South Sea Tales,1911))和长篇小说《海狼》(The Sea Wolf,1904)，还有一个狗故事《群岛猎犬杰瑞》(Jerry of the Islands，1917) 。

描写城市的作品有著名的长篇幻想小说《铁蹄》（The Iron Heel，1908)）、报告文学《深渊里的人们》（The People of the Abyss，1903) 、小说《拳赛》、幻想小说《亚当以前》（Before Adam，1907) 、《马丁·伊登》（Martin Eden, 1909）及《约翰·巴利科恩》(John Barleycorn,1913) 等篇什。

论文有论文集《阶级战争》（The War of the Classes，1905)、《人类去向》（The Human Drift，1917)和《革命》（Revolution, and other Essays，1910) 等。

最后应该指出，杰克·伦敦的创作生涯虽然只有短短的十几年，然而他却给人们留下了19部长篇小说，150多篇中短篇小说和大量文学报告集、散文集和论文。

其中，《热爱生命》的节选部分被选入人教版九年级下册第二单元第八课。

1《麦田守望者》(The Catcher in the Rye) 作者是捷罗姆·大卫·塞林格（J. D. Sallinger）1919年出生于美国纽约市，早年参过军，这部小说是他目前出版的唯一的一部长篇小说，出版于1951年。《麦》一发表就引起了巨大的争议，同时也使作者举国闻名，因为一些评论家谴责这部小说为非严肃文学，该书曾经被某些社团列为禁书，随后还成为文学〈第一修正案〉的权利、审查、猥亵等问题的辩论中心。这本小说虽然争议很大，仍然受到大批读者的喜爱，它是美国最受欢迎的畅销书之一。这部小说带有作者年轻时一段自传的性质，小说讲述了一个16岁少年，霍尔顿·考尔菲德(Holden Caulfield)，在暑假前际因为5门功课有四门不及格被学校开除后，在极度压抑、颓废、矛盾中度过的几天经历。早熟但幼稚的霍尔顿发现现实世界的丑恶跟他理想的童年世界的“纯真”形成巨大的反差、在看到了成人世界的种种丑恶、虚伪后沉湎于理想、纯真的童年世界里不能自拔，一直幻想能做个“纯真”保护神，最后精神几乎崩溃，被送进一家精神病医院疗养。在医院疗养康复中他以第一人称叙述了自己的故事。《麦》客观又深刻地指出了青少年在成长过成中所面临的种种问题，如酗酒、功课压力、精神压抑、性行为等。捷罗姆·大卫·塞林格还写过《年轻的人们》。后来人们流行把鸭嘴帽反戴,正是由于模仿小说里面的主人公 。 田守望者(1) 作者：塞林格(JD Salinger) 出处： 发布时间：2005-06-28 作名名称：麦田守望者(The Catcher In The Rye)》 《麦田里的守望者》是塞林格唯一的一部长篇，虽然只有十几万字，它却在美国社会上和文学界产生过巨大影响。1951年，这部小说一问世，立即引起轰动。主人公的经历和思想在青少年中引起强烈共鸣，受到读者，特别是大中学生的热烈欢迎。他们纷纷模仿主人公霍尔顿的装束打扮，讲“霍尔顿式”的语言，因为这部小说道出了他们的心声，反映了他们的理想、苦闷和愿望。家长们和文学界也对这本书展开厂争论。有认为它能使青少年增加对生活的认识，对丑恶的现实提高警惕，促使他们去选择一条自爱的道路；成年人通过这本书也可增进对青少年的理解。可是也有人认为这是一本坏书，主人公读书不用功，还抽烟、酗酒，搞女人，满口粗活，张口就“他妈的”，因此应该禁止。经过30多年来时间的考验，证明它不愧为美国当代文学中的“现代经典小说”之一。现在大多数中学和高等学校已把它列为必读的课外读物，正如有的评论家说的那样，它“几乎大大地影响了好几代美国青年”。 本书以主人公霍尔顿自叙的语气讲述自己被学校开除后在纽约城游荡将近两昼夜的经历和心灵感受。它不仅生动细致地描绘了一个不安现状的中产阶级子弟的苦闷仿徨、孤独愤世的精神世界，一个青春期少年矛盾百出的心理特征，也批判了成人社会的虚伪和做作。霍尔顿是个性洛复杂而又矛盾的青少年的典型。他有一颗纯洁善良、追求美好生活和崇高理想的童心。他对那些热衷于谈女人和酒的人十分反感，对校长的虚伪势利非常厌恶，看到墙上的下流字眼便愤愤擦去，遇到修女为受难者募捐就慷慨解囊。他对妹妹菲芯真诚爱护，百般照顾。为了保护孩子，不让他们掉下悬崖，他还渴望终生做一个“麦田里的守望者”，发出“救救孩子”般的呼声。可是，愤世嫉俗思想引起的消极反抗，还有那敏感、好奇、焦躁、不安，想发泄、易冲动的青春期心理，又使得他不肯读书，不求上进，追求刺激，玩世不恭；他抽烟、酗酒、打架、调情，甚至找妓女玩。他觉得老师、父母要他读书上进，无非是要他“出人头地……以便将来可以买辆混帐凯迪拉克”。他认为成人社会里没有一个人可信，全是“假仁假义的伪君子”，连他敬佩的唯一的一位老师，后来也发现可能是个同性恋者，而且还用“一个不成熟男子的标志是他愿意为某种事业英勇地死去，一个成熟男子的标志是他愿意为某种事业卑贱地活着”那一套来教导他。他看不惯现实社会中的那种世态人情，他渴望的是朴实和真诚，但遇到的全是虚伪和欺，而他又无力改变这种现状，只好苦闷、彷徨、放纵，最后甚至想逃离这个现实世界，到穷乡僻壤去装成一个又聋又哑的人。二次大战后，美国在社会异化、政治高压和保守文化三股力量的高压下，形成了“沉寂的十年”，而首先起来反抗的是“垮掉的一代”，本书主人公霍尔顿实际上也是个“垮掉分子”，是最早出现的“反英雄”，只是他还没有放纵和混乱到他们那样的程度罢了。 《麦田里的守望者》之所以能产生如此重大的影响，很重要的一点还由于作者创造了一种新颖的艺术风格。全书通过第一人称，以一个青少年的口吻叙述了自己的所思所想、所见所闻和行为举止，也以一个青少年的眼光批判了成人世界的虚伪面目和欺行径。作者以细腻深刻的笔法剖析了主人公的复杂心理，不仅抓住了他的理想与现实冲突这一心理加以分析，而且也紧紧抓住了青少年青春期的心理特点来表现主人公的善良纯真和荒诞放纵。小说中既用了“生活流”，也用了“意识流”，两者得到了巧妙的结合。在语言的运用上，本书也独创一格。全书用青少年的口吻平铺直叙，不避琐碎，不讳隐私，使用了大量的口语和俚语，生动活泼，平易近人，达到了如闻其声、如见其人的效果，增加了作品的感染力，使读者更能激起共鸣和思索，激起联想和反响。