了不起的盖茨比英文论文参考文献

探讨盖茨比的成功与失败An Analysis of Gatsby’s Success and FailureAn Analysis of Gatsby’s Success and FailureSummary: Why Gatsby failed to achieve Daisy? To some extent, it may be a tragedy of society and Jay Gatsby’s fault. He was born and grew up in an era of decayed social and moral value. Further more, he can’t know himself and others distinctlyJay Gatsby was born in rural north Dakota and spent his childhood there. Because he grew up in the rural area,as usual he could bear trouble and difficulty in his life. But he was not of that kind of poor children. From his early youth, Gatsby despised poverty and longed for wealth and sophistication. He dropped out of College after two weeks, Because he couldn’t bear the tiring and difficult job with which he was paying his tuition. He was hunger for wealth ,but he just had the desire which didn’t year after he dropped out, he worked on Lake Superior fishing for salmon and digging for clams. One day, he saw a yacht owned by Dan Cody who was a wealthy copper mogul and rowed out to warn him about a coming storm. The grateful Cody took young Gtz, who gave his name as Jay Gatsby. On board, Gatsby worked as Cody’s personal assistant. Traveling with Cody to the Barbary Coast and the West. At that time ,Gatsby fell love with wealth and luxury. When Cody died, he left Gatsby $25,000. But Cody’s mistress prevented him from claiming his inheritance. Gatsby then dedicated himself to becoming a wealthy and successful man. At the same time ,he had gained the skills of making money which was vital to his success, However, his poor background and exorbitant desire for wealth and success were obstacles to World War I ,the generation of young Americans who had fought the war became intensely disillusioned, as the brutal carnage that had just faced made the Victorian social morality of early-twentieth-century America like stuffy. The dizzying rise of the social market in the aftermath of the war led to a sudden, sustained increase in the national wealth and a newfound materialism, as people began to spend and consume at unprecedented levels. A person from any social background could, Potentially, make a fortune, but the American aristocracy-families with old wealth-scorned the newly rich industrialists and speculators. Additionally, the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919,which banned the sale of alcohol, created a thriving underworld designed to satisfy the massive demand of bootleg liquor among rich and poor alike. The ban was both opportunity and challenge to Gatsby, He could make money through illegal way, Of course, he could make money through legal way with his intelligence. Unfortunately, he was influenced by the society, the way he chose was illegal which coursed his failure, because it was impossible for him to step on the ranking society which was what Daisy first, he couldn’t know himself completely. He lacked of self-confidence, he changed his name from James Gatz to Jay Gatsby. He held every Saturday night Party to show his wealth, he lied to Daisy about his own background. He didn’t believe in himself. However, he had enough faith in his beautiful dream, which made him seem confident. He was just like a religious man, he believed in future not now and himself. He could make so much money, which proved that he is a man of great ability and capacity, he could be an successful man and achieve Daisy’s love, because he is great. But he did realize this. He also didn’t know Daisy well, Daisy is a beautiful young woman from Louisville , Kentucky. Daisy promised to wait for Gatsby, but in 1919 she chose instead to marry Tom Buchanan ,a young man from a solid , aristocratic family who could promise her a wealthy lifestyle and who had the support of her parents, from the novel , Daisy was a woman who couldn’t bear lonesome and loneness. She betrayed Gatsby, the love between Gatsby and Daisy couldn’t be tested by Gatsby, Daisy represents the paragon of perfection –she has the aura of charm, wealth, so sophistication, grace, and aristocracy that he longed for as a child in North Dakota and that attracted him to her. In reality, She is beautiful and charming , but also fickle, shallow, bored, and sardonic. She was even indifferent to her own infant daughter. She said “I hope she’ll be a fool-that’s best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool.” Daisy wasn’t worthwhile to love, Gatsby didn’t know what Daisy wanted most, Daisy wanted social position which wealthy Gatsby couldn’t up is a kind of beauty and happiness which Gatsby couldn’t understand, he just look at one goal firmly ignoring too many beauties, he didn’t know the value of life, What he wanted might destroy the family of Tom and Daisy, which is not fair to Daisy’s Gatsby’s experience, Gatsby is a successful man. In the end, he is a failure. We had some idea on how to achieve success. There is a Chinese motto that to know yourself and your enemy is the key success. Maybe this is the best conclusion and for Gatsby’s tragedy.

Written by American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald and first published in 1925, the setting of The Great Gatsby is at both Long Island's North Shore and New York City, during the period immediately after the First World American economy soared during these "roaring" 1920s and society enjoyed the subsequent prosperity. This period was also the first to have Prohibition, which, by banning the sale and manufacture of alcohol, conversely made millionaires out of bootleggers. The Great Gatsby was republished in both 1945 and 1953 and increased its already-wide readership. Even to the present day, The Great Gatsby is deemed a literary classic and regarded as a quintessential Great American Novel. The Modern Library named it the second best novel of the 20th Century.[

<辛酸的浪漫,无法企及的永恒——试论盖茨比的悲剧性>【摘要】菲茨杰拉德的小说《了不起的盖茨比》是一部现代成长悲剧，描述了一个满怀憧憬的现代青年如何跨越到没有奇迹的成人世界的成长失败；同时也是一部浪漫主义的悲剧：浪漫的想象既不能创造真实，也无法代替价值，一切浪漫最终都将归于失败，富于想象的心灵也归于尘土，永远沉寂。文章通过对盖茨比的浪漫梦想和对现实的回避的分析揭示了其悲剧的根源。 【关键词】浪漫；永恒；盖茨比；悲剧一、《了不起的盖茨比》内容简介 故事借尼克的回忆讲述了主人公盖茨比（以下称盖）一生追求梦想的经历。穷小子盖爱上了富家女黛西（黛），但黛嫁给了一个名叫汤姆的富翁。盖不甘心自己的失败，并认定是金钱夺走了黛的爱情，决心赢回所爱。富有之后的盖在黛府邸对面建了一幢大厦,每个周末都在自己的豪宅里举办舞会，彻夜笙歌，挥金如土，对黛发出了无声的召唤。后来，他如愿以偿地见到了黛并企图与之再续前缘。紧接着黛在一次车祸中把汤姆的情妇茉特尔撞死，竟伙同汤姆将此嫁祸于盖，直接导致了盖的死亡。 二、辛酸的浪漫 畅通论文 盖的一生是追梦的一生。有人说黛是盖美国梦中的一个重要组成部分，其实她是他梦想的全部。为了积累财富，他放弃了少时的信念，甚至不择手段；有了钱以后他惊人地奢华糜费。这一切都是出于一个单纯的目的——赢回黛。所以，盖所追求的只是一个浪漫的爱情梦。他努力地坚持自己理想和真爱，他漠然地注视着舞会上的乌合之众，彻夜遥望着照亮其梦想的希望之灯，痛苦地、不可救药地爱着黛，尽管她拜金、浅薄、自私。自始至终他都在竭力编织着爱情美梦，陷入其中不能自拔。黛轻而易举地玩弄了他，嫁祸与他，撕扯着他的梦，撕碎了他的身心，而他到死都还沉浸在自己一厢情愿的的浪漫里。 盖茨比情愿把自己的全部身心奉献给对黛的爱，盖的爱是真实的，当他试图依靠高超的想象达到真与美的完美结合时，新的现实无情地将其挫败了。有人把菲茨杰拉德称为“最后一个浪漫主义战士”，那么他笔下的盖无疑便是最后一个浪漫主义者了。他守护着那朵月光下开放的的虚幻之花付出了年轻的生命，这种浪漫最终枯萎凋零于理想的废墟，耐人寻味的是其中无尽的辛酸。 三、无法企及的永恒 他把自己的爱情视为最高的价值，这就是他的永恒，同时也是他活着的全部价值和意义。对他来说，时间已经不再是标志和衡量现实和梦想的的标准。深受浪漫主义影响的菲茨杰拉德让盖茨比成了一个“出身于他自己的柏拉图式观念”的浪漫主义者。在盖眼里，时间只有一种样式，那就是永恒。对盖来说，他和黛的爱好像永远没有改变过，他忘记了区分过去、现在、未来，在他那里，过去、现在、未来融为一体，于是，他在不知不觉中超越了时间的界限。他一直在朝着接近黛的目标努力，他一步一步地做着，积累金钱、修建豪宅、举行宴会，他知道他和黛已经有5年没见面了，但5年对他而言只是一个过程，而不是将过去与现在分开的漫长的时间界限。当然，他始终沉醉在那样的眩晕状态之中，沉醉于与黛的爱情中，所以当尼克清醒地向他质疑道， “你不能重温旧梦的。 ” “不能重温旧梦？” 他大不以为然地喊道，“哪儿的话，我当然能够!” 他发狂地东张西望，仿佛他的旧梦就隐藏在这里，他的房子的阴影里，几乎一伸手就可以抓到的。 “旧梦”对尼克来说就是往事，是一个人经历过的过去，除了心里的回忆，它已经和现在无关。但盖并不这样看，“旧梦”只不过是不得不借用的一个词汇，它代表不了过去，它就是现在，和现在丝丝入扣，声息相通。盖专注于每一个现在，他当然在意识里无数遍重温过他与黛在一起的时光，但对他来而言，那不是感伤的回忆，而是他的现在，和他的现在在一起供他行动的心理动力。 盖执着于一个永远不变的目标，他超越了人为的时间界限。但是这种时间上的“非分割性”、“非断裂性”只存在于他自己。在黛那儿，过去就是过去，现在就是现在，将来就是将来。在这样的现实铺垫下，盖时间的超越就成了一个人的事，然而，爱情的梦想是需要两个人来完成的。如果盖要实现“重温旧梦”的爱情理想，他需要黛和他一起分享这没有时间界限的小快乐。可是黛像她所属的那个阶层所有的人一样最缺乏的就是现在和行动，他们生活在怠惰的回忆和期待中。他们对现在最无能为力，他们即使身在现在，都已经处于过去与未来之中了。因为从本质上讲，他们不具有真正意义上的现在。盖最擅长的就是把握现在，他要用现在来抓住过去，或者说他试图通过不对时间进行划分而抹去其间的5年。现在就意味着全心全意地沉醉在实践中，沉醉在每一个虚晃一招之中。与盖竭力超越相反，黛永远选择逃避。在等待盖的焦躁中，她躲进了汤姆给予的稳定而麻木的婚姻生活中；在芝加哥引起麻烦后，他们迁徙到纽约，他们不断的迁徙正是他们不断要的躲避的一个外在表现，这表明了他们的麻木不仁，“他们砸碎了东西，毁灭了人，然后就退缩到自己的金钱或者麻木不仁或者不管什么使他们留在一起的东西之中……”。 盖与黛5年后的第一次相聚就点明了他们之间的时间差异，预示了小说的一种悲剧结局。盖带黛参观他的房子，同时叫克利普斯普林格(寄居盖茨比家的一个食客)为他们弹奏钢琴，其歌词是这样的: “每天早上， 每天晚上， 玩得欢畅…… 在这同时， 在这期间……” “在这同时，在这期间”点明了全书的时间主题，即，小说有两个时间维度:“在这同时”，“在这期间”。一个是进行时，一个则标明过去与现在的界限。两个时间维度相碰撞时，“时间的空洞”就显现出来，可以把这个“空洞”视为盖在执着实践中匆匆溜过的5年时光。盖倾近于“在这同时”，希望能在这样的进行状态中将时间的界限抹去:可在黛那里，她更倾近于“在这期间”，在这期间发生的事已经不可更改，这个过去不在进行之中，它已经凝固，是一种近似于物的存在。这个夏天盖带给了黛一种令人昏眩的力量，使黛仿佛觉得她的感情是一直和盖在一起的，然而事实总是事实，在她和盖分手的5年里，盖不过是一个故人的名字而已，所以在汤姆的逼问下，黛崩溃了。她发现，尽管她和汤姆的婚姻充满种种失望，但她曾爱过汤姆却是不可否认的事实。 畅通论文 “啊，你要求的太过分了!”她对盖喊道，“我现在爱你难道这还不够吗?过去的事我没法挽回。”她无可奈何地抽抽噎噎哭了起来,“我一度爱过他……但是我也爱过你。” 盖想要回到绝对的过去，这个过去于他仅是一个5年的真空，5年的美梦。尽管他在这5年中从一个穷小子变成了大富翁，但他心灵的追求、他人生的意义却仍和5年前的岁月紧密相连，其间没有断裂。然而，黛在这5年里，却爱过了别人，结过了婚，养育了孩子，她的生活和5年前完全断裂。这5年来盖在做梦，但黛却身处现实。盖想要证明他和黛一直在相爱，黛却说，不，5年前我爱着你，这5年我爱着别人，现在我又开始爱你。“一直”被分割了。对盖而言，这是残酷的分割、滑稽的嘲讽，因为他的情感丧失了对象。他5年的精心努力，他5年艰苦卓越的浪漫爱情完全是自作多情，他的言谈、他的举止、他的一切都失去了根基。他彻底失败了。 四、结语 盖的一生是浪漫的一生，执着地追求着自己的梦想，所有的浪漫不过增添了悲剧的辛酸：盖和黛见面前的坐卧不安是悲声的序幕；见面后被黛迷得六神无主透射出爱的悲凉——她的不解，她的嗓音里金钱的响声分明是悲剧的预言；财富和身份被质疑时的窘迫是迷失自我的悲哀；彻夜守侯心上人却不知自己正要成为她的牺牲品——一厢情愿的心，无怨无悔的爱，总是透射出被践踏的悲哀和辛酸。 时间本应该带来意义，但在盖那里，它因染上永恒的浓重色彩，成为一个极其抽象的概念。这个概念由于缺少真实经验的支持，结果显得空洞。5年的分离，至少标明5年经验的缺乏。如果盖要让他的爱依然如旧，他惟一能做的便是固执地信奉永恒，视爱情为追求中的不变目标，而不是相爱双方的真实要求。这样，盖的爱就不是生命之中的合理爱情，他对爱的追求也不具有传统的爱恋欲求。对他说来，爱情是他的整个灵魂，他无限地醉心于这一灵魂。尽管普遍意义上的永恒己经丧失，但盖仍然可以为他自己找到一种。盖的永恒爱情揭示了一种现代性的狂醉：一个人义无返顾地选择自己的生活，即使这种生活缺乏实际内容，没有任何人的支持，他也该永远追求下去。这就是盖选择的永恒样式，也正是他悲剧的根源。 【参考文献】 [1]弗·司各特·菲茨杰拉德．了不起的盖茨比[M]．上海：上海译文出版社，2006． [2]Fitzgerald，F. Scott. The Great Gatsby [M]．Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，1992. 【作者简介】赵金凤（1974-），女（满族），辽宁抚顺人，河南科技大学外国语学院教师，研究方向：英语语言文学。

1．引言 《了不起的盖茨比》（The Great Gatsby）是美国二十年代著名小说家司各特·菲茨杰拉德（Scott Fitzgerald，1896-1940）的杰作，它以完美的艺术形式向读者诉说了一场美国梦的破灭。这篇小说从内容来说不过讲述了一个“负心女子痴心汉”的故事，但是它给读者造成的感染力决不止爱情的失落。从小说的字里行间中，读者能感受到一种“距离感”，那就是：一切美好的事物都是海市蜃楼，美国梦仅仅是个虚无飘渺的空中楼阁。本文依据文体学的有关理论，从小说的语言特征出发，试图发掘《了不起的盖茨比》怎样达到这种优美而悲伤的文体效果。 2．功能语言学在小说中的应用 利奇（Leech, Geoffrey）和肖特（Short, Michael）在他们的著作《小说的文体》（Style in Fiction, 1981：174）中根据功能语言学的理论从三方面对小说文体进行分析：描写角度（point of view），叙述顺序（fictional sequencing）和描写焦点（descriptive focus）。这三方面分别与韩礼德所提出的语言的三个“元功能”——人际功能，语篇功能和概念功能相对应。 描写角度是指一篇文学作品中叙述者对叙述事件的态度或意见。作者可以第一人称“我”的角度进行叙述，也可从小说中某一人物的角度入手，或者以一个第三者的身份来叙述。在《了不起的盖茨比》这部作品中，作者创造了一个名叫尼克·卡罗威（Nick Carraway）的人物，把他作为整个故事的叙述者，同时他又参与和目睹了故事的发生、过程和结束。这一双重的描写角度拉大了读者与盖茨比这个故事的距离，无形中给整篇小说造成了一种深沉幽怨的氛围。以下两段分别取自不同的描写角度： (1) When I came back from the East last autumn I felt that I wanted the world to be in uniform and at a sort of moral attention forever; I wanted no more riotous excursions with privileged glimpses into the human heart. Only Gatsby, the man who gives his name to this book, was exempt from my reaction—Gatsby, who represented every thing for which I have an unaffected scorn. If personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures, then there was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life, as if he were related to one of those intricate machines that register earthquakes ten thousand miles away. … ( P2-3, The Great Gatsby, 上海译文出版社, 1994 ) (2) I decided to call to him. Miss Baker had mentioned him at dinner and that would do for an introduction. But I didn’t call to him, for he gave a sudden intimation that he was content to be alone—he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and, far as I was from him, I could have sworn he was trembling. …( P34, 同上)