翻译1篇与论文相关的英文文献

首先来看一下问题“英语学术文献翻译”，重点并非在于“英语”而是在于“学术文献”。因此，推荐百度、有道、谷歌这些就没有太大意义了。正是由于这些通用的翻译工具无法应对学术文献翻译，所以才寻求北京译顶科技人工翻译。

。Hartog,年“分布式温度传感器基于Liquid-Core光纤国立LT-1:498-509光波1995,16(2)。2。Barnoski .和詹森,丁镛,1976年,“Fiber-Waveguides调查:设计了一种新颖的技术,李波。衰减特性”Opt.,15:2112-2115。3。论文Dakin苏达权等,1985,“温”斯托曼派发陈鹰。第三个智力。在选择之。光纤传感器,post-deadline圣地牙哥,2月(纸)4。Hartog等,.高庆宇,1985年,“分布式温度传感在实芯纤维”电子。21:1061-3(1)。5。Farries,M。C和罗杰斯,一个。J,刺激、分布式传感使用984路光纤拉曼相互作用,陈鹰。第二智力。在光纤传感器数值,pp121-32斯图加特,纸。6。Dakin欢欣,1987年,“分布式光纤温度传感器使用光学克尔效应”,陈鹰。变动,纤维光学传感器的798艺术,pp149-156 II。7。Hartog,,“分布式光纤温度传感器技术和应用的电力工业”,电力工程,杂志6月刊上。8。1995年,. Hartog光纤温度传感器监测Wakamatsu”,“现代电力系统,pp25-28 2月刊上。

Sino-Japan Trade Relations The bilateral trade between China and Japan amounted to US$236 billion in 2007, reflecting an increase of percent compared with the previous year, 33 times over the trade volume at the beginning of the reform and opening up. This vast volume and fast growth took place amid China’s accession into the World Trade Organization at the end of 2001 and increased trade disputes between the two countries, not to mention recurrent foreign exchange rate fluctuations in international currency markets and somehow intensified fears in Japan of China’s enhanced competitiveness. Given this background, it is of interest to speculate on what future prospects will be for the two neighbors’ economic relations, and in particular, what has been special in their bilateral economic relations as well as what challenges lie ahead for them. I. Characteristics of Sino-Japanese Trade Bilateral diplomatic relations between the People’s Republic of China and Japan were normalized in 1972, shortly after the United States President Richard Nixon visited Beijing but well before the normalization of relations in 1979. During the year immediately prior to Sino-Japanese diplomatic normalization, the two countries’ bilateral trade stood at about 900 million dollars, approximately 4 percent of China’s total external trade at the time. Normalization was quickly followed by a sharp rise in China’s imports of Japanese goods, first mainly of textile goods and various machinery tools, and later of household electronics, cars and light trucks, etc. Sino-Japanese relations made considerable progress in the 1980s. Only a few years after China’s reform and opening in 1978, Japanese brands of TV sets and cars flooded into Chinese markets, and ordinary Chinese consumers began to taste the products of western materialism. Surges in Chinese imports of Japanese goods, through various means and channels of trade, led China to accumulate serious trade deficits and to draw on her official foreign exchange reserves. This ultimately resulted in substantial Chinese currency devaluations throughout the 1980s. The growth of China’s external trade dipped in 1989-1990 perhaps mainly due to various non-economic reasons, but the bilateral trade with Japan continued to expand at a steady rate. In 1993 Japan surpassed Hong Kong to become Chinese Mainland’s largest trade partner, by official Chinese statistics, and it has remained so ever since. Overall, between 1990 and 2002, the growth of bilateral trade between China and Japan in dollar terms averaged percent per annum, exceeding that of China’s total external trade over the same period (15 percent). From 2000 to 2007, annual foreign trade volume increased by 16 percent. The fact that the growth in bilateral trade between China and Japan since the early 1990s has been rapid and more or less steady (except briefly for 1997-98), appears somehow unusual or even puzzling. First, during many of the years of the period, the Japanese economy and Japan’s overall external trade had slowed down significantly compared to the 1980s. Second, as the Asian financial crisis hit many of the economies and their intraregional trade hard, bilateral trade between China and Japan suffered only a slight setback, if any, during the turbulent two years of 1997-98. Third, when the Japanese yen witnessed significant depreciations vis-à-vis the US dollar whilst Chinese Yuan continued steady peg to the US dollar during 1998 and 2000, China’s Japanese imports/exports seemed not to have been reactive to the changes in the foreign exchange rates. In the case of 1998, China’s exports to Japan did decrease by a moderate amount (a 7 percent fall), which was nonetheless proportionally smaller than the overall falling level in Japan’s imports (an percent fall). In the case of 2000, China’s exports to Japan actually increased by a large amount, unscathed by any unfavorable moves in the currency markets. However, as long as the further appreciation of Chinese Yuan to US dollar, the pressure on exporting industry in China becomes more serious than ever before. These “unusuals” seem to suggest that there have been fundamental, structural driving forces behind the growth in the bilateral trade between China and Japan. Had Sino-Japanese economic relations been similar to other ordinary bilateral economic relations, a rather slower growth in the bilateral trade could have been expected instead. Moreover, even if (from a Chinese point of view) China’s economy and trade have achieved a high growth record, it remains to be wondered why China’s trade with Japan grew faster than her trade with the entire outside world since the early 1990s. II. The Sino-Japanese “Special Relationship” Right now, China has surpassed . to be the largest trade partner to Japan, and Japan means the third largest trade partner to China as well. At mean time, Japan is the largest importing origin country and the fourth largest exporting market of China. It should be kept in mind as always that both at the beginning of our reform and opening and presently after three decades of development, China was and still is in a catching-up process in relation to the developed world where Japan has long belonged. Over this period, both China and Japan have undergone a number of fundamental economic structural changes, and these have affected their trade and economic relations. What will be of interest to us here are the common or enduring factors that have been effective within the dynamics of interaction between demand and supply on each side of the two countries’ economic relations. We will look first at China’s demand for Japanese products and then at Japan’s demand for Chinese products. With a growing economy and an increasingly diversified trade partnership network throughout the 1990s, China’s demand for Japanese products had gradually moved into relatively high quality consumer goods and internationally price-competitive industrial goods. It is well-known that a breed of new domestic Chinese producers of electronics has emerged and has expanded their share in China’s domestic markets, resulting in a fall in the market shares that used to be enjoyed by certain Japanese brands. Yet Japanese manufacturers as a whole have been successful in investing in Research and Development, moving on to upscale markets, thus maintaining their competitiveness in the world manufacturing market as well as in China’s domestic market. On the other hand, the role of Japanese direct investment in China and Japan’s financial aid to China in promoting bilateral trade should also be noted. Throughout the 1990s Japan’s direct investment had been virtually invariably more than 10 percent of China’s FDI inflow in annual terms, though there had been some marked falls between 1997 and 2000. Moreover, Japanese direct investment in China has been relatively concentrated in manufacturing, which is believed to have a stronger effect in generating trade linkages between the two countries than otherwise. Japan had been investing in China during the early 1990s, and trade decreased during the late 1990s, but resurged at the millennium. The resurgence might have been because of the prospect of China becoming a part of the World Trade Organization (WTO). “By 2001 China’s international trade was the sixth-largest in the world” and over the next several years it is expected to be just under Japan, the fourth largest. Up to December, 2007, the real invest from Japan to China accumulated to US$ billion. Japan turns to the second largest investing origins to China. Japan’s financial aid to China (first begun with the diplomatic normalization in the 1970s), mainly through government-to-government channels, has totaled some US$20 billion in the form of lending on favorable terms, together with some additional US$2 billion mainly in the form of technical assistance. Japan is the largest provider of financial aid to China. The role of this financial aid has been significantly positive and multifaceted in China’s development process, and it has certainly helped the growth of bilateral trade. Since 1995 Japan has been taking a very proactive role in using WTO law to challenge its dominant trade partners, the United States. But its emphasis on a rule-based approach is not only relegated to the United States. In fact, it promises also to spill over into trade disputes with key partners in Asia where, for historical, reasons Japan has had trouble taking confrontational stances. This is particularly true for the case for China, which is widely perceived as the rising economic power that poses a direct challenge to Japan across a number of critical and sensitive economic issues. This paper focuses specifically on the interplay between WTO law and politics as Japan seeks to deal with China across a number of trade issues and trade relations boast great growth potential and the two sides should make more efforts to push economic cooperation in more and Japan have made much headway in terms of bilateral trade in the past 30 years, when their bilateral trade volume expanded, with more types of goods traded, and they have played an increasingly important role in each other's trade is China's third largest trade partner and the fourth largest export destination while China replaced the US in July to become the No 1 export destination of Japan. The volume of bilateral trade jumped to $236 billion last year from a meager $ billion in 1978, a 48-fold increase. During this time, China had a trade deficit with Japan for most of the , Sino-Japanese trade growth still lags behind that of China's overall trade. In 1978, Sino-Japanese trade accounted for percent of China's total trade while last year it had shrunk to less than 11 percent. Unwelcome as it is, it also shows that bilateral trade still has great potential to expand has supported China's economic development through yen loans and grants. By the end of last year, Japan had committed to a total of $30 billion to China for financing 255 $ billion has been earmarked in grants to help China's social causes, such as education and poverty Chinese President Hu Jintao said in a speech during his visit to the Waseda University in May: "The Japanese government has played a positive role in China's modernization drive by making Japanese yen loans in support of China's infrastructure construction, environmental protection, energy development and scientific and technological advancement."Japan also benefits from its yen loans for China. Through the yen loans, it can ensure imports of Chinese resources, provide more opportunities for its enterprises to export to and invest in the Chinese market. Japanese enterprises, for example, have had much more investment in such places as the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and areas surrounding Bohai Sea. They used to invest mainly in Dalian, Liaoning Sino-Japan economic cooperation deepens, the market has replaced government as the major driving force for bilateral trade and investment growth. The yen loans have been earmarked for projects in more fields, such as environment since 1996, and Chinese enterprises have expanded investment in Japan, with some listed in the Japanese stock those achievements, the two countries need to strengthen cooperation in sectors of mutual concern, such as energy saving and environment. Japanese enterprises are not very active in technological transfers owing to IPR concerns. They have transferred mainly low-end technologies to the Chinese government is enhancing IPR protection, it is advisable for Japanese enterprises to enter China to have the "first-mover" advantage in future cooperation. Meanwhile, the prices of technological transfers are often too high for Chinese firms to afford, which is also a hurdle for technology trade between the two two sides should also enhance cooperation between Japanese small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and Chinese businesses through such moves as establishing a "Japan SME Park". The China Association of International Trade is now setting up a system to help products of Japanese SMEs to enter the Chinese is of interest to speculate on what future prospects will be for the two neighbors’ economic relations, and in particular, what has been special in their bilateral economic relations as well as what challenges lie ahead for them. Had Sino-Japanese economic relations been similar to other ordinary bilateral economic relations, a rather slower growth in the bilateral trade could have been expected instead. Moreover, even if (from a Chinese point of view) China’s economy and trade have achieved a high growth record, it remains to be wondered why China’s trade with Japan grew faster than her trade with the entire outside world since the early 1990s.这是我以前写论文时候找的材料，你按照题目找找吧，希望能有点用

合成 Compositing is the last official step of CG shot production,pulling away from the 3D word of modeling,animation,and lighting and working exclusively in the 2D realm of final image assembly and manipulation.合成是最后一次正式的步骤，拍摄的CG生产，拉动距离从3D的话建模，动画，及照明和工作完全是在二维的境界，最后的形象，大会和操纵。 In chapter 18,we discussed the fact that it is not always necessary or advantageous to render all of the elements of each scene or shot in a single can separately render individual or groups of secne elements and then reassemble them as image layers in the compositing stage,whereyou can achieve exacting control over each the separated layers are reassembled and manipulated,the final film image will be complete在第18章，我们讨论的事实是，并非总是必要或有利的，使所有的要素的每一个场面或枪杀在一个单一的 ，您可以分开，使个人或群体的secne元素，然后重新作为他们的形象层，在合成阶段， whereyou能达到严格控制每个分离层重新和操纵，最后一部电影的形象，将完成 Compositing is similar to editing in that it involves assembling parts into combines and sequences horizontally to form an entire film,while compositing combines separate image layers vertically to form completed digital collages合成类似的编辑，因为它涉及到零件组装成结合起来，和序列水平，形成一整个电影，而合成相结合的独立形象层垂直，以数字的形式完成拼贴 Pros and Cons of Compositing正反意见的合成 Compositing may or may not be a necessary step in your production might indeed be able to generate final imagery directly from your 3D package in single-pass renders,so your rendered frames will not need any post-process assembly or a compositing step has the obvious disadvantgaes of increasing the complexity of your pipeline and possibly requiring additional team members,sortware,and education.合成可能是也可能不是一个必要的步骤，在您的生产可能确实能够产生最后的图像直接从您的三维封装在单次通过令，所以您所提供的框架将不需要任何后处理大会或 1合成步骤都有明显的disadvantgaes增加的复杂性您的管道，并可能需要额外的团队成员， sortware ，和教育。 But like of the other optional steps of CG short film production,such as vocal tracks and texture,there are definite advantages to including a compositing step.但像对其他可选步骤，短期的CG电影制作，如声乐路轨和纹理，有一定的优势，包括合成的一步。 can modify the quality of your images or their parts after they have been example,you can adjust the colors of a specific character or the shininess of a bowling ball in a particular scene interactively on the rendered imagery,rather than having to go back into the 3D world to re-render the entire shot,which might involve a lot more trial and error. 可以修改的质量您的图片或其零件后，他们已例如，您可以调整颜色的具体性质，或shininess一个打保龄球，球在某一特定现场交互对所提供的意象，而非有回去到3D世界，重新使整个枪杀，这可能涉及很多更多的试验和错误。 can apply 2D effects that might be more difficult or time consuming to produce in the 3D world,such image distortions,lens flares,or camera if you have rendered all of the frames of a particularly long and complex shot,only to discover that you are not satisfied with the back into your CG software to make an appropriate tweak and then re-rendering allof the frames might be extremely time consuming,whereas adjusting the camera shake as s post effect is typically a rather simple matter. 可以申请二维的影响可能更为困难或费时的生产，在3D世界，这样的形象扭曲，镜头耀斑，或照相机如果您所提供的所有的框架的一个特别漫长和复杂的枪伤，只有发现你不满意与返回到您的CG软件，以作出适当的调整，然后再重新绘制allof框架可能非常耗费时间，而调整相机的抖动为S后的效果通常是一个相当简单的事。 can combine different media,such as live-action footage,CG imagery,scanned traditional artwork,and 2D could composite a layer of snow or rain that was created in a 2D paint package on top of your CG imagery,rather than using potentially time-consuming 3D techniques to generate such an effect. 可以结合不同的媒体，如生活行动的画面，的CG图像，扫描传统的艺术品，和二维可能复合了一层雪或雨，这是建立在一个二维油漆包再加上您的CG图像，而不是使用可能时间消费的三维技术来产生这样的效果。

有了前2个机器翻译.你自己可以翻译下了.这几段文字又不深奥.

不得不佩服，使用机器翻译的他们的岸然到似乎没注意到翻译的东西里面还有个别没转化好的英文，牛！！！有境界