论文引用英文文献破折号

这里是有很规范的标点知识。Joy高斋翻译CATTI和MTI分享：希望对你有用。必备|标点符号如何翻译？（附使用规则）比如2016年11月英语三级笔译实务试题原文：Harper Lee was an ordinary woman as stunned as anybody by the extraordinary success of “To Kill a Mockingbird.”书名号里面的双引号。“To Kill a Mockingbird”，英文中的书名通常是斜体或加引号表示或者大写就可以，因为斜体有时候看着不整齐，译文中文需要加上书名号，书名第一次出现，需要括号加注原英文名（人名也这样处理）。还比如14年11月CATTI二级笔译英译汉真题原文：WATERLOO, Belgium --- The region around this Belgian city is busily preparing to commemorate the 200th anniversary in 2015 of one of the major battles in European military history. 里面的逗号和破折号。WATERLOO, Belgium比利时滑铁卢：这里考察英语地名从小到大，而且加个逗号，汉语里面是从大到小，不加逗号，比如Shanghai, China翻译为中国上海。这是CATTI英译汉高频翻译细节，可是我今天看了大家提交的译文，基本都这样写的：WATERLOO, Belgium --- The region 比利时滑铁卢——：破折号的用法和翻译，这是CATTI英译汉高频翻译细节，经常用在文章或报道的开头，引出事件发生的背景（地点）。翻译的时候保持破折号即可。:Colon（冒号）1．引出表示列举、解释或说明性的词语，翻译的时候保持：The string section consists of four instruments: violin, viola cello, and bass. /His grades are a follows: English, an A; History. a B: Science, a D: and Math, a ．引出对前文进行补充、总结或强调的词语，翻译的时候保持：Judges have a double duty；They must protect the innocent and punish the guilty／ He has only one pleasure: ．引出较长的正式引语或大段引语，翻译的时候是：或者，In his most famous speech he said: All men are created equal and must enjoy equally the rights that are inalienably ．用于信件或演说词中的称呼语之后（英国用法中多用逗号），翻译的时候保持：Dear Sir: /Dear Professor Jones: /Ladies and Gentlemen:5．用于公函、政府文件或商业函件的标题或标目之后，翻译的时候保持：TO. /SUBJECT: /REFERENCE: /VIA:6．用于时与分之间（英国法中多用句号）、比率数之间、《圣经》的章与节之间，翻译的时候保持：The train is to leave at 8: 30. /Common nouns outnumber proper nouns in proportion 32. /You will find it in Genesis 2: ．分隔书名的标题与副标题，翻译的时候保持：或者破折号NOStromo: A Tale of the Seaboard， Comma（逗号）1．分隔并列成分We are tired, hungry and dilate. /Washington was said to be first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. /We were taught how to sit gracefully, how to walk. how to converse ．分隔并列句中的分句It snowed all night, and the schools were closed the next day. / We must leave now, or we will miss the plane. / I tried to sleep, but my neighbour's dog made that impossible. /It is an imperfect system,yet it is better than ．分隔对比或对照成分He is sick, not drunk. /The more haste, the less ．分隔非限定性修饰语、同位语或附加说明的词语He found the Paper on the roof, where the newsboy had thrown it. The the who had cared through the window, went straight to the safe. /They want us, you and me, to go there. /I have to get up early, particularly on ．分隔附加疑问句或选择疑问句Tom didn't take it, did he? / Which pencil do you prefer. the red one or the blue one?6．分隔直接引语和导语Only a fool. "Sherman said, " would carry on like ．表示省略相同词语Some went to the right; others, to the . 分隔句首状语Usually, he is dressed in blue jeans. / Except for physics, my courses are not difficult. /When he found that his parents had deserted him, he sat down to ，常用以分隔用作独立成分、状语等的下列词语Honestly, that's all the money I have. /Personally, I prefer the other one. /Unfortunately, they were out when I called. /To tell you the truth, I was very frightened1) actually, basically, briefly fortunately,frankly, honestly, hopefully, incidentally,luckily, naturally, personally, unfortunately, to tell the truth2) anyhow, anyway, besides, consequent,furthermore, however, likewise, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, therefore;3)first(ly), second(ly ), last(ly), finally,first of all. after all, above all, in other words, for example, for instance, that is,namely, ., e. )in short, in fact, in conclusion, in a few words, as a result, as a matter of fact, on the contrary, on the other hand;5) of course, by the way, sure enough, between you and me, believe it or not;6)I think, I believe, I suppose, you know,you see, In my opinion;7)yes, no, well, ohAnyhow, even if the problem does arise, it wont affect us. /I don’t want to go; besides, I’m too tired. /This is, however, another side to this is our most disastrous and embarrassing defeat eve: in short, a fiasco. /I don’t like him, in fact,I hate him. /On the contrary, it hardly ever 's strange, you know, that he hasn’t passed the exam. /In my opinion, he is , times have changed. /Well, not much can be done about it now. /Oh, David, come here a moment! /Oh no, not again!10．分隔日期、数字、地点Firstly, let me deal with the most important difficulty. /The cinema is only open to adults, i. e.,people over 12, 1991/It was on Friday, May 16, in Los Angeles. /The price of this sedan car is $12,300./He lives at 1515 Halsted , ．分隔人名与职称、头衔或倒置姓名I asked my boss for a month's holiday and, believe it or not, he agreed! /By the way, have you seen Tom recently?12．分隔呼语R W. Leeds, M. D. /George Washington, President/Smith, John W., would like to ask you, Mr. Jones, for your opinion. /Will you see if the door is closed, Janet? /Sir,I'd like to ask a ．用于信件的称呼语之后（美国用法中多用冒号）或结束语之后Dear Mary, /Sincerely yours, /Yours truly,“ ”Quotation Mark（引号)1．用于直接引语注意下列句子中其他标点符号与引号的相对位置:1）逗号、句号位于引号内（这是美国用法，英国用法多置于引号外）2）不属于引语的问号、感叹号或破折号位于引号之外3）在引语内再用引语时，可用单引号（这是美国用法，在英国用法中，单引号在外，双引号在内）4）引语不止一段时，引号位于各段起始处和最后一段结尾处Michael said, "Let's meet at my house next time. "/"No, you cant, "she wrote. "It's January 1, 1863, Lincoln declared the slaves "forever free. "/The word"bread, for example, has both standard and slang did she say "That is a very selfish attitude"?The witness said, "I distinctly heard him say, Don’t be late, and then heard the door closed. " /The witness said, I distinctly heard him say, Don’t be then heard the door closed.’Frequently used signs and symbols are in the back of this dictionary. Many are found on include the chemical elements... The chemical elements are also grouped together in the back of this dictionary. "2．用于引述文章、文艺作品、歌曲、广播及电视节目、绘画等Have you read the article"Shanghai Shows Its Colors"in the January Time? /"Ode to a Nightingale " was written by Keats. /American national anthem is"The Star-spangled Banner. " /YOAS Amencan Mosaic”／ Da Vinci’s“ Mona Lisa "3．用于引述俚语、反语、借用语、定义、词形等Her brother"socked her in the eye and" beaned "her with a ruler. /Bob's skiing"vacation"consisted of three weeks with his leg in a cast. / The basic meaning of dumb in both British and American English is“ unable to speak．”／ How do you spell the word＂ eclectic”？;Semicolon（分号）一般说来，分号的作用介于句号与逗号之间，即用分号隔开的两部分之间的关系，比用句号分开的紧密，但不及用逗号分开的紧密。1．用于并列分句之间People make history: unusual people make history interesting. /Your car is new; mine is six years old. /I came, I saw I conquered. /it's too late to go for a walk now; besides, it's beginning to rain. /We finally found the gate; however, it had been ．分隔已有逗号的并列成分，以避免歧义Follow this procedure: first, get your application forms; next, fill them out; last, pay the sun, a bright yellow ball, shone; the children, happy as always, ．用于由 for example， for instance， namely，that is（ to say）， in fact，i．e．，e．g等词语引出的分句之前Many of their talents complemented each other; for example, he played the piano and she sang./Tom is well-liked: in fact. he is the most popular person in the class./He chose to invest in major industries: i. e, steel, automobiles, and oil.— Dash(破折号)1.用在一个解释性的分句或句子前面：It's an environmental issue. — That's not a small matter.这是个环境保护的问题，这不是一件小事。2.用在一个解释性的插入语的前面和后面（相当于一个括号）：During my vacation—I must have been insane—I decided I would ski.假期中，我准是疯了，我决定去滑雪。3.用在一个引用的句子前面（代替一个冒号，或与分号一起用）：Uncle Wang laughingly answered—"No, no; stay where you are."大叔笑着回答道“不用了，不用了，你就呆到那。”4.表示意思的突然转折："And may I ask—"said Xiao Wu;" but I guess it's better for you to ask him about it."“我可以问——”小吴说；“不过我想还是你问他的好。”5.表示迟疑犹豫："I—I—I rather think —maybe—Amy has taken it."“我——我——我想——或许——是艾米拿了。”6.总括前面列举的若干东西：News house, larger schools, more sheep, more pigs and chickens, more horses and donkeys—everywhere here shows signs of prosperity.新房子，扩建的学校，更多的羊、猪、鸡，更多的马和驴，这里的一切显示出一片繁荣景象。Italicization斜体字的使用1．书籍、报刊、文章、诗歌、乐曲、电影、绘画等的名称Dickens' Oliver Twist /The English-Chinese Dictionary/Readers Digest /The New York TimesMilton's Paradise Lost/Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro/ The Sound of Music /Van Gogh’s StarryNight2．交通工具、航天器等专名Air Force One/Apollo/Challenger3．作为例示的词、字母或数字The word receive is often misspelled. /The b in comb is silent4，表示强调的词语She never expected such a welcome. /woman's place was in the home; it certainly isn’t ．表示未归化的外来词语In aeternum[L]/ fille[F]6．动物学和植物学中表示属、种、亚种及变种的拉丁语新学名The horse (Equus caballus )has affected the course of history more than any other animal. /The mistletoe (Phoradendron flavescens )is the state flower of ．法庭案例名称中的原被告姓名Madison v. Kingley/the Jones case8．剧本中的舞台提示ROBERT: Ah yes, of course. Sit down, sit down, please, Mrs. Ross. [She sits as if this made matters rather worse.]PHILIP: (Standing guard by her side. )My wife is a little agitated.取自陆谷孙英译汉大词典

英文标点符号中除了破折号长度占2个英文字符外，其他均只占1个英文字符。英文标点符号中没有“《》”、“、”和“～”。英文中书名一般用斜体表示,该用顿号时用逗号,表示数字范围则用半字线“-”。英文中“～”有时用在阿拉伯数字前表示近似。

文中破折号、数字范围号与连字符分别为:“—”(长度占2个英文字符)、“-” (占1个英文字符)，而汉语中相应符号的长度分别比其长1倍：“——”(长度占2个汉字)、“—”(占1个汉字)和“-”(占半个汉字)。

扩展资料：

使用规范

一、，句点

1、句点用于当一句话完全结束时。

2、句点也可以用于英文单词的缩写，如mrs, dr, 等。但要注意的是当缩写的字母形成了一个单词的时候就不要使用句点。如ibm, dna等。

二、? 问号

问号要用在一个直接的问句，而不是间接的。如how will you solve the problem?是 正确的用法，但用在i wonder how you willsolve the problem?就不对了，应该使用句点而不是问号。另外，在客气的用语中，也是用句点而不是问号，如will you please give me a call tomorrow.

三、! 感叹号

感叹号用于感叹和惊叹的陈述中,在商业写作中要注意感叹号的应用，因为不恰当的使用会显得突兀及不稳重。

英文参考文献标准格式字体

在数学论文时需要借鉴参考文献，那么在论文中英文参考文献的格式是怎样的呢?字体是怎样的呢?下面是我分享给大家的英文参考文献标准格式字体，希望对大家有帮助。

英文参考文献标准格式字体

1. 期刊论文

Bolinger, D. 1965. The atomization of word meaning [J]. Language 41 (4): 555-573.

朱永生，2006，名词化、动词化与语法隐喻[J]，《外语教学与研究》(2)：83-90。

2. 论文集论文

Bybee, J. 1994. The grammaticization of zero: Asymmetries in tense and aspect systems [A]. In W. Pagliuca (ed.). Perspectives on Grammaticalization [C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 235-254.

文秋芳，2003a，英语学习者动机、观念、策略的变化规律与特点 [A]。载文秋芳、王立非(编)，《英语学习策略实证研究》[C]。西安：陕西师范大学出版社。255-259。

3. 网上文献

Jiang, Yan. 2000. The Tao of verbal communication: An Elementary textbook on pragmatics and discourse analysis [OL]. (accessed 30/04/2006).

王岳川，2004，当代传媒中的网络文化与电视批评[OL]， (2005年11月18日读取)。

4. 专著

Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language [M]. New York: Holt.

吕叔湘、朱德熙，1952，《语法修辞讲话》[M]。北京：中国青年出版社。

5. 译著

Nedjalkov, V. P. (ed.). 1983/1988. Typology of Resultative Constructions, trans. Bernard Comrie [C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

赵元任，1968/1980，《中国话的`文法》(A Grammar of Spoken Chinese)[M]，丁邦新译。香港：香港中文大学出版社。

6. 编著/论文集

Giacalone, A. & P. J. Hopper (eds.). 1998. The Limits of Grammaticalization [C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

北京语言学院语言教学研究所(编)，1992，《现代汉语补语研究资料》[C]。北京：北京语言学院出版社。

7. 学位论文

Tabor, W. 1994. Syntactic Innovation: A Connectionist Model [D]. Dissertation. Stanford: Stanford University.

祖生利，2000，元代白话碑文研究。博士学位论文[D]。北京：中国社会科学院。

8. 会议论文

Traugott, E. C. 2000. Promise and pray-parentheticals [R]. Paper presented at the Eleventh International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Santiagov de Compostela, Spain, September 2000.

崔希亮，2002，事件情态和汉语的表态系统[R]。第十二次现代汉语语法学术讨论会论文，湖南长沙，2002年4月。

9. 词典

Hornby, A. S. 2000. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (6th edition) [Z], ed. Sally Wehmeier. Oxford: OUP.

中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室(编)，2002，《现代汉语词典》(The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary)(汉英双语)[Z]，外语教学与研究出版社语言学与辞书部双语词典编辑室翻译编辑。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。

10. 报刊文章

田志凌，2005，《魔戒》的尴尬与文学翻译的危机，《南方都市报》，2005-8-24。

英语论文参考文献格式范文1：

[1] Ellis, M. ,. . Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 2002.

[2] Samovar, ., Porter, . and Stefani, . Communication Between Cultures[M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2000.

[3] Scollon, R. , Scollon, S. W. Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach[M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2000.

[4] 杜文增.中英(英语国家)文化习俗比较[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社， 1998.

字体要求：

(1)论文标题2号黑体加粗、居中。

(2)论文副标题小2号字，紧挨正标题下居中，文字前加破折号。

(3)填写姓名、专业、学号等项目时用3号楷体。

4)内容提要3号黑体，居中上下各空一行，内容为小4号楷体。

(5)关键词4号黑体，内容为小4号黑体。

(6)目录另起页，3号黑体，内容为小4号仿宋，并列出页码。

(7)正文文字另起页，论文标题用3号黑体，正文文字一般用小4 号宋体，每段首起空两个格，单倍行距。

(8)正文文中标题

一级标题：标题序号为“一、”， 4号黑体，独占行，末尾不加标点符号。

二级标题：标题序号为“(一)”与正文字号相同，独占行，末尾不加标点符号。

三级标题：标题序号为“ 1. ”与正文字号、字体相同。

四级标题：标题序号为“(1)”与正文字号、字体相同。

五级标题：标题序号为“ ① ”与正文字号、字体相同。

(9)注释：4号黑体，内容为5号宋体。

(10)附录： 4号黑体，内容为5号宋体。

(11)参考文献：另起页，4号黑体，内容为5号宋体。

拓展阅读

参考文献解释

按照字面的意思，参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献。然而，按照GB/T 7714-2015《信息与文献 参考文献著录规则》”的定义，文后参考文献是指：“为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。根据《中国学术期刊（光盘版）检索与评价数据规范（试行）》和《中国高等学校社会科学学报编排规范（修订版）》的要求，很多刊物对参考文献和注释作出区分，将注释规定为“对正文中某一内容作进一步解释或补充说明的文字”，列于文末并与参考文献分列或置于当页脚地。

文献引用的目的和作用

任何一篇论文的工作，都是建立在别人工作的基础上，因此需要恰当引用别人的工作，以满足学术规范。

清华大学高等研究院朱邦芬教授在提高学术诚信的演讲中建议，要区分学术不端和学术不当。用了别人的结果而不引用属于学术不端行为，引用不规范属于学术不当行为。

有五个方面的原因要求我们引用文献：

1、为了证明你的研究考虑过别人的研究。

2、引导读者了解更多的信息。

3、为成为一名细心的研究人员建立信誉。

4、展现职业级别的诚实和礼貌。

5、为了避免被视为剽窃。

1、需要写，因为参考文献题目中的符号也属于题目的一部分，在注明参考文献时应准确完整的填写文献的题目。

2、参考文献的标注方式：

一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在研究和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。

中文：作者--标题--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）

英文：作者--标题--出版物信息

3、所列参考文献的要求是：

（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。

（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

扩展资料：

参考文献的作用是：

（1）著录参考文献可以反映论文作者的科学态度和论文具有真实、广泛的科学依据，也反映出该论文的起点和深度。

（2）著录参考文献能方便地把论文作者的成果与前人的成果区别开来。

（3）著录参考文献能起索引作用。

（4）著录参考文献有利于节省论文篇幅。

（5）著录参考文献有助于科技情报人员进行情报研究和文摘计量学研究。

参考资料来源：百度百科-论文格式