劳动关系论文英文参考文献

resource management (HRM) is the strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organization's most valued assets - the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business.[1] The terms "human resource management" and "human resources" (HR) have largely replaced the term "personnel management" as a description of the processes involved in managing people in organizations.[1] Human Resource management is evolving rapidly. Human resource management is both an academic theory and a business practice that addresses the theoretical and practical techniques of managing a features include:Personnel administration Personnel management Manpower management Industrial management[2][3] But these traditional expressions are becoming less common for the theoretical discipline. Sometimes even industrial relations and employee relations are confusingly listed as synonyms,[4] although these normally refer to the relationship between management and workers and the behavior of workers in theoretical discipline is based primarily on the assumption that employees are individuals with varying goals and needs, and as such should not be thought of as basic business resources, such as trucks and filing cabinets. The field takes a positive view of workers, assuming that virtually all wish to contribute to the enterprise productively, and that the main obstacles to their endeavors are lack of knowledge, insufficient training, and failures of is seen by practitioners in the field as a more innovative view of workplace management than the traditional approach. Its techniques force the managers of an enterprise to express their goals with specificity so that they can be understood and undertaken by the workforce, and to provide the resources needed for them to successfully accomplish their assignments. As such, HRM techniques, when properly practiced, are expressive of the goals and operating practices of the enterprise overall. HRM is also seen by many to have a key role in risk reduction within organisations.[5]Synonyms such as personnel management are often used in a more restricted sense to describe activities that are necessary in the recruiting of a workforce, providing its members with payroll and benefits, and administrating their work-life needs. So if we move to actual definitions, Torrington and Hall (1987) define personnel management as being:“a series of activities which: first enable working people and their employing organisations to agree about the objectives and nature of their working relationship and, secondly, ensures that the agreement is fulfilled" (p. 49).While Miller (1987) suggests that HRM relates to:".......those decisions and actions which concern the management of employees at all levels in the business and which are related to the implementation of strategies directed towards creating and sustaining competitive advantage" (p. 352).Academic theoryThe goal of human resource management is to help an organization to meet strategic goals by attracting, and maintaining employees and also to manage them effectively. The key word here perhaps is "fit", . a HRM approach seeks to ensure a fit between the management of an organization's employees, and the overall strategic direction of the company (Miller, 1989).The basic premise of the academic theory of HRM is that humans are not machines, therefore we need to have an interdisciplinary examination of people in the workplace. Fields such as psychology, industrial engineering, industrial and organizational psychology, industrial relations, sociology, and critical theories: postmodernism, post-structuralism play a major role. Many colleges and universities offer bachelor and master degrees in Human Resources widely used scheme to describe the role of HRM, developed by Dave Ulrich, defines 4 fields for the HRM function:[6]Strategic business partner Change agent Employee champion Administration However, many HR functions these days struggle to get beyond the roles of administration and employee champion, and are seen rather as reactive than strategically proactive partners for the top management. In addition, HR organizations also have the difficulty in proving how their activities and processes add value to the company. Only in the recent years HR scholars and HR professionals are focusing to develop models that can measure if HR adds value.[7]Critical Academic TheoryPostmodernism plays an important part in Academic Theory and particularly in Critical Theory. Indeed Karen Legge in 'Human Resource Management: Rhetorics and Realities' possess the debate of whether HRM is a modernist project or a postmodern discourse (Legge 2004). In many ways, critically or not, many writers contend that HRM itself is an attempt to move away from the modernist traditions of personnel (man as machine) towards a postmodernist view of HRM (man as individuals). Critiques include the notion that because 'Human' is the subject we should recognize that people are complex and that it is only through various discourses that we understand the world. Man is not Machine, no matter what attempts are made to change it . Fordism / Taylorism, McDonaldisation (Modernism).Critical Theory also questions whether HRM is the pursuit of "attitudinal shaping" (Wilkinson 1998), particularly when considering empowerment, or perhaps more precisely pseudo-empowerment - as the critical perspective notes. Many critics note the move away from Man as Machine is often in many ways, more a Linguistic (discursive) move away than a real attempt to recognise the Human in Human Resource Theory, in particular postmodernism (poststructualism), recognises that because the subject is people in the workplace, the subject is a complex one, and therefore simplistic notions of 'the best way' or a unitary perspectives on the subject are too simplistic. It also considers the complex subject of power, power games, and office politics. Power in the workplace is a vast and complex subject that cannot be easily defined. This leaves many critics to suggest that Management 'Gurus', consultants, 'best practice' and HR models are often overly simplistic, but in order to sell an idea, they are simplified, and often lead Management as a whole to fall into the trap of oversimplifying the practiceHuman resources management comprises several processes. Together they are supposed to achieve the above mentioned goal. These processes can be performed in an HR department, but some tasks can also be outsourced or performed by line-managers or other planning Recruitment (sometimes separated into attraction and selection) Induction and Orientation Skills management Training and development Personnel administration Compensation in wage or salary Time management Travel management (sometimes assigned to accounting rather than HRM) Payroll (sometimes assigned to accounting rather than HRM) Employee benefits administration Personnel cost planning Performance appraisal CareersThe sort of careers available in HRM are varied. There are generalist HRM jobs such as human resource assistant. There are careers involved with employment, recruitment and placement and these are usually conducted by interviewers, EOE (Equal Opportunity Employment) specialists or college recruiters. Training and development specialism is often conducted by trainers and orientation specialists. Compensation and benefits tasks are handled by compensation analysts, salary administrators, and benefits organizationsProfessional organizations in HRM include the Society for Human Resource Management, the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), the International Public Management Association for HR (IPMA-HR) and the International Personnel Management Association of Canada (IPMA-Canada).Management Association of Nepal [MAN]人力资源管理，是指为了完成管理工作中涉及人或人事方面的任务所进行的管理工作。人力资源管理工作包括：工作分析；制定人力需求计划以及人员招募；培训及开发；薪酬及福利管理、绩效评估；劳动关系管理等。人力资源管理愈来愈被重视。在经济发展成熟的体系下，人力资源管理必须配合以争取最佳的资源效益，若将不适当的人力配对不适当的职位，资源效益不但全无，或可能有损耗。现代经济讲求平衡及配合，提升管理效能和质素，就要人力资源配合以作平衡，个中的内容是设立人力资源架构框架，用最适合的人做最适合的工作。建立人力资源平台，作为沟通及搜集资讯渠道，将各方意见综合，舍短取长，以处理薪酬、福利等事宜。人力资源最重要是培训及发展，人力资源发展必须投资在培训方面，以发挥各阶层的人力资源潜能。发展简史在现实世界不同的国家人力资源的发展情况以及历史都不同。一般说来，人力资源的学术界发展经历了：人事管理（Personnel Management），人力资源管理（Human Resource Management）到现在新近兴起的人力资本管理（Human Capital Management）。其只要不同即在于公司和企业对待职员的理念的变化和发展。在人事管理阶段，人事经理们的工作是管理职工福利，以及和工会的法律程序方面。公司的上层管理部门将人事部门的各种活动以及公司职员皆看作公司的大笔纯支出，而尽可能的削减这部分的开支。公司对人事部的活动持不积极的支持态度。 在人力资源管理阶段，企业员工被看成企业的可以增值的资产而被发展以期充分利用潜能。人力资源部门充分利用职位分析，工作分析，职位概述，人员选择和招聘，员工培训等等活动来提高企业员工的效率，从而增加企业的管理和运营更加有效。当一个公司实行人力资源管理战略的时候，人力资源部门将被纳入公司战略计划的一个重要组成部分。公司的未来发展，市场拓展，新产品研发等等都要牵扯到人力资源部门的支持，协调与合作。人力资源被作为提高公司竞争力的战略手段而被重视。除此之外，人力资源管理就是协助公司去激励员工，透过一些物质上的满足和一些财务奖励，从而增加员工的对公司归属感、增加员工士气和减低对工作的不满等¨。有高昂的士气会使工作更加有效率和使工作更加顺利，最终公司和员工也各有得益。 在人力资本管理阶段，人力部门的基本职责仍与人力资源管理时期相似，但是企业员工不再被看作有发展潜力的资产，而是公司可以利用的资本。人力资源部门的各项活动被量化与公司的利润率挂钩，并且这也是衡量职工和各部门是否有效工作的主要手段。 主要职能人力资源管理的主要职能包括：人员招募；培训及开发；薪酬及福利管理。人员招募：人员招募又称为人员招聘。主要是基于组织（公司，政府，非盈利组织等）的近期及远期的业务需要，来制定人员需求的计划，并通过各种招聘手段来完成组织的人员需求。人员招募主要涉及人员规划，简历收集，选聘，录用及员工入职培训。培训及开发：培训及开发主要是通过一些培训及开发的技术及手段，提高员工的技能，以适应公司所处经营环境中的技术及知识的变化。主要的技术及手段有：培训 在岗培训 轮岗 员工继续教育计划 辅导，训导薪酬；福利管理：人力资源管理的内外部条件人力资源管理的外部条件劳动法规 劳动力市场 当地文化 人力资源管理的内部条件企业经营战略 国际化程度 人力资源部的组织设置有以下三种方式：职能型组织设置 人力规划 人力购得 培训与进修 工资和薪水 社会事业 对象型组织设置 技术类员工 管理类员工 领导层 受培训者 混合模式

many HR functions these days struggle to get beyond the roles of administration and employee champion, and are seen rather as reactive than strategically proactive partners for the top management. In addition, HR organizations also have the difficulty in proving how their activities and processes add value to the company. Only in the recent years HR scholars and HR professionals are focusing to develop models that can measure if HR adds value

The Dimensions of Management The Essential Drucker Peter F. Drucker Business enterprises—and public-service institutions as well—are organs of society. They do not exist for their own sake, but to fulfill a specific social purpose and to satisfy a specific need of a society, a community, or individuals. They are not ends in themselves, but means. The right question to ask in respect to them is not, what are they? But, what are they supposed to be doing and what are their tasks? Management, in turn, is the organ of the institution. The question, what is management, comes second. First we have to define management in and through its tasks. There are three tasks, equally important but essentially different, that management has to perform to enable the institution in its charge to function and to make its contribution. Establishing the specific purpose and mission of the institution, whether business enterprise, hospital, or university; Making work productive and the worker effective; Managing social impacts and social responsibilities. Mission An institution exists for a specific purpose and mission; it has a specific social function. In the business enterprise, this means economic performance. With respect to this first task, the task of economic performance, business and nonbusiness institutions differ. In respect to every other task, they are similar. But only business has economic performance as its specific mission; it is the definition of a business that it exists for the sake of economic performance. In all other institutions—hospital, church, university, or armed services—economic considerations are a restraint. In business enterprise, economic performance is the rationale and purpose. Business management must always, in every decision and action, put economic performance first. It can justify its existence and its authority only by the economic results it produces. A business management has failed if it does not produce economic results. It has failed if it does not supply goods and services desired by the consumer at a price the consumer is willing to pay. It has failed if it does not improve, or at least maintain, the wealth-producing capacity of the economic resources entrusted to it. And this, whatever the economic or political structure or ideology of a society, means responsibility for profitability. Worker Achievement The second task of management is to make work productive and the worker effective. A business enterprise (or any other institution) has only one true resource: people. It succeeds by making human resources productive. It accomplishes its goals through work. To make work productive is, therefore, an essential function. But at the same time, these institutions in today’s society are increasingly the means through which individual human beings find their livelihood, find their access to social status, to community and to individual achievement and satisfaction. To make the worker productive is, therefore, more and more important and is a measure of the performance of an institution. It is increasingly a task of management. Organizing work according to its own logic is only the first step. The second and far more difficult one is making work suitable for human beings—and their logic is radically different from the logic of work. Making the worker achieving implies consideration of the human being as an organism having peculiar physiological and psychological properties, abilities, and limitations, and a distinct mode of action. Social Responsibilities The third task of management is managing the social impacts and the social responsibilities of the enterprise. None of our institutions exists by itself and is an end in itself. Every one is an organ of society and exists for the sake of society. Business is no exception. Free enterprise cannot be justified as being good for business; it can be justified only as being good for society. Business exists to supply goods and services to customers, rather than to supply jobs to workers and managers, or even dividends to stockholders. The hospital does not exist for the sake of doctors and nurses, but for the sake of patients whose one and only desire is to leave the hospital cured and never comeback. Psychologically, geographically, culturally, and socially, institutions must be part of the community. To discharge its job, to produce economic goods and services, the business enterprise has to have impact on people, on communities, and on society. It has to have power and authority over people, ., employees, whose own ends and purposes are not defined by and within the enterprise. It has to have impact on the community as a neighbor, as the source of jobs and tax revenue (but also of waste products and pollutants). And, increasingly, in our pluralist society of organizations, it has to add to its fundamental concern for the quantities of life—., economic goods and services—concern for the quality of life, that is, for the physical, human, and social environment of modern man and modern community. A Philosophy of Management What the business enterprise needs is a principle of management that will give full scope to individual strength and responsibility, and at the same time give common direction of vision and effort, establish team work, and harmonize the goals of the individual with the common weal. The only principle that can do this is management by objectives and self-control. It makes the commonweal the aim of every manager. It substitutes for control from outside the stricter, more exacting and more effective control from the inside. It motivates the manager to action not because somebody tells him to do something or talks him into doing it, but because the objective needs of his task demand it. He acts not because somebody wants him to but because he himself decides that he has to—he acts, in other words, as a free man. Picking People the Basic Rules Making the right people decisions is the ultimate means of controlling an organization well. Such decisions reveal how competent management is, what its values are, and whether it takes its job seriously. No matter how hard managers try to keep their decisions a secret—and some still try hard—people decisions cannot be hidden. They are eminently visible. Decision-Making and the Computer The Effective Executive Peter F. Drucker As a result, decision-making can no longer be confined to the very small group at the top. In one way or another almost every knowledge worker in an organization will either have to become a decision-maker himself or will at least have to be able to play an active, an intelligent, and an autonomous part in the decision-making process. What in the past had been a highly specialized function, discharged by a small and usually clearly defined organ—with the rest adapting within a mold of custom and usage—is rapidly becoming a normal if not an everyday task of every single unit in this new social institution, the large-scale knowledge organization. The ability to make effective decisions increasingly determines the ability of every knowledge worker, at least of those in responsible positions, to be effective altogether. There are additional implications of the computer for decision-making. If properly used, for instance, it should free senior executives from much of the preoccupation with events inside the organization to which they are now being condemned by the absence or tardiness of reliable information. It should make it much easier for the executive to go and look for himself on the outside; that is, in the area where alone an organization can have results. There is indeed ample reason why the appearance of the computer has sparked interest in decision-making. But the reason is not that the computer will “take over” the decision. The reason is that with the computer’s taking over computation, people all the way down the line in the organization will have to learn to be executives and to make effective decisions. 管理的范畴 彼得·德鲁克 商业企业和公共服务机构一样也是社会的基本组成部分。它们的存在不是为了自己，而是为了实现某种特定目标和满足社会、组织或个人的某种特殊需求。它们本身不是目的，而是手段和工具。对企业提出的正确问题不是“企业是什么？”，而是“它们应该做什么？”和“它们的任务是什么？” “管理层是什么？”这个问题是次要的，首先我们必须根据并通过管理层的任务来对它下定义。 管理层面对着三项必须执行以确保组织机构履行其自身的职责和功能并完成任务，他们同样重要，但性质不同。 1)确保组织机构的特定目标和使命，无论其为企业，医院或是大学； 2)使工作富有成效，员工工作效率更高； 3)对社会产生影响并肩负起社会责任。 使命 一个组织机构是为了其特定的目标和使命而存在，并有着特定的社会功能。企业的使命和社会功能就是创造经济业绩。 就第一项任务——经济业绩而言，企业和非企业组织是不同的。而他们其他的任务则非常相似。但只有企业才把创造经济业绩作为其特定使命；我们为旗下的定义为：为创造经济业绩而存在的组织。而其他组织如医院、教堂、医院、大学和军队是不以经济业绩为目标和使命的。作为企业，经济业绩却是基本的任务和目标。 企业做任何决策和行动都会把经济业绩放在首位。只有通过它生产的成果才能证明它的存在的价值。如果管理层无法使得企业创造经济成就，那它就是失败的；如果企业不能提供有消费意愿的消费者能支付价格的范围内的产品和服务，那么它就是失败的；如果企业不能改进或提高创造财富的能力，那么它同样是失败的。这就意味着，无论社会实行什么样的经济或者政治政策，企业的责任都是盈利。 使员工取得成就 管理层的第二项任务就是使员工工作卓有成效并取得成就。企业或任何其他组织机构只有一种真正的资源：人。企业管理层通过有效地利用人力资源而使得企业达到成功。企业的管理层通过工作获得业绩。因此，使工作富有成效使管理层的基本任务。但同时，当今社会的各种组织机构越来越成为个人发挥自己专业特长，谋求自身在社会、团体中的地位，以及寻求自我成功、实现自我价值的场所。所以，使员工取得成就就日益重要，并且成为衡量组织机构业绩的一种尺度，并成为了管理层的一项任务。 根据工作本身的规律来组织工作仅仅是工作富有成效的第一步。使工作富有成效的第二步要困难得多，它需要使工作室和员工去做——这一规律和工作本身的规律是截然不同的。要使员工取得成就，这意味着要将人作为一种具有各种独特的生理和心理特征、能力，以及具有各种独特的局限性和独特的行为方式的生命个体来对待。 社会责任 管理的第三项任务就是使企业承担起社会责任，对社会产生积极的影响。没有一个组织机构可以独立于社会，并以自己为目的。每一个机构都是社会的一个组成部分，为社会而存在。企业机构也不例外。我们不能因为自由的企业对商业界有利就想当然地认为它是正当的，只有它有利于社会时，我们才可以认为它是正当的。 企业的存在并不是为工人和管理者提供工作岗位或是为向股东提供红利，而是为了向消费者提供商品或服务。医院的存在也不是为了医生和护士，而是为了那些想通过医院的治疗就能不在重返医院的患者提供医疗服务。从心理的角度、地理的角度、文化的角度和社会的角度来看，各种组织机构都应该是整个社会的组成部分。 为了做好自己的本职工作——创造和提供更经济的物品和服务，企业必然会对民众、社团、和社会起到一定的作用。企业就必须对某些人，例如那些自己的目的和目标并不局限于企业的雇员，行使自己的责权。企业必然对社会的其他成员起到某种作用，例如，它与社会其他成员有着一种“邻里关系”，它为社会其他成员提供就业岗位，为政府提供税收来源，同时，它也会造成产品的浪费和环境的污染。于是，在我们这个由各种组织机构组成的、具有各种功能的社会中，企业就必须逐渐地将自己的基本注意力放在人类生活的量（即不断通过向社会提供更多的产品和服务）和质（即通过不断提高与现代人和现代社会相适应的物质、生活、社会环境质量）上。 基本管理原则 企业所需要的管理原则必须既能充分调动每个员工的专长和责任感，同时又能规定共同的努力方向和愿景，开展团队工作，并对个人目标和共同利益进行协调。 能做到这一点的唯一途径就是实施目标管理和自我管理。目标管理和自我管理能把企业的共同利益变成每个管理人员的目标，并且以要求更高、更严并富有成效的内部控制来取代外部控制。这种管理原则会激励管理者采取行动，不是因为有人要他们这样或说服他们这么做，而是因为他们的目标需要他们采取行动。管理人员之所以会采取行动，不是因为有人要求他们，而是因为他们自己决定要采取行动。换句话说，他们能够向自由人一样行动。 用人决策的基本原则 正确的人事决策是控制好组织机构的重要手段。人事决策体现了管理层的竞争力和他们的价值观，以及他们对待本职工作的态度。无论管理者如何设法保密他的人事决策，虽然有人还正在这么做，但人事决策是不会被隐瞒的。它们是显而易见的。 这样一来，决策不再是最高层中少数人的事。在现代机构户，几乎每个知识工作者或多或少都已成为决策者，要不至少也得在决策的过程个发挥着积极的、主动的和令人大开眼界的作用。在过去，决策是一件高度专业化的工作，它是由极少数人和专业部门来做的。而对其他部门来说，只是按照某种习惯的模式贯彻执行这些决策罢了。可是在当前那些规模较大的知识机构中，决策正在变成一种常规工作．尽管目前尚未达到日常工作的程度。进行有效决策的能力．现在已越来越成为知识工作者工作能力强弱的一种表现，至少对那些想提高工作效率、负有一定责任的知识工作者更是如此。 决策和电脑 彼得·德鲁克 电脑当然还可以用于决策的其他方面。比如，只要使用适当，电脑可以帮助高级管理者从繁杂的事务中解脱出来。由于缺乏可靠的信息，他们往往不得不埋头于那些事务之中。有了电脑后，管理者就会有更多的机会走到外界去看一看，因为只有外界才是企业效益的真正根源。 的确有充分的理由可以说明，电脑的出现已激起了人们对决策的新兴趣。但这并不是说电脑将会“取代”人来进行决策。电脑真正的好处是它可以代替人进行复杂的运算，从而使机构内的各层管理人员有更多的时间可以学习如何当好管理者，如何做出卓有成效的决策。

一先说一个案例，某建筑承包商在劳务市场找了一个劳工，给他的任务是给楼层的地面浇水，这活儿一天干完，干完后结帐走人。结果，此劳工在干活儿过程中，掉到上下运输材料的卷扬机上，造成残疾。对承包商与该劳工的关系，是劳动关系，雇佣关系，还是劳务关系，争议颇大。有必要弄清这个法律关系，因为不同的关系可能导致不同的解决程序和处理后果。关于劳动关系，似乎大家都明白，可一牵扯到它于雇佣关系、劳务关系的区别，大家似乎又不明白了，起码我不太明白了。关键是我不明白到底什么是雇佣关系，什么是劳务关系，这两个关系和劳动关系一样，都是一方为另一方提供有偿的劳动服务。我们先来看看雇佣关系。雇佣关系，泛泛地来说，是拿钱请别人干活儿。这是一个广义的意思。要说企业的劳动者就是老板的雇员，也是没有错的。这是社会意义上雇佣的概念。可法律上的雇佣，应该不是这样的，不然，《最高院关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干解释》也不用规定雇佣关系下的有关权利、义务问题了。从这个司法解释中揣摩立法者对雇佣关系的认识，大概有两点：一、雇佣关系在法律上应该是一个狭义的概念，是和劳动关系相区分的，也就是说，雇佣关系并不是劳动法上的劳动关系。二、在雇佣关系下，雇员是秉承雇主的意志、接受雇主的指派、以雇主的名义去工作的。这有点类似于劳动关系，所以，在工作中雇员致人损害或自己遭受损害的法律后果，也和劳动关系情况下的后果相类似。如此说来，雇佣关系和劳动关系的区别点在那里呢？《劳动部关于贯彻执行劳动法若干问题的意见》第二条规定：中国境内的企业、个体经济组织与劳动者之间只要形成劳动关系、即劳动者事实上已成为企业、个体经济组织的成员，并为其提供有偿劳动，适用劳动法。从这条规定可以看出，劳动关系有一个显著的特点是雇佣关系不具备的，那就是“劳动者成为用人单位的一个成员”。所以，一般来说，劳动关系是长期的、稳定的，劳动者作为用人单位的一个成员，接受用人单位的全面管理、服从全部规章制度，当然也享受和其他员工一样的权利。而雇佣关系，虽然也为雇主提供劳动服务，但一般说来，是暂时的、不固定的，更重要得是，雇员并未成为雇主组织的成员。一方面，雇主未这样接纳他、安排他，另一方面，自己也认为这是一个零工活儿。过去没有这样的法律规定，很多雇佣关系都被看作是事实劳动关系（为了保护雇员的权利）用劳动法来调整。现在不必如此了。例如，《劳动部关于贯彻执行劳动法若干问题的意见》第12条规定：在校生利用业余时间勤工助学，不视为就业，未建立劳动关系，可以不签定劳动合同。那么，这些学生给用人单位干活儿，算什么性质呢？如果发生损害他人或自身的事情，如何处理呢？过去的法律没有给予回答，现在可说是雇佣关系，适用最高院关于人身损害赔偿的司法解释，我想是可以的。还有，对一些零碎活儿，即使企业雇人来干，也不应认为是事实劳动关系吧？现在再来分析一下劳务关系。从《最高院关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》第9条第二款的规定来看，（此规定为：前款所称“从事雇佣活动”，是指从事雇主授权或者指示范围内的生产经营活动或者其他劳务活动。）雇员的工作就是一项劳务服务，劳务关系的范围等于或大于雇佣关系。但能大到哪里去呢，不至于连劳动关系也包括在内吗？可见，劳务关系这个概念没有多大意义，不创设这个法律概念也许更好。至于建筑工程中的劳务合同，一般意义是指一个包工头带领一帮人，揽下了工程中一项技术含量不大的力气活儿，就好象把水电或门窗等活儿交给另外一个分包人一样。所以，其性质应是承揽关系。由于没有技术含量，只是出苦力，所以叫劳务合同。而且，往往由于这些包工头没有从事建筑行业的资质，为了这些劳工的工资及工伤利益得到保障，法律倾向于由分包商或总承包商按雇佣关系或劳动关系承担责任。这就使劳务关系更加扑朔迷离了。所以人们生活中所说的劳务合同，在法律上一部分应是雇佣合同，一部分应是承揽合同，没有单独法律性质的劳务关系。用上面的观点来分析本文开头的案例，我认为这是一个雇佣关系。雇工可按人身损害赔偿的有关规定主张权利，而不适用工伤条例和劳动仲裁的有关规定。在司法实务中，用人单位往往对“劳务关系”、“雇佣关系”和“劳动关系”三者之间的法律关系混淆不清，导致适用法律概念错误，造成企业劳动法律风险。二 “劳动关系”指用人单位招用劳动者为其成员，劳动者在用人单位的管理下，提供由用人单位支付报酬的劳动而产生的权利义务关系。 “雇佣关系”指雇员向雇主提供劳务，而雇主向雇员支付报酬的民事法律关系。“劳务关系”与“雇佣关系”系同一法律概念。 本文拟就上述三者之间的法律关系予以剖析，以明确各自的适用范围。 一、“劳务关系”与“雇佣关系”系同一法律概念。 2007年10月29日，最高人民法院通过的《民事案件案由规定》中“合同纠纷”规定：“ 110、劳务（雇佣）合同纠纷”。 法院已经将劳务合同和雇佣合同视为同一民事法律关系，当作同一案由来受理。案由是指法院依据争议的民事法律关系所确定受理案件的类别，同一民事法律关系归入同一类别，属于同一案由。 由此可见，在我国司法实践中，人民法院对于“劳务合同”和“雇佣合同”是按照同一法律关系对待的。 二、从“雇佣关系”到“劳动关系”的历史沿革 从法制史的角度来看，劳动合同关系作为雇佣关系的法律调整，经历了一个从民法到社会法的历史转变。 在罗马法（罗马法大约起源于公元前7世纪前后的古代罗马王政时代）中雇佣关系的两方主体是被作为完全的平等主体对待的。当然，这种雇佣关系是不包括奴隶主与奴隶之间的雇佣关系，而仅限于平等市民间。1804年的《法国民法典》从体例到内容都沿袭了罗马法，雇佣关系仍被当作民事契约的一种。雇佣关系被认为是两个独立人格之间就劳动和报酬之间的财产交换关系，这种交换关系受合同自由原则的规范，当事人具有充分的契约自由。 但在1900年实施的《德国民法典》中，突破了罗马法的模式，其617条至619条规定了雇主在安排组织劳动过程时，应保护劳工免于生命及健康的危险。劳动法对一方主体的强制性义务规定开始出现。而此后首先在德国发展起来的社会法，更是将劳动契约关系作为强调雇主义务保障雇员权力的特定的劳动法律关系。 民法局限于平等主体的调整模式，显然不能够适应现代雇佣关系。从雇主与雇员之间的这种强弱失衡的社会现实出发，劳动合同从民法中的合同法体系中独立出来而隶属于劳动法，便成为一个普遍的法律现象。（援引《论劳动合同法的立法依据和法律定位》常凯着） “雇佣关系“逐渐演变成为了“劳动关系”，但“雇佣关系”却没有因此而消亡。 三、“雇佣关系”与“劳动关系”的区别 1、所属法律领域不同 “雇佣关系”属于私法领域中民法（狭义）的调整，包括《民法通则》及《最高人民法院关于人身损害赔偿的司法解释》。 “劳动关系”属于社会法领域中劳动法的调整，包括1995年颁布的《中华人民共和国劳动法》及2008年颁布的《中华人民共和国劳动合同法》及其实施条例。 2、法律关系主体不同 （1）“劳动关系”中的主体是用人单位和劳动者。 “用人单位特”指机关、企事业单位、社会团体、民办非企业单位或个体经济组织。“劳动者”特指符合劳动年龄16（周岁）具备民事行为能力，没有享受养老保险待遇或者未达到法定退休年龄的自然人。 （2）“雇佣关系”中的主体是雇主和雇员。 雇主的范围比较广泛，包括自然人和用人单位。雇员则不限于劳动者的范畴，达到法定退休年龄的自然人不能作为“劳动者”，但能够作为雇员。 3、是否具有隶属性不同 “劳动关系”中的劳动者与用人单位之间具有隶属性，劳动者要加入用人单位成为其一份子。劳动者要接受用人单位的管理与指挥。 而“雇佣关系”中的雇员与雇主之间就不存在隶属关系。最为典型的案例就是保姆与雇主之间（非家政公司委派）就没有隶属关系，保姆不可能成为雇主的家庭成员。 4、纠纷处理方式不同 用人单位雨劳动者之间的纠纷属于劳动纠纷，应当首先劳动仲裁。而雇主与雇员之间的纠纷应当直接向人民法院提起民事诉讼。 5、支付报酬的方式不同 劳动关系以工资的方式定期支付报酬；雇佣关系多为一次性地即时清结或按阶段、按批次支付报酬。 四、用人单位作为雇主的法律风险 在法理上，用人单位与自然人之间可以成立雇佣（劳务）关系，但存在范围极其狭窄。例如：用人单位与超过法定退休年龄的自然人之间就是典型的劳务（雇佣）关系。 如果用人单位与自然人（符合劳动者特征）之间长时间存在管理、指挥关系，而且劳动者要遵守其规章制度，按时领取报酬的情况之下，只能是劳动关系，而非劳务关系。即使双方之间签订所谓的“劳务合同”，也无法改变不“劳动关系”的事实。上述行为可能导致法院认定用人单位雨劳动者之间没有劳动合同，而要求双倍赔偿。

需要可以列提纲。也可以写。需要+