英文法学论文题目

O. J. Simpson murder case辛普森杀妻案The O. J. Simpson murder case has been described as the most publicized criminal trial in history,[1] in which O. J. Simpson, former American football star and actor, was brought to trial for the murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman. Simpson was acquitted in 1995 after a lengthy trial, the longest jury trial in California history.[2]Simpson hired a high-profile defense team led by Johnnie Cochran and F. Lee Bailey. Los Angeles County believed it had a solid prosecution case, but Cochran created in the minds of the jury the belief that there was reasonable doubt about the DNA evidence (then a relatively new type of evidence in trials),[3] including that the blood-sample evidence had allegedly been mishandled by lab scientists and technicians.[4] Cochran and the defense team also alleged other misconduct by the Los Angeles Police Department. The televising of the lengthy trial riveted national attention on the dramatic case. By the end of the criminal trial, national surveys showed dramatic differences between most blacks and most whites in terms of their assessment of Simpson's guilt.[5]Later, both the Brown and Goldman families sued Simpson for damages in a civil trial, which has a lower standard of proof for determining responsibility.[citation needed] On February 5, 1997, the jury unanimously found there was a preponderance of evidence to find Simpson liable for damages in the wrongful death of Goldman and battery of Brown. In its conclusions, the jury effectively found Simpson liable for the death of his ex-wife and Ron Goldman.[6] On February 21, 2008, a Los Angeles court upheld a renewal of the civil judgment against him.这个案子很经典，上面的一段是wiki上的英文案例，你可以找一些关于这个的中文资料，然后选择一个角度（比如种族歧视与陪审团制度的矛盾、毒树之果原则、媒体和舆论与司法公正的矛盾等等），或者一篇参考的中文文章（很多中国的法律人也会研究这个案子，发表一些观点），自己写或者翻译一篇英文论文出来就是了。下面引用一段英文资料，有个人在提问，为什么法院在刑事诉讼中判决辛普森无罪，但是在民事诉讼中又判决他赔偿自己妻子死亡赔偿金。 Jeralyn Merritt对这个问题进行了简略的回答。我想你大一的论文，字数要求不会太多，所以参考一下他这段答复吧。如果字数不够就把上面wiki的资料加一些进去,简单的交待一下案情。Q. I am a high school government student, and I have a question that has been bothering me that my teacher refuses to answer. In the . Simpson case I know that the state jury did not find him guilty on the charge of murder, but the federal court did on the charge of wrongful death. What is the difference and why were they able to do that? -- Geni A. . Simpson was charged with first degree murder in the state court in California. The jury found him "Not Guilty." A "not guilty" verdict means the state failed to prove the charges "beyond a reasonable doubt", which is the standard of proof in all criminal prosecutions. Criminal cases are brought on behalf of the citizens of a particular state or federal district, not by the victims or their . Simpson was found not guilty in the criminal case, the families of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman sued him in the state (not federal) court in California for wrongfully causing their deaths. Civil lawsuits for wrongful death are tried for money damages, not to put the defendant in prison. Civil cases are brought in the name of individuals, not in the name of the evidence was introduced in the . Simpson civil and criminal trials. For example, although . Simpson denied it, evidence was presented in the civil trial that . Simpson owned a pair of Bruno Magli shoes that matched shoeprints left at the murder . Simpson exercised his constitutional right against self-incrimination and chose not to testify in the criminal trial. All defendants in criminal cases have this right. In the civil trial, . no longer had such a right because he had been found not guilty of murder and could not be tried again for it. He had to testify when the opposing side called him as a witness. Thus, the jury in the civil case got to hear 's testimony while the criminal jury did the criminal case, the jury got to see that the glove left at the scene of the crime did not fit . Simpson. This experiment was not repeated for the civil jury. The jury in the criminal trial got a far stronger portrayal of the problems with the DNA and other scientific evidence in the case, and the poor management of the crime scene, than did the civil jury. And the criminal jury got to hear the false testimony of Los Angeles police officer Mark Furman, who later admitted lying and pleaded guilty to , the burden of proof in criminal and civil cases is different. In criminal cases, the standard is "proof beyond a reasonable doubt." There is also a presumption of innocence that stays with the defendant until and unless the jury returns a guilty verdict. In civil cases, the standard of proof is "by a preponderance of the evidence," which essentially means "more likely than not," or put another way, proof by 51% or jury's verdict in the civil case was not that . Simpson was guilty of murder, but that he was liable for (which essentially means responsible for causing) the deaths of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron light of the different evidence presented, burdens of proof and ultimate issues the juries were called upon to decide, the verdicts in the criminal and civil trials were not really all that inconsistent. -- Jeralyn Merritt

关于英国法学论文的写作方法，具体如下： 一、法学论文概述 学术论文，也称学术理论文章。它是指在自然科学或社会科学领域内用来进行科学研究和描述科学研究成果的论文。法学学术论文，是指在法学领域中对某个学术理论问题进行专门的系统的科学研究，并且表述某些研究成果的论文。 (一)法学学术论文，一般说来应当具有如下几个特点： 1.学术性，即指论文对法学学术理论问题具有科学的论证性; 2.理论性，即指论文运用充分占有的材料，经过严密论证将法学中某个或某几个问题“升华”到理论高度，从而找出带规律性的东西的思辩性。 3.创造性，即指论文论述的法学问题“发前人所未发”，探求法学中前人没有发现的规律或匡正通说的独创性。 4.专业性，即指法学论文对法学学科中的某个或某几个专门问题进行研究，并取得一定成果，具有供法学专家、教授、学者研讨和交流的专业性。 (二)法学学术论文的主要要求是： 1.所研究和论述的法学问题，观点正确，对社会主义革命和法制建设有促进作用; 2.能推动法学领域学术理论的研究向前发展; 3.具有学术论文的诸特点; 4.全文观点与材料统一，层次分明，条理清楚; 5.论证中逻辑严密，推理正确; 6.所用的法学语言准确、概括、精炼; 7.文风庄重，就事论理，据理立说，以理创新。 二、法学论文选题 1.能确定研究方向。法学研究发展很快，门类繁多;法学中待研究的题目也不少。选定了某个题目，就确定了法学研究的方向和主攻目标。方向定得准，目标愈集中，写出来的法学学术论文成功的可能性就愈大。 2.能促进构思活动。法学学术论文写作是一种精神劳动。法学学术论文的写作是为获得法学研究成果而进行劳动的体现。它需要自己围绕学术论文的题目进行深思熟虑的和绞尽脑汁的构思和论证。选定一个好的法学论文题目，就能促进上述构思活动的深入顺利开展。

泉水流进心田,很清,很凉.接着爸爸去买早餐,我悄悄溜进了病房,又悄悄关上门.当我的目光触及妈妈一双清醒含笑的眸子,我心安了许多.“妈,你醒了?”“嗯,女儿,来帮妈妈揉揉胳膊和脚.”原来妈妈早已醒了.我走到妈妈身边,关切地问：“妈妈,你怎么了,你哪里不舒服?”“不是,是你爸爸伏在床边睡着了,我怕惊动他,所以一直都没敢大幅度翻身,手脚都麻木了.” 听着这简简单单、平平常常的话语,我深深地感动了,内心不禁热血沸腾.无意中,我的眼光触及到了那束茉莉花,它显得越来越朦胧了,可给人的感觉却是更加洁白纯净. 爱,淡淡的,正如茉莉的香,也是一种淡淡的幸福.

感谢您关注智课网（SmartStudy)！ 详细展开：怎样写作文？有三种题材 三三式写法： 总体三大块，论述部分有三大块。主要使用于单方面观点的议论文，就是中心思想明显的文章。 开头段：引题+己方观点+转乘下文 论述段：理由段1： 主题句+支持句(说理、假设、举例…) 理由段2： 主题句+支持句(说理、假设、举例…) 理由段3： 让步段 反方的优点+反方的局限性和片面性+转乘(回到己方观点) 结尾段：重申己方观点，总结主题句。 对称式写法： 分别从某事物的正反两方面讨论论证，适用于讨论类的作文。 先写不赞成的观点，再写赞成的观点。最后在表态时说明自己的立场，加大一些篇幅。要从视觉效果上突出自己赞成的观点。 在阐述自己不赞成观点时，不妨使用一些表模糊、不确定的词：may seem perhaps maybe probably be possible/likely/unlikely to do might it is said… 反证式写法： 把自己的观点建立在对反方观点的批驳之上的写作手法，只能用于有两个选择的题目，尤其适合于反方缺点显而易见，而正方优点难于表现的题目。 第一段：引题，亮出自己的观点，并引出下文。 第二段：反方观点的第一个缺陷。 第三段：反方观点的第二个缺陷。 第四段：己方观点的最大优点，最好还是针对反方观点缺点而言。 第五段：结尾，回顾上文，重申观点。 雅思主页面：:beikao. *** artstudy./ielts/

写作手法指写作中使作品更好的艺术表现手法，包括表达方式、修辞手法、表现手法等方面 一、表达方式常见的有五种：记叙、议论、抒情、描写、说明。 二、修辞手法种类很多，有大家熟悉的：比喻（明喻、暗喻和借喻，博喻），借代，夸张，对偶，比拟（拟人、拟物），排比，设问，反问。其它的互文， 起兴等在文言文中用得较多，也可以了解一下。 三、表现手法较多，较复杂，下面都是常见的表现手法： 联想、想像、象征、对比、衬托、抑扬、前后照应、正面侧面描写、虚实结合、托物言志、直抒胸臆、借景抒情、融情于景。 另外还有不少，譬如渲染、动静、创设意境、用典等。

如何写好议论文 议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。议论文有三要素，即论点、论据和论证。论点的基本要求是：观点正确，认真概括，有实际意义，恰当地综合运用各种表达方式；论据基本要是：真实可靠，充分典型；论证的基本要求是：推理必须符合逻辑。 写议论文要考虑论点，考虑用什么作论据来证明它，怎样来论证，然后得出结论。它可以是先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论；也可以先引述一个故事，一段对话，或描写一个场面，再一层一层地从事实分析出道理，归纳引申出一个新的结论。这种写法叫总分式，是中学生经常采用的一种作文方式。也可以在文章开头先提出一个人们关心的疑问，然后一一作答，逐层深入，这是答难式的写法。还要以是作者有意把两个不同事物以对立的方式提出来加以比较、对照，然后得出结论，这是对比式写法。 议论文是用逻辑、推理和证明，阐述作者的立场和观点的一种文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解、主张，或是驳斥别人的错误观点。新闻报刊中的评论、杂文或日常生活中的感想等，都属于议论文的范畴。 议论文又叫说理文，它是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非，以确定其观点正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精炼、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。 一、议论文写作三要素 议论文主要包括三要素：论点、论据和论证方法。论点必须正确。论据是为说明论点服务的，既要可靠又要充分，事实胜于雄辩，是最好的论据。论据也可以是人们公认的真理，经过实践考验的哲理。论证的方法多种多样，常用的方法有： 1. 归纳法 从分析典型，即分析个别事物入手，找出事物的共同特点，然后得出结论。 2. 推理法 从一般原理出发，对个别事物进行说明、分析，而后得出结论。 3. 对照法 对所有事实、方面进行对照，然后加以分析，得出结论。 4.驳论法 先列出错误的观点，然后加以逐条批驳，最后阐明自己的观点。 二、议论文的特点 议论文的结构一般有引子、正文和结论句三部分。一般在引子部分提出论点，即文章的主题，在正文部分摆出有利的事实，对论点进行严密的论证，最后根据前面的论证得出结论。 三、议论文的写法 要写好议论文，必须注意以下几点： 1.确定论点。 论点通常在文章的第一段提出。 2.要有足够的论据，可以列举生活的实例。 3.论证要有严密的逻辑性。 所有事实、原因、理由应紧密地同结论连接起来。 4.层次要清楚。 5.态度诚恳、友好，因为议论文重在说理，以理服人。 议论文在写作手法上以议论为主，但有时也要运用说明、叙述、描写等手法。议论中的说明常为议论的开展创造条件，或是议论的补充；议论文中的叙述和描写应是为论点提供依据的因此，叙述应该是概括的，描写应该是简要的。 6.论据要充分 欲证明自己的观点必须有充分的证据。作者可以列举事实、展示数据、提供事例、借助常识或利用亲身经历。

1、论点：是一篇文章的灵魂、统帅，任何一 篇文章只有一个中心论点 ，一般可以有分论点。论点应该正确、鲜明、概括，是一个完整的判断句。绝不可模棱 两可。 论点的位置一般有四个： ①文题 ②开头 ③文章中间 ④结尾 2、论据 用来证明论 点的材料，有事实论据和理论论据两种。 选用事实论据 要注意： ①必须具有典型性。古今中外的都可以。是 大多数人所知道的，最起码是登过报纸上过电视的 。 ②最好具有新颖性。 ③论据的表述要准确、叙述要概括 ，能证明论点即可。 选用的理论论据要注意： ①可以是名言、警句、俗话、谚语、定理、公式等。 ②要精 确，不能 篡改、歪曲。 ③和论点有必然联系，能证明论点的。 3、论证：论证时使用论据证明论点 的过程 。 ①论证的基本类型：立论、驳论。立论从正面论述，驳论从反面论述。我们写议论文一般以立 论为主。 ②论证的基本结构层次：三段论式的结构。 提出问题(是什么)→分析问题(为什 么)→解决问题(怎么办) 也即： 引论 本论 结论 常见的论证结构： a、总分式结构 b、对照 式结构 c、层进式结构 d、并列式结构 ③常用的论证方法： a、例证法(也叫举例论证)：用典型事例 作论据来证明论点，俗话说事实胜于 雄辩。 b、引证法(也叫道理论证)除引用上述介绍的理论论据以外，还 可以引用一些古 典诗词中的名句，它一方面能加强论证的力量，另一方面，它还可以丰富文章的内容，增强议论 文的文学性。 c、对比论证(也叫正反论证)：这种方法可以增强论证的鲜明性，使读者清楚作者赞成什么，反对什么 。 d、喻证法(也叫比喻论证)，增强了作品论证的形象性、文学性、说服力。

初一优秀作文并不难写，在写作文之前:第一，要选好写作文的素材和纲要；第二，是构思好要写什么样的作文，写那一方面的作文；第三，是检查我所要的写的作文构思是否与逻辑，有新颖；第四，是把写作的构思逻辑在一起组合成一个有条理的写作纲要.。在写作的时候要注意的是写作的方法既不能以长篇大论讲一个观点，也不能在一篇文章中邪过多的观点，写作的最佳方式就是点到为止。所以在选择字饿做素材的时候最好是要选择适合自己写作风格的材料，同时也要更具要求去选择每一种素材。因此，初一优秀作文的写作既要掌握好写作的方法，也要选择更好的素材。这样才能使自己的作文在写作上更优秀，更突出。

常见的有：悬念，照应，联想，想象，抑扬结合、点面结合、动静结合、叙议结合、情景交融、首尾呼应（也叫前后呼应）、衬托对比、伏笔照应、托物言志、白描细描、铺垫悬念、正面侧面比喻象征、借古讽今、卒章显志、承上启下、开门见山，烘托、渲染、动静相衬、虚实相生，实写与虚写，托物寓意、咏物抒情等 叙述方法 顺叙法 顺叙是按时间的先后顺序来叙述事情，这就跟事情发生发展的实际情况相一致，所以易于把文章写得条理清楚，脉络分明。运用顺叙，要注意剪裁得当，重点突出。否则，容易出现罗列现象，犯平铺直叙的毛病，像一本流水帐，使人读了索然无味。 倒叙法 倒叙并不是把整个事件都倒过来叙述，而是除了把某个部分提前外，其他仍是顺叙的方法。采用倒叙的情况一般有三种：一是为了表现文章中心思想的需要，把最能表现中心思想的部分提到前面，加以突出；二是为了使文章结构富于变化，避免平铺直叙；三是为了表现效果的需要，使文章曲折有致，造成悬念，引人入胜。倒叙时要交代清楚起点。倒叙与顺叙的转换处，要有明显的界限，还要有必要的文字过渡，做到自然衔接。特别要注意，不要无目的地颠来倒去，反反复复，使文章的眉目不清。 插叙法 插叙是为了表达文章中心的需要。有时是为了帮助读者了解故事情节的追叙；有时是对出场人物的情节作注释、说明。使用插叙一定要服从表达中心思想的需要，做到不节外生枝，不喧宾夺主。在插入叙述的时候，还要注意文章的过渡、照应和衔接，不能有断裂的痕迹。 直接抒情法 直接抒情可以使感情表达得朴实真切，震动人心。直接抒情一般适用于抒发强烈而紧张的感情。直接抒情的特点是叙述时感情强烈，节奏时快、紧张，情感直露，容易把握。 间接抒情法 间接抒情的特点是抒情含蓄婉转，富有韵味，感染力强。间接抒情一般可以通过叙述抒情，作者在叙述时加上自己主观感 *** 彩，根据感情的流动来叙述，使读者在叙述的过程中感受作者的思想感情；也可以通过议论抒情，作者在议论中，表达强烈的爱憎、褒贬之情，这种记叙中的议论一般是利用判断来进行；还可以通过描写来抒情，作者在描写的过程中，渗透自己的情感。采用间接抒情的方法，要做到语言美丽而又富有感 *** 彩。 修辞方法 拟人法 把动物比拟成人要注意找出动物的特征与人相似之处，并进行细致的描绘。把动物比拟成人，首先要从整体上把它比拟成人，然后找出局部相似之处。这样，我们读了以后才能有整体感。如果只抓住局部进行比拟，容易显得不伦不类，不易读者想象。把动物比拟成人，也用于动物动作的描写。这主要是按照人物的心理活动想象动物动作的目的。 化动法 想象物品的动态要与静态描写相结合，这样才能相映成趣。文章从描写静态转入想象动态或从动态转入想象静态，描写要交代清楚，否则会分不清楚哪部分是看到的，哪部分是想到的。文章所想象的物品动态要符合物品的特点，使人读了可信。 说明法 采用说明法描写物品时，首先要真实地说明它的特点，其次要抓住重点来说明。例如对物品的各部分进行说明时，有的部分，可以说明它的质地；有的部分，可以说明它的特点；有的部分，可以说明它的作用。此外说明物品的历史、特点或用途时要围绕全文的中心，切忌扯得太远。 运用“五觉”法 眼睛可以看到物品的颜色、形状；耳朵可以听到各样的声音；鼻子可以嗅出香、臭、腥、臊；舌头可以知道物品的苦、辣、酸、甜、咸、淡、涩；皮肤可以感知物品的软硬、冷热。我们描写物品时，可以通过各种感觉器官的感受来写物品的特点。采用“五觉”法来描写物品，要注意围绕物品最主要的特点写，切忌支离破碎。此外，还要注意按一定的顺序描述。 借物抒情法 借物抒情要求我们在描写物品时，把感情寄托于对事物的爱憎之中，要借物品的形象含蓄地抒发自己的感情。运用借物抒情的方法，关键是找准物品的特点与自己的感情引起共鸣的地方，使物品与感情相统一，使感情有所依托。 托物言志法 采用托物言志法写的文章的特点是用某一物品来比拟或象征某种精神、品格、思想、感情等。要写好这样的文章，就要掌握好“物品”与“志向”，“物品”与“感情”的内在联系。首先是物品的主要特点要与自己的志向和意愿有某种相同点和相似点。其次，描述时，自己的志向要以物品的特点为核心。物品要能表达自己的意愿。托物言志的写作方法，最常用的有比喻、拟人、象征等。 季节特征法 采用季节特征法描写自然景物，一定要对景物四季不同的特征进行仔细观察。描写时，既要逼真地再现具体的时令特征，又要表现景物本身的特征，使时令特征和景物特征融为一体。在描写景物的四季特征时，不能面面俱到，要做到各有侧重。此外，运用季节特征法描写景物时，不能变换景物的地点，要对同一地点的不同季节景色描写 。 总分结合法 采用总分结合法描述动物，要注意总述与分述之间关系。分述部分要紧紧围绕总述所讲的特点描写。如果总述是讲动物的美丽，分述部分都要围绕着美丽来写；如果总述是讲动物的“灵活”，分述部分就要围绕它的灵活来写。此外分述部分要有一定的顺序，或从上到下，或先形状后颜色，或先中间后两边，一定要有条理

写作手法属于艺术表现手法（即：艺术手法和表现手法，也含表达手法（技巧）），常见的有：夸张，对比，比喻，拟人，悬念，照应，联想，想象，抑扬结合、点面结合、动静结合、叙议结合、情景交融、衬托对比、伏笔照应、托物言志、白描细描、铺垫悬念、正面侧面比喻象征、借古讽今、卒章显志、承上启下、开门见山，烘托、渲染、动静相衬、虚实相生，实写与虚写，托物寓意、咏物抒情等。表达方式就是常见的叙述、描写、抒情、议论和说明。（其实也属于艺术表现手法）。修辞手法就是常见的比喻、对比、比拟、对偶、借代、夸张、互文、双关、反问、设问、反复、反语、引用等。

1 论文题目—The title 论文的题目应该保持简短、明确、机具概括性，并能够恰当、准确的反映论文的内容，一般而言，论文的题目不应该超过20个字，否则会因为太长影响读者的体验，此外，副标题也是比较少出现的，当然，有时候也是非常必要的，那这个时候，你可以适当考虑副标题的写法和展示形式。论文的题目，一般都用直叙的口气，不要使用惊叹号或问号，对于一些科学论文题目一定不要将其写成广告语或新闻报道用语，这也是出于论文的科学性和严谨性。 2 论文摘要—The summary 论文的摘要通俗地来讲就是论文内容的简要陈述，极具独立性和完整性。摘要应该包括论文的创新见解、主要论点、相关理论及实际意义。摘要中，不应该使用公式、图表，不需要标注引用和文献编号，尽量避免将摘要写成目录式的内容介绍，这对于论文而言是没有意义的。摘要部分，一般以500字左右为宜，这里顺带提一下关键词，关键词能反映论文主旨的词句，是非常关键的部分，一般3-5个即可。 3 论文目录—The catalogue 论文的目录可以说论文的提纲，也可以说是论文的小标题，应该标注相应的页码。 4 论文引言—The foreword 论文的引言，也就是论文中比较引入注意的语言，这是极为关键的组成部分，一段好的论文引言通常能够使读者明白论文的写作历程，论文的研究成果及其在该领域中的研究地位。论文的引言部分，要写出论文的立题依据、基础、背景、研究目的，引言的写作是不容易的，需要复习必要的文献资料、写明问题的研究发展，此外，还要注意文字的简练和简洁。 5 论文正文—The main body 论文的正文主要包括绪论、正文主体与结论三个部分。 绪论：绪论一般是作为第一章，绪论主要包括：论文设计的目的与实际意义；论文所的研究问题、认识及要达到的技术要求；论文的主要研究内容；论文研究课题的国内外文献综述；论文的研究方法、材料依据等。 正文主体：正文主体是论文的主要部分，这部分要求文字简练，结构合理，重点突出，层次清楚，语句通顺。论文主体包括以下内容：论文的研究内容；论文的设计原理；论文的总体方案设计；论文的选择论证；论文研究内容的设计计算；论文内容试验方案设计的可行性、有效性以及试验数据处理及分析；论文研究内容的理论分析。 结论：论文的结论单独作为一章来写，但是可以不加章号。结论，就是对整个论文主要成果的总结。在结论中，应该明确指出本论文研究内容的成果，或相关的新见解、新观点，并对其应用前景和社会经济价值等加以预测和相关评价，并指出今后可能的研究方向，对未来研究工作的相关展望与设想。结论部分的内容，一般控制在2000字以内，这个也需要稍微了解一下。 6 论文参考文献—The reference documentation 论文的参考文献部分，是论文中不可缺少的组成部分，也是英国高校极为看中的一个组成部分。按论文中所引用的文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，需要注意的是参考文献的格式，引用的图表或数据都必须注明来源和出处。（参考文献经常用到的有以下几种格式：参考文献是期刊的时候，书写格式为：[编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名（外文可缩写）、年份、卷号、期数、页码； 参考文献是书籍的时候，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。）

The theory of criminal law of shallow understanding errors1. irrtumslehreLegal irrtumslehre, namely, refers to the illegality mistake for own behavior in law, whether what crime constitutes a crime shall be punished by, or what is wrong, is to oneself the legal nature of the action of meaning or misunderstandings. Legal irrtumslehre usually includes three conditions: (1) the actor's behavior in law does not constitute a crime, the offender and constitutes a crime for which imaginary guilty, (2) the behavior in law constitutes a crime and does not constitute a crime, the offender mistaken assumptions that innocent, (3) for his act constitutes a crime shall be convicted and punishment in light of the existing errors, misunderstanding or punishment. Due to the legal irrtumslehre, only to the behavior of the offender is not correct understanding of the legal assessment, and for their actions in fact correct understanding of the situation is still there, so its act constitutes a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility is and how it is not usually occurs.（1）Imaginary innocent treatment principleThe principles for imaginary innocence, whether it involves a deliberately elements. Foreign criminal law theory basically has the following kinds:1）Should know that don't speak, just for criminal facts have understanding. Canada criminal code article 19 regulation: "the ignorance of the law excuses and crime can be ShuZui reason." Motto: "Roman law and legal disclaimer" somehow also expressed a principle, namely: "in the crime as subjective FanYi established condition, not request to recognize his behavior of richtswitrig".2）Should know the reason, according to two: moral responsibility theory, personality responsibility theory. Moral responsibility theory emphasizes on the rationality of free will blame illegal conduct, is considered to be objective stance. 3）That said, the possible illegality of responsibility for deliberately, at least to the possibility of understanding illegality. While in China mainland, the introduction of the concept of crime has another concept -- social consciousness that harm to discuss richtswitrig already meaningless. Because the deliberate crime according to law condemn the illegality of the offender is not known, the law itself is not damaged, the law of the social consciousness is harm. Social harm consciousness is the essential contents of the crime, illegal consciousness is the legal form of social consciousness. Therefore, our country law more emphasis is on the rationality of essence, which is harmful to the society values. Just because of its social harmfulness, with a social moral evaluation colour, easier for people to grasp and observe. Therefore, the author thinks that, in general, the person need to recognize his behavior may be the result of inevitable or harmful to the society, and has already know. With intentionally But in fact, the forbidden by law and mass that is harmful to the society in our country nowadays the behavior under the constitution should be consistent, in other words, know the social harmfulness also know the possibility of illegal, but know the possibility of illegal is inevitable should also realize social harmfulness, both are unified. Therefore, it is generally thought that the law is no excuse, the reason of law does not exclude the misunderstanding in principle, but can be culpable for deliberately discretion. （2） Misunderstandings treatment principle. PunishmentWe might as well so the essence of blame for his due: the crime in the subjective should blame or blame, for the intent or negligence performance. If the offender because of misunderstanding that legal person feels very innocent, lack of this should blame or condemning sexual, from the fundamental measure, blame is absolutely not consider disclaimer. Especially in the modern society, the legal category SAN marino, legal entry in different fields and different levels of books, recognized, comprehend legal apparently endless and same, so the person of law and misunderstandings, not inexcusable. Now, both in theory and practice, the method not cling to forgive "seems to have in shake. Therefore, to a certain extent, can also think admits exceptions excusable is legal misunderstanding of criminal law is an important symbol of humanity. In addition, it was not in the act of which is prohibited by the laws and regulations, especially after a circumstance, should have knowledge of richtswitrig actor, constitute the understanding of deliberate point of view, with the attitude of this understanding, of course, that is not the illegality or by the simple statement actor. The author thinks that the only when the legal establishment of may, FangKeZu but . The fact mistakeThat mistake, is to determine its subjective behavior nature and the criminal responsibility of the relevant facts wrong understanding. From the wrong reasons and phenomenon of angles, generally known that there are several mistakes:（1） Object irrtumslehreThe object is known for errors, whether there is objectively error object. It includes actor in the implementation of the existing criminal behavior of the hazards for the object and actually does not exist, or for criminal object and actually does not exist, or infringe a criminal object and actually invaded another crime object. The object of objects is usually known errors caused by mistake, but the object of different social relationship reflects different. Evil doer of objects and actual expected in fact not only harm object does not agree, and in the nature of law is not consistent. Therefore, the object irrtumslehre may affect the form of sin, crime accomplishment, and may even attempted to influence the crime. For example, in view of the circumstances, not a thought before the enemy, and a party came to stick, afterwards just know the ox was wounded. A thought of damage is "people", and the actual wounded is "cow", do not belong to the same laws of the object. Similar situation and will generally be mistaken for drug trafficking items, Actor will stolen items in the theft of guns in stealing together. This object from the subjective errors, see, is a kind of mistake, From the objective, because the mistake crime to no avail, where the criminal attempted ）Object mistakeObjects can be generalized mistake, including object mistake to belong to the object know mistake is inevitable object irrtumslehre. These include, is known to be wrong object of legal property of the same object mistake and legal properties of different objects, namely the object irrtumslehre irrtumslehre. In order to distinguish with the object mistake here, the cognition to the same object only mean error between the different objects, namely the misunderstanding of the evil doer expected objects and actual harm to the object, but not in fact in the legal nature of the same situation. This object mistake again say things on purpose mistake not criminal responsibility. As a reserve, killing b shall be killed as b and c, do not affect a rap. This is the need to consider that a kill b behavior "mistake" cause others (c), belong to an intentional crime (b) "death", for the excess result, according to the results, which determine the ordinary mail of death was deliberately recognized for deliberately, to the death of the fault is propylene, identified as negligence, according to the intention or negligence of the general mark recognized FanYi or state of mind, not applicable rules of the ） Behavior irrtumslehreBehavior mainly includes two kind of mistake: first, the behavior nature irrtumslehre. That actor has to its social harm nature, such as understanding not imaginary defense. Behavior nature mistake might affect the form of sin, and may also affect crime. Second, the behavior tools (methods) irrtumslehre. That person to use when the conduct of tool (methods), which affects not correct understanding of harm results, behavior tools (methods) mistake can affect crime or attempted was founded, also can affect crime or belongs to the incident, a typical for murder on hazardous substances, because the drug failure and failed to kill people, can think method or tools for error doer of consciousness beyond reason not to succeed. And as actor see armour, second coming together, hence shot to play, but can't hit by the party and. Look, this is from the phenomenon of an object, or the final results for the mistake, but this error is based on the fact that the wrong doer identify offender is carefully identify to begin, can think recognize is accurate, errors in ChaWu itself. The solution to this situation, "said", its legal with qualitative and recognize wrong object is consistent, namely directly recognized as an intentional homicide accomplishment. The death of a person is directly intentionally to b, death is the indirect intentional, just for a to b is attempted, accomplished. Additionally, if in daily life because misidentification object and damage of consequences, the crime itself is not just any criminal negligence because of )Causality irrtumslehreCausality mistake, is on his behavior and harmful results of actual connection between errors. Generally include: first, not some harm result, as has happened actor. This generally constitute a crime. Second, has certain harm result, but not for actor or for his behavior is caused, and does not affect crime accomplishment. Third, really happened, the offender is aware of its behavior, but with the actual development between the harm to the process or a mistake, general to punish crime accomplishment. In theory, the offender is not only a crime, but continuous movement, this several continuous action is not a few crime, but a crime. In this sense, doesn't exist on the results of the irrtumslehre and facts mistake and proceduresDomestic scholars in fact know mistakes and errors between the issue legal representative views mainly include:（1）For own behavior whether in law constitutes a crime, criminal or what kind of criminal punishment shall be under the incorrect understanding is legal irrtumslehre for his behavior on the implementation of the incorrect understanding is the fact that mistake,（2）The objectivity of crime is a false understanding of crime, that mistake of objective facts have clear understanding, only to act in the evaluation of existing laws on the concept of law is not correct mistakes。（3）Actor known facts and actual fact don't agree is wrong, the person that judgment and objective law is law of illegal inconsistency ideas basically could in theory and legal irrtumslehre fact distinguish mistakes, it is important to emphasize that：1) With the conviction that the so-called irrelevant, as this mistake to hit each other, the shooting head caused the death of heart, without vision of research into our. 2) Study of the theory of error, error occurs when the purpose, but whether to intentionally resistance, reduce plots affected only the wrong cognition, natural sentencing nor will it into the error theory category. 3) This does not constitute a crime and actor for crime, and for their behavior in the criminal law on the crimes and how to apply for criminal punishment on such specific knowledge error, conviction according to law. Based on this, the author thinks that, at the fact that criminal law is only to know wrong doer of elements to know the so-called objective facts constituents of mistake is the fact that the legal irrtumslehre error refers to the legal action is illegal and the evaluation of the mistake. From the theory of facts and legal irrtumslehre error, but the problem is in the law, criminal elements to the facts and law closely combined circumstances (like some administrative crimes and economic crimes), or is in a fact itself contains certain laws of evaluation content, to distinguish with a mistake is the fact that mistake or legal wrong, is often difficult. If the property of his humanity and obscenity obscenity, administrative rules and regulations, JinYuOu, disrupt public until its precondition of the legitimacy of the public, and legal irrtumslehre facts wrong intertwined, and this is what we distinguish facts and legal irrtumslehre errors will solve the some cases, the defendant should know that because of the lack of knowledge, and not to the behavior of social harmfulness, so that the defendant is not "knowledge they will entail harmful consequences to society, and hope or allows such results" and deliberate crime, the burden of proof is only FanYi prosecution, in addition, prosecution without proof the defendant not normal, but normal mental and spiritual normal presumption defendant directly if the defendant that his spirit is not normal, it shall provide necessary evidence by himself to prove. Thus, the author, on legal irrtumslehre processing, can adopt the presumption of ways to handle. Which country presumption every normal citizens are known, unless the law can put forward defense "advantage prove" above, or the evidence rebut these presumption is established. From the efficiency of lawsuit, said the country is impossible to prove the defendant is known of the law.