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《呼啸山庄》人物关系结构 Title：Catherine's dilemma between love and marriage in Wuthering Heights——The Psychoanalysis of love triangle relationship with Freud’s theory of personalityAbstract：Wuthering Heights tells a story of superhuman love and revenge enacted on the English moors. In this thesis, an attempt is made to analyze the love triangle relationship which leads to Catherine's dilemma between love and marriage in Wuthering Heights by virtue of Freud’s theory of words：Wuthering Heights Freud’s theory of personality love triangle relationshipIn Catherine's heart she knows what is right, but chooses what is wrong. It is her wrong decision that pushes her into the inextricable []dilemma between her love and marriage; it is her wrong choice that plunges the two families into chaos. In the mind, she is truly out of her to Sigmund Freud(1856—1939), the structure of the mind or personality consists three portions: the id, the ego, and the superego.“The id, which is the reservoir of biological impulses, constitutes the entire personality of the infant at birth. Its principle of operation, to guard the person from painful tension, is termed the pleasure principle. Inevitable frustrations of the id, together with what the child learns from his encounters with external reality, generate the ego, which is essentially a mechanism to minimize frustrations of the biological drives in the long run. It operates according to the reality principle … []The superego comprises the conscience, a partly conscious system of introjected moral inhibitions, and the ego-ideal, the source of the individual's standards for his own behavior. Like external reality, from which it derives, the superego often presents obstacles to the satisfaction of biological drives.”“In the mentally healthy person, these three systems form a unified and harmonious organization. Conversely, when the three systems of personality are at odds with one another the person is said to be maladjusted.” Here Catherine's tragic psychological process may be well illustrated by Freudian psychoanalysis.“I cannot express it; but surely you and everybody have a notion that there is, or should be, an existence of yours beyond you. What were the use of my creation, if I were entirely contained here？” Catherine's strange words reflect that the intelligent Emily Bronte had been earlier pondering over a same question in her work. What on earth is“the existence of Catherine's beyond Catherine”？Here we may believe that Heathcliff stands for Catherine's instinctual nature and the strongest desire—her “id” in the depths of her soul; Edgar, her ideal “superego”, represents another part of her personality: the well-bred gracefulness and the superiority of a wealthy family; and she, herself is the “ego” tortured by the friction between the two in the disharmonious the light of Freud's theory of personality, “the superego is the representation in the personality of the traditional values and ideals of society as they are handed down from parents to children.” Catherine's choice of Edgar as her husband is to satisfy her ideal “superego” to get wealth and high social position, which are the symbol of her class, on the basis of the education by her family and reality from her early childhood. She is a Miss of a noble family with a long history of about three hundred years. Only the marriage well-matched in social and economic status could be a satisfaction for all: her family, the society and even her practical self. “It would degrade me to many Heathcliff now ... if Heathcliff and I married, we should be beggars？” This is her actual worry for her future. Catherine yields to the pressure from her brother, and alike, in truth, she is yielding to the moral rules of society, without the approval and identification of which, she could not live a better life or even exist in it at , Catherine underestimates what her other more intrinsic self would have effect on her. The most remarkable claim by Catherine herself may be the best convincing evidence to distinguish the different roles of Heathcliff and Edgar—her “id” and her “superego”:“My great miseries in this world have been Heathcliff's miseries, and I watched and felt each from the beginning: my great thought in living is himself. If all else perished, and he remained, I should still continue to be; and if all else perished, and he was annihilated, the universe would turn to a mighty stranger: I should not seem a part of it. My love for Linton is like foliage in the woods: time will change it. I'm well aware, as winter changes the trees. My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I'm Heathcliff! He's always, always in my mind: not as a pleasure and more than I am always a pleasure to me, but as my own being. So don't talk of our separation again: it is impracticable.”It was a happy thought to make her love the kind, wealthy, weak, elegant Edgar, yet in submission to her superego to oppose against her id, she would fall into a loss of the self. Since the id is the most primitive basis of personality, and the ego is formed out of the id, Catherine's life depends wholly on Heathcliff， as the whole connotation and truth of her life in the cosmic world, for its existence and further more for the significance of her existence. Heathcliff is the most necessary part of her being. She marries Edgar, but Heathcliff still clutches her soul in his passionate embrace. Although she is a bit ashamed of her early playmate, she loves him with a passionate abandonment that sets culture, education, the world at defiance. Catherine's wrong choice for marriage violates her inner desires. The choice is a victory for self-indulgence—a sacrifice of primary to secondary things. And she pays for one hand, Catherine doesn't find the heavenly happiness she was longing for. Though as a girl “full of ambition”and “to be the greatest woman of the neighborhood” would be her pride, the enviable marriage could only flatter her vanity for a second. After her marriage, the comfortable and peaceful life in the Grange was just a monotonous and lifeless confinement of her soul. She feels chocked by the artificial and unnatural conditions in the closed Thrushcross Grange— a world in which the mind has hardened and become unalterable.“If I were in heaven, Nelly, I should be extremely miserable. ” Catherine eventually knows that the Lintons' heaven is not her ideal heaven. She and Heathcliff really possess their common heaven. Just as Catherine says,“Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same; and Linton's is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire.”Catherine doesn't want to live in the Lintons' heaven; on the other hand, she has lost her own paradise that she ever had with Heathcliff on the bare hard moor in their childhood. The deepest bent of her nature announces her destiny—a wanderer between the two worlds. When she is alive, she occupies a position midway between the two. She belongs in a sense to both and is constantly drawn first in Heathcliff's direction, then in Edgar's, and then in Heathcliff's again and at last she loses herself completely. Her childish illusion to use her husband's money to aid Heatllcliff to rise out of her brother's power has vanished in thin air. And her constant struggle to reconcile two irreconcilable ways of life is in vain too, which only caused more disorder in the two worlds and in herself as Freudian principles, should the ego continually fail in its task of satisfying the demands of the id, these three factors together—the painful repression of the id's instinctual desires, the guilt conscience of revolt against the superego's wishes, and the frustration of failure in finding outlets in the external world- would contribute to ever-increasing anxiety. The anxiety piles up and finally overwhelms the person. When this happens, the person is said to leave hallucinatory wish-fulfillment, then a nervous radical breakdown, and in the end may finish the person off. Catherine is destroyed into psychic fragmentation by the friction between the two. At the height of her Edgan-Heathcliff torment, Catherine lies delirious on the floor at the Grange. She dreams that she is back in her own old bed at Wuthering Heights “enclosed in the oak-paneled bed at home, and my heart ached with some great grief…my misery arose from the separation that Hindley had ordered between me and Heathcliff.”Still dreaming, she tries to push back the panels of the oak bed, only to find herself touching the table and the carpet at the Grange:“My late anguish was swallowed in a paroxysm of despair. I cannot say why I was so wildly wretched ... and my all in all, as Heathcliff was at that time, and been converted at a stroke into Mrs. Linton...the wife of a stranger: an exile, and outcast.” She attempts to forget the lengthy days of years of life without her soul even in her temporary derangement.“Most strangely, the whole last seven years of my life grew a blank! I did not recall that they had been at all.” Her mental and physical decay rapidly leads to the body's mortal end. She dies and seems to have none into perfect even after her death, she is still a wandering ghost. In Chapter 3, Lockwood, the lodger in Catherine's oak-paneled bed at Wuthering Heights dreams about the little wailing ghost:“The intense horror of nightmare came over me: I tried to draw back my arm, but the hand clung to it, and a most melancholy voice sobbed, ‘Let me in-Let me in’.‘ Who are you?’…‘Catherine Linton’, it replied, shiveringly…‘I'm come home: I'd lost my way on the moor!’…Terror made me cruel; and finding it useless to attempt shaking the creature off, I pulled its wrist on to the broken pane, and rubbed it to and fro till then blood ran down and soaked the bedclothes: still it wailed, ‘Let me in!’…it is twenty years, twenty years. I've been a waif for twenty years!”Catherine aspires to be back in her heaven even being a spirit. But leer self-deceptive decision has made her fall from her and Heathcliff's heaven full of demonic love and her never docile or submissive nature has drawn her out of her and Edgar's heaven filled with civilized emptiness in the meantime. She pushes herself into her tragedy, the endless dilemma between her love and marriage, which won't end up with her ： Emily，Wuthering Heights，Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，London：Oxford University Press Sigmund，Interpretation of Dreams，Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press Trysh，Heathcliff and Cathy，the Dysfunctional Couple，The Chronicle of Higher Education，Washington， Rebecca，Diaries and Displacement in Wuthering Heights，Studies in the Novel，Denton，2000 里面有你需要的英语论文，我载老一篇，不合适切看下嘛，呵呵！！！

《老人与海》中桑提亚哥主体形象分析一、内在力量桑提亚哥是位以打鱼为生的古巴老渔夫，他历经风霜饱受艰难，岁月的流失在他身上留下了深刻的痕迹。他已连续84天没钓到一条鱼了，前几十天有一小孩陪着他出海，由于他的失败和背运，那个小孩被父母逼着跟另外的渔船钓鱼。如今老头孤独无援，厄运缠身。但他老而不衰，苍老的容貌与他充满活力的内心形成了鲜明的对比。海明威在描写桑提亚哥这一人物时，通过描述他的体貌和眼神，体现出了老人外表的苍老与内在的力量：The old man was thin and gaunt,with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep – creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of the scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless about him was old except his eye and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated.除了老头那双充满活力的眼睛，海明威还通过小孩曼诺林的眼睛让读者看到桑提亚哥身体上其它有力的部分，从而使读者期待而不幻想，把注意力集中到桑提亚哥身上，他有力的肩膀，壮实的头颈无一不显示出他所蕴含的力量： They were strange shoulders,still powerful although very old,and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward. 也正是这种老而不衰的体力构成了桑提亚哥支撑自信的基本力量之一。作为一个经常处于与大自然力量相抗争状态的渔夫，他知已至深，十分清楚自身的优势和胜算；对于他要面对的大鱼，他亦知彼至深，懂得如何运用技巧和耐力赢得一场公平的战斗。他对自己的能力不抱幻想，也不狂妄地自我吹嘘。只是等待机会证实自己的能力，所以，他对曼诺林的称赞反应并不十分强烈，只是淡淡的一句 “Thank you. You make me happy. I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” 显示出一个知已知彼的钓鱼高手在临战前的冷静和镇定，话说得虽少，却字字千钓，自有一股震人心魄的力量。 桑提亚哥的行动正如他的言语一样，简洁而精确，没有多余的动作。他的每个动作似乎经过精确计算，决不多浪费一点精力。如他脱衣睡觉的动作，轻捷而实用，读起来让人如身临其境： He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow,putting the newspaper inside them. He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed. 他简朴，贫困而不寒酸，谦卑而不低贱，动作之中自有一股尊严，令人敬仰。海明威在这一人物身上寄托了他对人性的深刻理解和信念。无论环境多么困苦艰难险恶，无论一个人的地位高低，保持人的尊严是最重要的。这种尊严不会由于财富的多寡，运气的大小而增减，它是真正美好的人性必不可少的一部分，Young指出这种认识境界也是海明威本人所能达到的高度，也是他这一作品最成功之处。 “The knowledge that a simple man is capable of the decency, dignity, and even heroism that Santiago possesses and that his battle can been seen in heroic terms is itself perhaps the greatest victory that Hemingway won.” 二、硬汉本色如果说桑提亚哥在其行动中显示了尊严，在遭到失败后还继续保持不败的精神则显示了他的硬汉本色，他与小孩曼诺林的友谊则显示了他性格中温暖的一面。他的忠诚和激情通过他的行动表达出来，如他独自一人在海上的时候多次提到小孩曼诺林，使人感觉到他对友谊和帮助的渴求。 但桑提亚哥这一人物的性格并非不存在任何缺陷，如他允许自己和曼诺林不断重复那段关于子虚乌有的米饭和鱼网的对话，暴露了他性格中非理智的一面： “What do you have to eat?” the boy asked. “A pot of yellow rice with fish. Do you want some?” “No. I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?”“No. I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the castnet?”“Of course.”“硬汉子”桑提亚哥在与马林鱼和鲨鱼的冲突中把自己的体能发挥到了极限。但在小说的结尾处，我们听到桑提亚哥和Manolin在谈论下次出海打鱼的计划： “Now we fish together again.” “No. I am not lucky. I am not luck any more.” “The hell with luck,” the boy said “ I’ll bring the luck with me.” ...... “We must get a good killing lance and always have it on board. You can make the blade from a spring leaf from an old ford. We can grind it in Guanabacoa. It should be sharp and not tempered so it will break. My knife broke.”桑提亚哥并没有被打败。此次捕鱼的失败只给他留下了疲劳和更多的经验或诀窍。同时，曼诺林的存在使他的失败又被赋予了一层新的意义。他发现他可以从自己失败的地方找到可以教导曼诺林的教训，现身说法，使这次失败在曼诺林身上产生更深远的价值，桑提亚哥的“硬汉”精神会在曼诺林身上得到延续和弘扬。正如Baker所言： “The winner takes nothing but the sense of having fought the fight to the limits of his strength，of having shown what a man can do when it is necessary like many of the rest of us，he is undefeated only because he has gone on trying.” 三、海明威主角模式卓绝的特质与阔远宁静的心理素质在桑提亚哥这一主体形象身上，不仅凝聚了海明威主角模式卓绝的特质，如压力下的冷静和优雅风度以及产生这种优雅感的自我控制力，还显示出了一种更加阔远宁静的心理素质。桑提亚哥对失败的反应已不再像其主角模式那样愤世嫉俗，他平静而坚定地接受了自己的命运，内心的信念并未因此而丧失。作为一个渔夫，连续数月捕不到鱼这种挫折对他来说既不是第一次，也不是最后一次。这一点从曼诺林口中说出，也说明了曼诺林对老人桑提亚哥的信心基础。在曼诺林的眼中，桑提亚哥是经受过考验的。对读者来说； The man who never encounters death,who never faces any danger at all, this man has not yet been tested; we don’t know whether he will withstand the pressures,whether he will prove to be a true Hemingway man.对桑提亚哥来说，更富有意义的是他已不止一次经受住了考验，他无论在道德上还是在勇气上都属于胜利者。 “He fights with dignity,against great odds,and though he loses the marlin,he survives and wins and moral victory for himself by daring the sea and the great fish. The fullest expression of his courage and his strength are tested-- and are triumphant.”另外，桑提亚哥作为胜者的意义不仅仅在于他在压力下所显示的巨大勇气和凛然的尊严，还在于他强大的意志力与其衰老的肉体强烈的反差对比，他体能上的弱势由于其娴熟的技巧得到部分弥补，但他作为一个个体在与生存环境的抗争中更富有深刻的寓意。桑提亚哥所显示的勇气和意志力于全人类无疑具有深刻的意义。四、结语作为文学作品中一个虚构的人物，桑提亚哥是“浑圆”的人物，他的内心和态度经历了变化，性格得到了进一步的发展。他意识到在向自己的极限的挑战中，他所能取得的成功由于其它对抗力量的制约而不能圆满，当他发现自己一直寻找或猎取的大鱼被毫无意义地吞食时，他意识到不仅伤害了对手，也伤害了自己。而在这以前，他还一直以为自己在一场公平的竞争中赢得了胜利，遭遇鲨鱼之后他才发现自己为这一胜利付出的代价多么惨痛。在他出海前，他满怀信心，认为凭借一已之力就可以捕到大鱼，但在与大鱼正面对抗时，他才意识到人与人之间的帮助是珍贵而必需的，这种帮助的意义还不仅仅在于体力上的帮忙，更重要的是给他以精神上的支撑。

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